Dietary camelina meal versus flaxseed with and without supplemental copper for broiler chickens: Live performance and processing yield

Research Notes Dietary camelina meal versus flaxseed with and without supplemental copper for broiler chickens: Live performance and processing yield A. Y. Pekel,*1 P. H. Patterson,*2 R. M. Hulet,* N. Acar,† T. L. Cravener,* D. B. Dowler,‡ and J. M. Hunter‡ *Department of Poultry Science, and †Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and ‡Cooperative Extension, The Pennsylvania State University, Meadville 16335-8344 hot carcass weight, yield, and carcass parts were significantly improved among birds fed the Cu-supplemented control diet. A significant Cu × diet interaction was observed for hot carcass weight and yield, indicating Cu supplementation to the control diet was superior for carcass weight to the other treatments. However, yield was greater for the camelina diets and the control + Cu versus the other treatments. Results from the present study demonstrated that either 10% camelina meal or 10% flaxseed diets will reduce broiler BW when fed the first 3 wk of life. However, birds fed the camelina diet responded to Cu sulfate supplementation with improved live performance and carcass characteristics. Birds fed the 10% flaxseed diets showed no beneficial effect resulting from Cu supplements.

Key words: camelina meal, flaxseed, copper, broiler 2009 Poultry Science 88:2392–2398 doi:10.3382/ps.2009-00051

INTRODUCTION Flaxseed or linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an oilseed that contains high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3 fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid (Ajuyah et al., 1991). The human body is not able to produce these fatty acids, which must be obtained from the diet (Cunnane et al., 1995). Many studies have shown that the linolenic acid content of poultry meat and eggs can be increased through increasing the n-3 fatty acid content of poultry diets (Caston and Leeson, 1990; Hargis and Van Elswyk, 1993; Bond et al., 1997). However, flaxseed contains some antinutritional fac-

©2009 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received January 30, 2009. Accepted July 24, 2009. 1 Present address: Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. 2 Corresponding author: [email protected]

tors that had been reported to decrease performance of birds depending on the dietary levels and form of the plant (whole seed, oil extracted) used in the diet (Madhusudhan et al., 1986; Lee et al., 1991). Camelina sativa, also known as false flax, is another oilseed crop of the Brassica family that contains high levels of n-3 fatty acids. Camelina meal is a new byproduct that remains after oil extraction for biodiesel production and might be considered as an alternative to flaxseed for poultry nutrition as an n-3 fatty acid source because of the residual oil (Zubr, 1997; Peiretti and Meineri, 2007). However, camelina meal may contain some secondary plant metabolites called glucosinolates that are common to rapeseed meal and other Brassica (Tripathi and Mishra, 2007). The major deleterious effects of glucosinolate ingestion in animals are reduced diet palatability, decreased growth, and decreased production. Ryhanen et al. (2007) observed that inclusion of 5 or 10% camelina meal in the diet significantly reduced feed intake and growth of broilers from hatch to 14 d.

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ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to compare the responses of young broiler chickens to corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with flaxseed or camelina meal versus a corn-soybean meal control and the factorial effect of 150 mg/kg of Cu supplementation on performance and processing yield. A randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was used with 7 replicates from hatch to 21 d of age (n = 294; 7 chicks per replicate). Body weight of birds fed 10% camelina meal or 10% flaxseed was significantly reduced compared with the control birds. Addition of Cu significantly increased BW and feed consumption of the birds fed the control diet throughout the study. Copper supplementation to the 10% camelina meal diet also increased BW (P < 0.001) with no effect on feed consumption or feed conversion at 21 d. In addition,

