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Differences in trunk control between youth and professional American baseball pitchers
Track 3. Musculoskeletal systems and Performance-Joint ISB/ESB 5771 Mo-Tu, no. 16 (P57) Isometric assessment of ankle-joint function in presence of diabetes C. Giacomozzi 1, E. D'Ambrogi 2, L. Uccioli 2, V. Macellari 1. 1/stituto Superiore
di Sanita, Rome, Italy, 2University of Rome "Tot Vergata", Rome, Italy Introduction: Assessment of diabetic foot-ankle function is extremely important to understand and prevent abnormal foot loading. This study deals with the assessment of the ankle-joint function under controlled conditions. With the patient seated and the foot unloaded, measurements were taken of 3D ranges of motion and of moments of force expressed during maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Materials and Methods: 61 diabetic patients and 21 controls were examined. The dedicated ankle measurement device [1] detected 3D foot angular displacements with respect to the shank, and moments of force at the ankle-joint complex during isometric contractions. With respect to the shank, patient's foot was blocked at 900 in the sagittal plane and at 0 ° in frontal and transversal plane. He/she performed a sequence of 10s isometric maximal contractions to produce moments around each axis and direction. Moments around the medio-lateral axis were further investigated with the foot at 150 and 300 of plantar flexion and 150 of dorsal flexion. Angular excursions in the 3 planes were acquired during active slow cycles of about 10s. Results: 3D ranges of motion were reduced in diabetic patients without (D) and with (DN) neuropathy. In the sagittal and trasversal plane respectively, the reduction was 12.3% and 12.6% for D, 23.6% and 21.1% for DN. As for muscular function, dorsal-flexing moments were significantly reduced for all groups and foot position, the highest reduction being 43.9% for D and 42.6% for DN. Plantar-flexing moments were significantly reduced at -150 (dorsal flexion) and +300 (plantar flexion), the former being the most impairing position (reduction: 33.8% for D, 28.4% for DN). Reduction in the other two planes ranged from 25% to 60%. Conclusions: The isometric investigations conducted in the present study highlighted functional ankle-joint impairments even in diabetic patients without neuropathy, thus suggesting that other mechanisms besides neuropathy contribute to the alteration of foot loading. References [1] Giacomozzi C., et al. Med & Biol Eng & Comput. 2003; 41(4): 486-93. 7504 Mo-Tu, no. 17 (P57) Foot bone motion during patient specific movements W. Ledoux 1,2,3, M. Fassbind 1, E. Rohr 1, '~ Hu 4, D. Haynor 5, B. Sangeorzan 1,3.
1Department of Veterans Affairs, RR&D Center of Excellence, Seattle, WA, USA, 2Departments of Mechanical Engineering, 3 Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 4Bioengineering, 5Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Foot bone motion has been quantified using X-ray stereophotogrammetry [1] and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [2,3]. However, these studies were labor intensive and restricted motion to a single axis for all subjects, while some required invasive procedures and radiation exposure. Our purpose was to address these concerns and study foot bone motion as subjects moved from (1) maximum plantar flexion, inversion, and internal rotation to (2) anatomical neutral to (3) maximum dorsiflexion, eversion, and external rotation. Five subjects (53.4±4.4 years) with a neutrally aligned foot were tested with a modified Ankle Flexibility Tester (AFT) [4]. We determined the angles for the three positions of interest and five linearly interpolated positions in between. The subjects underwent an MRI scan at each of the 8 positions. The data were processed using Multi-Rigid software [5]. The neutral MRI scan was segmented with minimal user interaction and the other seven were automatically registered to the first. Relative motions between the fibula, calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, three cuneiforms as a group, and the metatarsals were described using finite helical axes (FHA). The average calcaneus to talus FHA (i.e., the subtalar joint) was 41.40 ±6.60 and 18.20 ±6.00 in the sagittal and transverse planes respectively. These data were similar to Manter's (420 sagittal and 160 transverse) [6] and Inman's (420 ±90 sagittal and 16-18°±110 transverse) [7]. We were able to describe foot bone motion objectively without invasive means, labor-intensive analyses or radiation, while allowing for patient specific motion. References [1] Lundberg A. Acta Orthop Scand 1989; 60(s233). [2] Udupa J. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998; v45(11). [3] Stindel E. IEEE Trans Med Imag. 2001; v48(2). [4] Seigler S. J Biomech. 2005; v38(3). [5] Hu P. and Haynor D. SPIE. 2005; v5370. [6] Manter J. Anat. Rec. 1941; v80(4). [7] Inman V., Williams and Wilkins. 1976.
