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Dietary vitamin a and lung cancer: Results of a case-control study among chemical workers
Lung Cancer, 3 (1987) 125-155
125
Elsevier
A B S T R A C T S
i. P R E V E N T I O N Dietary Vitamin A and Lung Cancer: Results of a C a s e - C o n t r o l Study Among C h e m i c a l Workers. Bond, G.G., Thompson, F.E., Cook, R.R. Dow C h e m i c a l USA, Midland, MI 48674, U.S.A. Nutr. Cancer 9: 109-121, 1987. A nested case-control study conducted among a cohort of chemical m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s p r o v i d e d an opp o r t u n i t y to test the h y p o t h e s i s that lung cancer risk is i n v e r s e l y related to d i e t a r y intake of vitamin A. E l i g i b l e for study were 308 former male employees who had d i e d of lung cancer between 1940 and 1980. Two control groups, one a d e c e d e n t and the other a 'living' series, were individually matched to the cases one-for-one. Interviews were c o m p l e t e d w i t h 734 subjects or their next-of kin and i n c l u d e d a food f r e q u e n c y list. A v i t a m i n A index was developed for each subject based on the f r e q u e n c y of c o n s u m p t i o n of 29 food items. After a d j u s t m e n t for a number of potentially confounding v a r i a b l e s (e.g., smoking, educational level, and use of v i t a m i n supplements), there was e v i d e n c e that v i t a m i n A intake was i n v e r s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h lung cancer risk. The effect was most pronounced in the c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h the 'living' controls and appeared s t r o n g e s t among c i g a r e t t e smokers. Subjects in the lowest tertile of v i t a m i n A intake had approximately twice the risk of lung cancer as those in the highest. Analyses of an index of carotenoids and of individual food items s u g g e s t e d that plant sources of vitamin A may play a more important role in p r o d u c i n g the effect than to animal sources. Lung Cancer and Passive Smoking: Ass o c i a t i o n an A r t e f a c t Due to M i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of S m o k i n g Habits? Lee, P.N. 25 Cedar Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5DG, U.K. Toxicol. Lett. 35: 157162, 1987.
1775 subjects were asked about their current use of tobacco p r o d u c t s or n i c o t i n e chewing gum. 1537 p r o v i d e d a sample of saliva for cotinine analysis. Of 808 who claimed not to be users of such products, 20 (2.5%) had cotinine values above 30 ng/ml, suggesting their self-reports were false. In another study, 540 subjects were int e r v i e w e d on two occasions. 10% of subjects c l a i m i n g one occasion never to have smoked made inconsistent statements on the other occasion. A third study showed a strong tendency for smokers to m a r r y smokers. Bias caused by m i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of smoking habits coupled with between-spouse smoking habit concordance can c o m p l e t e l y explain reported apparent excesses in lung cancer risk in n o n - s m o k e r s m a r r i e d to smokers. T o w a r d the 1990 O b j e c t i v e s for Smoking: Measuring the Progress with 1985 NHIS Data. Shopland, D.R., Brown, C. Rm. 116, Park Bldg., 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, U.S.A. Public H e a l t h Rep. 102: 68-73, 1987. The Health Promotion and Disease P r e v e n t i o n c o m p o n e n t of the 1985 National H e a l t h I n t e r v i e w Survey allowed us to m e a s u r e the p r o g r e s s made toward achieving the 1990 objectives for the nation concerning cigarette smoking. The first smoking-related objective, namely, to reduce to below 25 per cent the p r o p o r t i o n of the U.S. population who smoke, has not been achieved. Today 31 per cent of the p o p u l a t i o n smoke. More than 85 per cent are aware of the special risk of d e v e l o p i n g and worsening chronic o b s t r u c t i v e lung disease, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema among smokers. More than 90 percent are aware that smoking is a major cause of lung cancer; however, awareness of the risk of laryngeal, esophageal, bladder, and other kinds of cancer from smoking is not so great. More than 85 per cent are aware that cigarette smoking is one of