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MATERIALS AND METHODS General Procedures All procedures used in the study herein were approved by The Pennsylvania State University Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC 27783). A total of 294 oneday-old straight-run broiler chicks (Cobb × Avian-48) were obtained from a commercial hatchery. Ground flaxseed and camelina meal were obtained from commercial suppliers. Chicks were weighed, wing-banded, and assigned to treatment groups so that their initial weights were similar across all treatments. The birds were housed in stainless steel starter batteries in an environmentally controlled room for 21 d. Room temperature was initially 32.2°C and was gradually reduced to 21.1°C by d 21 by approximately 1.6°C every 3 d. The 6 treatment diets (Table 1) were 1) control (corn-soybean meal-based), 2) control with 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu sulfate, 3) 10% flaxseed diet, 4) 10% flaxseed with 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu sulfate, 5) 10% camelina meal

Table 1. Experimental diet composition and calculated and determined nutrient analysis (as-fed basis)1 Item Ingredient (%)   Corn   Soybean meal (48% CP)   Corn gluten meal   Animal-vegetable fat   Flaxseed (full fat)   Camelina meal   Limestone   Dicalcium phosphate   Salt   Vitamin-mineral premix2   dl-Met   l-Lys HCl Calculated analyses (%)   ME (kcal/kg)   CP   Calcium   Available P   Lys   Met + Cys   Trp   Arg Determined analyses3 (%)   DM   CP   Ether extract   Fiber   Ash   Cu (mg/kg)

Control

Flax

Camelina

58.52 24.50 9.38 3.50 — — 1.32 1.92 0.44 0.20 0.15 0.08

55.17 18.75 10.83 1.11 10.00 — 1.32 1.87 0.44 0.20 0.13 0.17

53.58 17.90 9.76 4.59 — 10.00 1.31 1.90 0.43 0.20 0.15 0.18

3,200 23.00 1.00 0.45 1.10 0.99 0.23 1.37

3,200 23.00 1.00 0.45 1.10 0.99 0.23 1.37

3,200 23.00 1.00 0.45 1.10 0.99 0.23 1.37

90.66 22.09 5.47 2.40 5.68 19.21

90.16 22.06 7.03 3.10 5.21 19.12

89.45 22.55 8.70 2.80 5.57 13.27

1 Control = corn-soybean diet; Flax = 10% flaxseed diet; Camelina = 10% camelina meal diet. Control + Cu, flaxseed + Cu, and camelina meal + Cu diets were supplemented with copper sulfate pentahydrate and contained 58.46, 55.11, and 53.52% corn and were analyzed to contain 168.40, 155.60, and 170.90 mg/kg of Cu, respectively. 2 Supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 6,005 IU; vitamin D, 2,001 IU; vitamin E, 10.0 IU; riboflavin, 4.0 mg; d-pantothenic acid, 7.0 mg; niacin, 30.02 mg; choline, 350 mg; vitamin B12, 8 μg; biotin, 40 μg; Mn, 59 mg; Fe, 25 mg; I, 0.50 mg; Cu, 4 mg; Zn, 50 mg; and Se, 136 μg. 3 Analyses by Barrow-Agee Laboratories (Memphis, TN).

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Supplementation of Cu to broiler diets at prophylactic concentrations (>125 mg/kg) has been demonstrated to increase the performance of birds (Pesti and Bakalli, 1996; Jenkins et al., 1970). Interestingly, it has been reported that ileal apparent digestibility of some amino acids was improved by 200 mg/kg of Cu supplementation to diets containing rapeseed meal in pigs (Rowan et al., 1991). In addition, Schöne et al. (1993) reported that the deleterious effects of glucosinolates on broiler performance could be normalized by pretreating rapeseed meal containing high levels of glucosinolates with Cu sulfate before feeding. However, there is currently no information on the effect of dietary Cu supplementation at prophylactic levels on camelina meal or flaxseed utilization in broiler chicks. Thus, this experiment was designed to 1) compare the effect of dietary camelina meal and full-fat flaxseed on bird performance, 2) study any detrimental effects of flaxseed or camelina meal, and 3) to determine whether such effects can be normalized with the addition of prophylactic levels (150 mg/kg) of Cu.