$503 7260 Mo-Tu, no. 18 (P57) Differences in trunk control between youth and professional american baseball pitchers M.R. Torry 2, M. Sabick 4, M.J. Decker3, T.R. Hackett 1, R.J. Hawkins 5, P. Millett 1. 1Steadman-Hawkins Sports Medicine Clinic, Vail, CO, USA,
2 Steadman-Hawkins Research Foundation, Vail, CO, USA, 3University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, USA, 4Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA; 5Steadman-Hawkins of the Carolinas, Spartanburgh, SC, USA Injury patterns are different among youth and adult pitchers. These injuries may be due to the musculoskeletal changes occurring during growth; but they may also be, at least in part, due to pitching technique. Since the trunk (shoulders and hips) can be utilized to create increased ball speed during the baseball pitch, it may be that differences in trunk motions between youth and professional baseball pitchers may help explain the differences in patterns of injury between these groups. Twenty-five professional ( 2 7 ± 3 yrs, 1.88±.05m, 8 9 ± 9 k g : Ball Speed, 39 ± 2 m/s) and 14 youth baseball pitchers (12±4 yrs, 1.54±.08 m, 44 ± 9 kg, Ball Speed, 2 2 ± 2 m / s ) were filmed at 120 Hz using two high-speed video cameras. The locations of 21 body landmarks were digitized and their threedimensional locations were calculated using the Direct Linear Transformation method (AbdeI-Aziz and Karara, 1971). From the three-dimensional marker coordinates, joint kinematics were computed. The peak rotational velocities of both the upper trunk and pelvis were greater in youth baseball pitchers than in professional pitchers. Peak upper trunk rotational velocity was 2102±324°/s in youth pitchers and 1193±176°/s in professional pitchers (p<0.001). Peak pelvis rotation velocity occurred near the time of stride foot contact in the professionals, while it occurred much later in the youth pitchers. Proper timing of pelvis and upper trunk rotation are necessary to effectively transfer energy from the trunk to the throwing arm. Therefore, increased trunk rotational velocity may be a compensation for improper timing of segment rotations or insufficient muscle strength in youth pitchers. Improper energy transfer from the trunk to the upper extremity may lead to the increased shoulder internal rotation and elbow extension velocities in youth pitchers compared to the professionals. 4824 Mo-Tu, no. 19 (P57) Interphalangeal joint moments in functional grasping C. Pylatiuk, A. Kargov, S. Schulz. Institute for Applied Computer Science,
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Eggenstein, Germany Introduction: Normative data of the finger joint moments when performing everyday tasks are needed for biomechanical modelling of the hand, designing ergonomic tools, and evaluating the hand function. There is a lack of data and devices determining the phalangeal joint moments in functional grasping. Methods: 13 healthy participants (age: 24 to 63 years) performed three different everyday tasks from a standardized clinical hand assessment procedure, each requiring a different functional prehension pattern. Small force sensors were specially designed to accurately measure the dynamic hand grip force distribution. They were attached to the palmar surface of the hand, where the finger will contact an object during grasping. The method allows for the measurement of a wide range of hand sizes without recalibration. The finger joint moments were calculated from the local contact forces and phalanx lengths using a Jacobian matrix and assuming contact points in the middle of the phalanges and joint angles, which were determined with a goniometer. Results: Highest moments during grasping and holding small bottle with a cylindrical grasp were measured at the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint of the thumb (2.7 Ncm) and 4.5 Ncm at the distal interphalangeal (IP) joint of the index when grasping a larger bottle. The average moment of all finger joints was 1.3 Ncm and 1.5 Ncm, respectively. When removing and closing the lid of a coffee tin with a spherical grasp, the highest moments (10.9 Ncm) occurred at the MP joint of the ring finger, followed by the small finger (9.6Ncm) and the thumb (8 Ncm). The highest joint moments when writing with a pen with a tripod pulp grasp were measured at the MP joint of the index (14 Ncm). Conclusions: Isometric finger joint moments of all five fingers were measured accurately for three different everyday tasks. 4985 Mo-Tu, no. 21 (P57) Evaluation of adjacent segment morbidity after spinal fusion and flexible stabilization K. Kitahara 1, K. Takano 2, T. Hara 3 . 1 Venture Business Laboratory, Niigata
University, Niigata, Japan, 2Kariwagun Hospital, Kashiwazaki, Japan, 3Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan Spinal fusion with instrumentation has become widespread in the management of traumatic condition in the lumbar spinal motion segment. On the other hand, abnormal process that develops at spinal segments above or below a fused segment is known as adjacent segment disease (ASD). The specimens that considered of L3 to L6 were taken from porcine lumbar spines. The