0169-5002/87/$03.50 © 1987 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division)
125
Elsevier
A B S T R A C T S
i. P R E V E N T I O N Dietary Vitamin A and Lung Cancer: Results of a C a s e - C o n t r o l Study Among C h e m i c a l Workers. Bond, G.G., Thompson, F.E., Cook, R.R. Dow C h e m i c a l USA, Midland, MI 48674, U.S.A. Nutr. Cancer 9: 109-121, 1987. A nested case-control study conducted among a cohort of chemical m a n u f a c t u r i n g e m p l o y e e s p r o v i d e d an opp o r t u n i t y to test the h y p o t h e s i s that lung cancer risk is i n v e r s e l y related to d i e t a r y intake of vitamin A. E l i g i b l e for study were 308 former male employees who had d i e d of lung cancer between 1940 and 1980. Two control groups, one a d e c e d e n t and the other a 'living' series, were individually matched to the cases one-for-one. Interviews were c o m p l e t e d w i t h 734 subjects or their next-of kin and i n c l u d e d a food f r e q u e n c y list. A v i t a m i n A index was developed for each subject based on the f r e q u e n c y of c o n s u m p t i o n of 29 food items. After a d j u s t m e n t for a number of potentially confounding v a r i a b l e s (e.g., smoking, educational level, and use of v i t a m i n supplements), there was e v i d e n c e that v i t a m i n A intake was i n v e r s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h lung cancer risk. The effect was most pronounced in the c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h the 'living' controls and appeared s t r o n g e s t among c i g a r e t t e smokers. Subjects in the lowest tertile of v i t a m i n A intake had approximately twice the risk of lung cancer as those in the highest. Analyses of an index of carotenoids and of individual food items s u g g e s t e d that plant sources of vitamin A may play a more important role in p r o d u c i n g the effect than to animal sources. Lung Cancer and Passive Smoking: Ass o c i a t i o n an A r t e f a c t Due to M i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of S m o k i n g Habits? Lee, P.N. 25 Cedar Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5DG, U.K. Toxicol. Lett. 35: 157162, 1987.
1775 subjects were asked about their current use of tobacco p r o d u c t s or n i c o t i n e chewing gum. 1537 p r o v i d e d a sample of saliva for cotinine analysis. Of 808 who claimed not to be users of such products, 20 (2.5%) had cotinine values above 30 ng/ml, suggesting their self-reports were false. In another study, 540 subjects were int e r v i e w e d on two occasions. 10% of subjects c l a i m i n g one occasion never to have smoked made inconsistent statements on the other occasion. A third study showed a strong tendency for smokers to m a r r y smokers. Bias caused by m i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of smoking habits coupled with between-spouse smoking habit concordance can c o m p l e t e l y explain reported apparent excesses in lung cancer risk in n o n - s m o k e r s m a r r i e d to smokers. T o w a r d the 1990 O b j e c t i v e s for Smoking: Measuring the Progress with 1985 NHIS Data. Shopland, D.R., Brown, C. Rm. 116, Park Bldg., 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, U.S.A. Public H e a l t h Rep. 102: 68-73, 1987. The Health Promotion and Disease P r e v e n t i o n c o m p o n e n t of the 1985 National H e a l t h I n t e r v i e w Survey allowed us to m e a s u r e the p r o g r e s s made toward achieving the 1990 objectives for the nation concerning cigarette smoking. The first smoking-related objective, namely, to reduce to below 25 per cent the p r o p o r t i o n of the U.S. population who smoke, has not been achieved. Today 31 per cent of the p o p u l a t i o n smoke. More than 85 per cent are aware of the special risk of d e v e l o p i n g and worsening chronic o b s t r u c t i v e lung disease, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema among smokers. More than 90 percent are aware that smoking is a major cause of lung cancer; however, awareness of the risk of laryngeal, esophageal, bladder, and other kinds of cancer from smoking is not so great. More than 85 per cent are aware that cigarette smoking is one of
0169-5002/87/$03.50 © 1987 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division)