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Table 2. Nutrient composition of camelina meal and flaxseed (as-fed basis) Item

Flaxseed

Nutrient composition (%)   DM   CP2   Ether extract   Fiber   Ash Essential amino acids2 (%)   Arg   His   Ile   Leu   Lys   Met   Phe   Thr   Val Nonessential amino acids2 (%)   Ala   Asp   Cys   Glu   Gly   Pro   Ser

92.02 34.99 13.55 9.90 5.67

93.68 23.44 38.84 6.00 3.48

2.86 0.83 1.25 2.20 1.59 0.59 1.44 1.34 1.75

2.20 0.51 0.95 1.35 0.91 0.43 1.08 0.85 1.16

1.52 2.83 0.74 5.74 1.77 1.77 1.51

1.05 2.18 0.41 4.46 1.38 0.84 1.06

1

Analyses by Barrow-Agee Laboratories (Memphis, TN). 2 Analysis by Evonik Degussa Corp. (Kennesaw, GA).

diet, and 6) 10% camelina meal diet with 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu sulfate. The chicks were allocated to 42 pens, each pen containing 7 chicks (3,716 cm2 per pen and 531 cm2 per chick), and were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 diets (7 pens/diet; n = 7 chicks/pen). At 7, 14, and 21 d of the study, all of the birds were individually weighed and feed intake per pen was measured. Weight gain and feed conversion ratios were calculated. All chicks were provided ad libitum access to water and their assigned diets (in mash form). The amino acid concentration and proximate analysis of dietary corn, soybean meal, flaxseed, and camelina meal were determined and utilized in the formulation of the experimental diets. The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and amino acids were supplemented to meet or exceed the NRC requirements for broiler chicks from 0 to 3 wk of age (NRC, 1994) as a benchmark of amino acid concentration. Although higher levels of crystalline Lys might have been utilized to maximize breast yield, further supplementation would not benefit the comparison of the control, flaxseed, and camelina diets. Copper was supplemented as feed-grade cupric sulfate pentahydrate. Diets were analyzed for amino acid concentration by Evonik-Degussa Corporation (Kennesaw, GA) using the procedures of Llames and Fontaine (1994). Barrow-Agee Laboratories (Memphis, TN) determined moisture, crude fat, protein, fiber, and Cu (AOAC, 1935, 1968, 1982a,b, 1985). A glucosinolate profile (Daun and McGregor, 1992) was determined on the dietary ingredients corn, soybean meal, flaxseed, and camelina meal by SunWest Laboratories Ltd. (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada). The ingredients and nutrient composition of the experimen-

Processing Three pens of birds from each treatment were randomly selected for processing to determine carcass parts and yield information. After arrival at the processing unit, birds were hung on a shackle line, electrically stunned (11 V, 11 mA, 11 s), manually bled by severing the left carotid artery and jugular vein, bled out (1.5 min), soft-scalded (62°C, 2 min), and feathers were removed with the use of batch defeathering equipment. Eviscerating and rinsing were subsequently done manually. Carcasses were separated into breast (with skin and bone), wings, leg (thigh and drumstick together with skin), rib cage, and back bone (cage). After separation of the parts, they were weighed individually and added together to find the hot carcass weight for determining the dressing percentage.

Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure (SAS Institute, 2003) as a 2 × 3 factorial, with the main effects of ingredient and Cu, and the ingredient × Cu interaction. Pen was the experimental unit for live performance data and individual bird for carcass parts and yield. When the main effects were significant at the P < 0.05 level, differences between means were determined using Tukey’s procedure (Steel and Torrie, 1980). The model statement was as follows: Yijk = µ + Dieti + Cuj + (Diet × Cu)ij + eijk, where Yijk = an individual observation; µ = overall population mean; Dieti = diet effect (i = 1 to 3); Cuj = Cu effect (j = 1 to 2); (Diet × Cu)ij = diet × Cu interaction term; and eijk = random error associated with experimental unit (k = 1 to 42). Mortality data were analyzed after doing arc sine square root percentage transformations (Snedecor and Cochran, 1980).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Live Performance Body weight of the chicks at day of age averaged 46.0 g and was not significantly affected by the random assignment of chicks to the dietary treatments (data not shown). The overall mortality for the experiment was 4.08% and was not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (data not shown). Body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion results of the study are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. By d 7, diet significantly affected BW, with the control birds being heavier than the flaxseed- or camelina meal-fed birds. The main effect of Cu supplement was not significant; however, the interaction showed that supplementation to the control corn-soybean diet resulted in the highest BW compared with other treatments at 7 (P < 0.01), 14 (P < 0.001),

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Camelina meal 1

tal diets are shown in Table 1. Nutrient composition of the flaxseed and camelina meal is shown in Table 2.

RESEARCH NOTE

Table 3. Effects of dietary flaxseed or camelina meal and Cu supplementation (150 mg/kg) on BW in broiler chickens1 BW (g) Item Diet   Control   Flaxseed   Camelina meal   SEM Cu supplement   −Cu   +Cu   SEM Diet × Cu   Control − Cu   Control + Cu   Flaxseed − Cu   Flaxseed + Cu   Camelina meal − Cu   Camelina meal + Cu   SEM P-value   Diet   Cu supplement   Diet × Cu

Day 7

Day 14

Day 21

149a 144b 142b 1.9

365a 337c 352b 6.7

674a 590b 614b 8.8

144 146 1.6

346b 356a 5.5

603b 649a 7.2

143b 155a 147b 140b 141b 142b 2.6

348bc 384a 345bc 329c 347bc 358b 6.4

623bc 731a 591c 590c 595c 634b 12.1

<0.001 0.041 <0.001

<0.001 <0.001 <0.001

0.020 0.381 0.004

a–c Means within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). 1 Means represent 7 replicate cages with 7 birds per cage for each of the 6 treatments.

Control and camelina-fed birds overall (1 to 21 d) had significantly better feed conversion compared with the birds fed flaxseed (Table 4). Copper supplementation at 150 mg/kg also improved feed conversion (P < 0.05) over diets that were not supplemented from 14 to 21 d and overall (1 to 21 d). However, there were no significant interactions of diet × Cu supplements on feed conversion at any time during the experiment. Notably, there were no overall significant differences for feed consumption or feed conversion among chicks consuming the control − Cu diet and those fed camelina or flaxseed with or without Cu added. These results also showed that addition of 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu sulfate significantly (P < 0.05) improved most of the performance parameters from 1 to 21 d. Previous reports have demonstrated the addition of more than 10% flaxseed to broiler diets adversely affected broiler growth (Ajuyah et al., 1991; Lee et al., 1991). Flaxseed processing is also a factor; Shen and Chavez (2003) demonstrated that pelleting improved feed intake and growth of broilers compared with birds fed whole, ground, or autoclaved flaxseed at 10% of the diet. Alzueta et al. (2003) found that diets with 8 or 16% flaxseed did not have an effect on the feed consumption in broilers from 1 to 23 d of age, but they speculated that the growth reduction resulted from reduced digestibility of flaxseed crude fat and major fatty acids. Rodriguez et al. (2001) also showed that apparent digestibility coefficients for fat and single fatty acids decreased as the level of the flaxseed in the diet increased. Previous reports with flaxseed have tried to explain these detrimental effects including poor protein utilization related to the presence of various antinutritional factors, the main ones being mucilage, linatine, and cyanogenic glycosides (Madhusudhan et al., 1986; Trevino et al., 2000). Leeson and Summers (1997) indicated that adverse effects could occur when flaxseed is incorporated into poultry diets exceeding 8%; they also suggested that grinding of flaxseed before mixing could increase the digestion by chickens. This might have been a factor contributing to differences in performance found among the various flaxseed studies. Feed consumption and feed conversion of the birds fed camelina meal were not different from the control − Cu, which is different from results of Ryhanen et al. (2007), who showed impaired feed conversion and decreased feed intake during the starter period (1 to 14 d) between control and camelina meal (10%)-fed birds. These authors speculated that reduced intake and growth were due to camelina glucosinolates (22.0 µmol/g1), whereas, the camelina meal utilized in this study contained 20.3 µmol/g of glucosinolates and did not significantly affect feed intake or BW compared with the control − Cu. McNeill et al. (2004) fed rapeseed to broilers and concluded that high glucosinolate levels decreased feed intake and growth of birds. Interestingly, glucosinolates themselves show no toxic effects to animals, but rather the breakdown products of glucosinolates that can form toxins by either the en-

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and 21 d (P < 0.001), respectively (Table 3). By d 14, both diet and Cu affected BW with the control greater than the camelina, camelina greater than the flaxseed, and the main effect of Cu supplement (150 mg/kg) resulting in heavier birds. Birds on the different diets responded differently to Cu supplementation. The addition of Cu to the camelina meal diet resulted in the next highest BW to the control + Cu diet, whereas the flaxseed + Cu diet resulted in the lowest BW birds (P < 0.001). At 21 d of the study, both main effects of diet and Cu were significantly affecting BW as well as their interaction (P < 0.001). Both control and camelina-fed birds responded to Cu supplementation with greater BW than their nonsupplemented counterparts. The BW of flaxseed-fed birds were not improved with Cu supplementation. The main effect of diet on feed intake showed that flaxseed and camelina additions significantly reduced intake compared with the control, and increased intake with Cu supplementation during the 14 to 21- and 1 to 21-d periods (Table 4). Addition of Cu to the cornsoybean control diet resulted in greater feed consumption at all ages compared with the control − Cu diet (P < 0.05). Their feed consumption was also greater than the other flaxseed and camelina meal treatments over the 7 to 14-, 14 to 21-, and 1 to 21-d periods. Feed consumption of the birds fed the flaxseed or camelina meal diets was not increased by Cu supplementation during the third week of the study or overall (d 1 to 21). This indicated that the greater BW of camelina + Cu-fed birds versus camelina − Cu (Table 3) was not a consequence of greater feed intake.

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dogenous plant enzyme myrosinase or by the same enzyme produced by the microflora in the small intestine. Schuster and Friedt (1998) reported that these breakdown products can reduce the growth of birds. In the current study, we attempted to alleviate any possible loss in performance resulting from adding camelina meal or flaxseed by supplementing broiler diets with 150 mg/kg of Cu. Previous research into the mechanism by which dietary Cu supplementation could overcome the negative effects of glucosinolates can be explained in part by reducing their ileal concentration by absorption from the intestinal lumen or conversion to other by-products (Tripathi and Mishra, 2007). Rowan et al. (1991) indicated that glucosinolate hydrolysis was extensive and significantly reduced ileal levels in pigs fed rapeseed meal diets supplemented with 200

mg/kg of CuSO4. Schöne et al. (1988) similarly showed that pigs fed an 8% rapeseed meal diet had reduced feed intake and gain that was significantly improved by soaking the rapeseed meal in a CuSO4 solution for 24 h, drying to a constant weight, and feeding in a diet with a final Cu level of 250 mg/kg. Interestingly, Rowan et al. (1991) suggested that digestibility of some amino acids was improved by Cu supplementation of the pig diets based on rapeseed meal, which is a member of the Brassica family like camelina. Copper supplementation to the camelina diets herein numerically increased feed consumption and significantly increased BW by the end of the study (P < 0.001). However, no benefit of Cu supplementation was realized in the flaxseed diet and may be explained by the lower digestibility of fat, fatty acids, and ME reported by Alzueta et al. (2003).

Feed consumption (g) Item Diet   Control   Flaxseed   Camelina meal   SEM Cu supplement   −Cu   +Cu   SEM Diet × Cu   Control − Cu   Control + Cu   Flaxseed − Cu   Flaxseed + Cu   Camelina meal − Cu   Camelina meal + Cu   SEM P-value   Diet   Cu supplement   Diet × Cu Diet   Control   Flaxseed   Camelina meal   SEM Cu supplement   −Cu   +Cu   SEM Diet × Cu   Control − Cu   Control + Cu   Flaxseed − Cu   Flaxseed + Cu   Camelina meal − Cu   Camelina meal + Cu   SEM P-value   Diet   Cu supplement   Diet × Cu a–c

Day 1 to 7

Day 7 to 14

130 133 121 3.5

326a 303b 310ab 5.4

494a 442b 447b 11.5

949a 877b 878b 12.5

127 128 2.9

309 316 4.4

444b 478a 9.4

881b 923a 10.2

119b 140a 136a 129ab 127ab 116b 5.0

310bc 341a 316b 290c 302bc 317b 7.7

452b 536a 444b 439b 435b 459b 16.3

882b 1,017a 896b 858b 864b 893b 17.7

0.058 0.840 0.004

Day 14 to 21

0.017 <0.001 0.306 0.003 0.003 0.007 Feed conversion ratio (g:g)

<0.001 0.012 <0.001

1.26b 1.36a 1.27b 0.025

1.52ab 1.57a 1.48b 0.033

1.61b 1.75a 1.71a 0.033

1.51b 1.61a 1.54b 0.013

1.30 1.29 0.021

1.54 1.51 0.026

1.74a 1.64b 0.027

1.58a 1.53b 0.010

1.22 1.29 1.35 1.37 1.34 1.21 0.035

1.52 1.52 1.60 1.53 1.48 1.48 0.043

1.64 1.58 1.81 1.69 1.75 1.66 0.047

1.53 1.50 1.64 1.58 1.57 1.52 0.019

0.050 0.784 0.066

0.044 0.376 0.568

<0.001 0.002 0.701

<0.001 0.008 0.807

Means within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). Means represent 7 replicate cages with 7 birds per cage for each of the 6 treatments.

1

Day 1 to 21

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Table 4. Effects of dietary flaxseed or camelina meal (10%) and Cu supplementation (150 mg/kg) on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens1

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Table 5. Effects of dietary flaxseed or camelina meal (10%) and Cu supplementation (150 mg/kg) on live weight and carcass measurements of sample broiler chickens1 Hot carcass Item

Yield4 (%)

Breast5

Wings6

684a 590b 621b 9.4

439a 371c 399b 8.7

64.1a 62.8b 64.2a 0.62

132a 107c 120b 2.8

54a 46b 49b 0.9

138a 120b 126b 2.1

611b 649a 7.7

388b 417a 7.1

63.4 64.2 0.50

114b 125a 2.3

48b 52a 0.3

632b 735a 597b 583b 606b 635b 13.4

400bc 478a 376bc 366c 388bc 410b 12.3

63.2bc 65.0a 62.9bc 62.6c 64.0ab 64.6a 0.91

120bc 145a 110cd 105d 114bcd 125b 4.0

50b 59a 47b 46b 48b 50b 1.2

<0.001 <0.001 <0.001

<0.001 0.003 0.002

<0.001 0.061 0.044

<0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003

Legs7

Rib cage8

Breast

Wings

Legs

Rib cage

114a 98c 106b 3.1

30.1 28.8 30.1 0.22

12.4 12.6 12.3 0.11

31.6b 32.3a 31.6b 0.31

26.0 26.4 26.7 0.20

124b 132a 1.2

103 108 2.50

29.4 30.0 0.21

12.4 12.5 0.11

31.9 31.7 0.20

26.6 25.9 0.11

127b 150a 121b 118b 123b 129b 3.0

104b 125a 98b 97b 107b 105b 4.3

30.0ab 30.3ab 29.2abc 28.5bc 29.4abc 30.6a 0.30

12.4 12.3 12.5 12.6 12.4 12.3 0.11

31.8 31.3 32.2 32.4 31.8 31.5 0.40

25.9 26.1 26.1 26.4 27.8 25.6 0.30

<0.001 0.012 0.007

0.001 0.093 0.002

0.117 0.090 0.033

0.077 0.747 0.304

0.016 0.428 0.444

0.514 0.188 0.066

a–d

Means within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). Individual bird BW, hot carcass, and carcass components are means from 3 randomly selected pens with 7 chicks per pen, n = 21 birds. 2 Parts yield relative to hot carcass weight. 3 Hot carcass weight taken just before chill tank. 4 Hot carcass as a percentage of BW. 5 Breast weight includes skin and bone. 6 Wings include humerus, radius-ulna, and metacarpals with skin. 7 Leg defined as thigh and drumstick with skin. 8 Rib cage includes kidneys. 1

Carcass Parameters As shown in Table 5, there were significant interactions between dietary ingredients and Cu supplementation on hot carcass, breast, wings, legs, and cage weights (P < 0.01) and the carcass and breast yield (P < 0.05). Birds fed the corn-soybean diet with 150 mg/kg of Cu supplementation had greater hot carcass weight, carcass yield, and parts (P < 0.05) than the corn-soy control. Adding Cu to the camelina diet had only a numerical improvement on carcass weight, yield, weight of breast, wings, legs, and breast yield, whereas no benefit was realized for birds fed the flaxseed diet. Our main aim was to alleviate any possible loss in performance from dietary camelina or flaxseed by supplementing broiler diets with 150 mg/kg of Cu. Although the corn-soybean diet benefited from the 150 mg/kg of Cu addition with better carcass and part weights, the highest breast yield (P < 0.05) and improved final BW (P < 0.001) of birds fed camelina with supplemented Cu partially confirmed our hypothesis. When Cu was added to the 10% flaxseed diet, no improvement in any of the growth or carcass characteristics was realized, although no detectable glucosinolates were measured in the flaxseed utilized herein. Another possible reason for the differential performance between camelina and flaxseed diets is the greater fat content and the reduced

digestibility of fat and fatty acids reported for full-fat flaxseed by Ortiz et al. (2001) with broiler chickens. Rodriguez et al. (2001) and Alzueta et al. (2003) also indicated that lower fat digestibility of flaxseed in broiler and pig diets, respectively, was likely due to the higher levels of water-soluble polysaccharides (mucilage), which increased viscosity of the intestinal contents. In conclusion, dietary Cu supplementation improved the BW and feed intake of young birds on corn-soy diets beyond the other dietary treatments. When normal levels of dietary Cu were provided, camelina and flaxseed diets reduced BW compared with the control even though their feed intake was not affected. The results also indicated an ability of prophylactic Cu to improve not only live performance but also carcass parameters of birds fed the camelina meal diet over those fed the flaxseed diets. The reason for these differential results may involve camelina glucosinolates or flaxseed nutrient availability. Regardless, further work will be required to explain the mechanism of these observations.

REFERENCES Ajuyah, A. O., K. H. Lee, R. T. Hardin, and J. S. Sim. 1991. Changes in the yield and in the fatty acid composition of whole carcass and selected meat portions of broiler chickens fed full-fat oil seeds. Poult. Sci. 70:2304–2314.

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Diet   Control   Flaxseed   Camelina meal   SEM Cu supplement   −Cu   +Cu   SEM Diet × Cu   Control − Cu   Control + Cu   Flaxseed − Cu   Flaxseed + Cu   Camelina meal − Cu   Camelina meal + Cu   SEM P-value   Diet   Cu supplement   Diet × Cu

Weight3 (g)

BW (g)

Carcass parts yield2 (%)

Carcass parts weight (g)

2398

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