di Sanita, Rome, Italy, 2University of Rome "Tot Vergata", Rome, Italy Introduction: Assessment of diabetic foot-ankle function is extremely important to understand and prevent abnormal foot loading. This study deals with the assessment of the ankle-joint function under controlled conditions. With the patient seated and the foot unloaded, measurements were taken of 3D ranges of motion and of moments of force expressed during maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Materials and Methods: 61 diabetic patients and 21 controls were examined. The dedicated ankle measurement device [1] detected 3D foot angular displacements with respect to the shank, and moments of force at the ankle-joint complex during isometric contractions. With respect to the shank, patient's foot was blocked at 900 in the sagittal plane and at 0 ° in frontal and transversal plane. He/she performed a sequence of 10s isometric maximal contractions to produce moments around each axis and direction. Moments around the medio-lateral axis were further investigated with the foot at 150 and 300 of plantar flexion and 150 of dorsal flexion. Angular excursions in the 3 planes were acquired during active slow cycles of about 10s. Results: 3D ranges of motion were reduced in diabetic patients without (D) and with (DN) neuropathy. In the sagittal and trasversal plane respectively, the reduction was 12.3% and 12.6% for D, 23.6% and 21.1% for DN. As for muscular function, dorsal-flexing moments were significantly reduced for all groups and foot position, the highest reduction being 43.9% for D and 42.6% for DN. Plantar-flexing moments were significantly reduced at -150 (dorsal flexion) and +300 (plantar flexion), the former being the most impairing position (reduction: 33.8% for D, 28.4% for DN). Reduction in the other two planes ranged from 25% to 60%. Conclusions: The isometric investigations conducted in the present study highlighted functional ankle-joint impairments even in diabetic patients without neuropathy, thus suggesting that other mechanisms besides neuropathy contribute to the alteration of foot loading. References [1] Giacomozzi C., et al. Med & Biol Eng & Comput. 2003; 41(4): 486-93. 7504 Mo-Tu, no. 17 (P57) Foot bone motion during patient specific movements W. Ledoux 1,2,3, M. Fassbind 1, E. Rohr 1, '~ Hu 4, D. Haynor 5, B. Sangeorzan 1,3.
1Department of Veterans Affairs, RR&D Center of Excellence, Seattle, WA, USA, 2Departments of Mechanical Engineering, 3 Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 4Bioengineering, 5Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Foot bone motion has been quantified using X-ray stereophotogrammetry [1] and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [2,3]. However, these studies were labor intensive and restricted motion to a single axis for all subjects, while some required invasive procedures and radiation exposure. Our purpose was to address these concerns and study foot bone motion as subjects moved from (1) maximum plantar flexion, inversion, and internal rotation to (2) anatomical neutral to (3) maximum dorsiflexion, eversion, and external rotation. Five subjects (53.4±4.4 years) with a neutrally aligned foot were tested with a modified Ankle Flexibility Tester (AFT) [4]. We determined the angles for the three positions of interest and five linearly interpolated positions in between. The subjects underwent an MRI scan at each of the 8 positions. The data were processed using Multi-Rigid software [5]. The neutral MRI scan was segmented with minimal user interaction and the other seven were automatically registered to the first. Relative motions between the fibula, calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, three cuneiforms as a group, and the metatarsals were described using finite helical axes (FHA). The average calcaneus to talus FHA (i.e., the subtalar joint) was 41.40 ±6.60 and 18.20 ±6.00 in the sagittal and transverse planes respectively. These data were similar to Manter's (420 sagittal and 160 transverse) [6] and Inman's (420 ±90 sagittal and 16-18°±110 transverse) [7]. We were able to describe foot bone motion objectively without invasive means, labor-intensive analyses or radiation, while allowing for patient specific motion. References [1] Lundberg A. Acta Orthop Scand 1989; 60(s233). [2] Udupa J. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998; v45(11). [3] Stindel E. IEEE Trans Med Imag. 2001; v48(2). [4] Seigler S. J Biomech. 2005; v38(3). [5] Hu P. and Haynor D. SPIE. 2005; v5370. [6] Manter J. Anat. Rec. 1941; v80(4). [7] Inman V., Williams and Wilkins. 1976.
$503 7260 Mo-Tu, no. 18 (P57) Differences in trunk control between youth and professional american baseball pitchers M.R. Torry 2, M. Sabick 4, M.J. Decker3, T.R. Hackett 1, R.J. Hawkins 5, P. Millett 1. 1Steadman-Hawkins Sports Medicine Clinic, Vail, CO, USA,
2 Steadman-Hawkins Research Foundation, Vail, CO, USA, 3University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, USA, 4Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA; 5Steadman-Hawkins of the Carolinas, Spartanburgh, SC, USA Injury patterns are different among youth and adult pitchers. These injuries may be due to the musculoskeletal changes occurring during growth; but they may also be, at least in part, due to pitching technique. Since the trunk (shoulders and hips) can be utilized to create increased ball speed during the baseball pitch, it may be that differences in trunk motions between youth and professional baseball pitchers may help explain the differences in patterns of injury between these groups. Twenty-five professional ( 2 7 ± 3 yrs, 1.88±.05m, 8 9 ± 9 k g : Ball Speed, 39 ± 2 m/s) and 14 youth baseball pitchers (12±4 yrs, 1.54±.08 m, 44 ± 9 kg, Ball Speed, 2 2 ± 2 m / s ) were filmed at 120 Hz using two high-speed video cameras. The locations of 21 body landmarks were digitized and their threedimensional locations were calculated using the Direct Linear Transformation method (AbdeI-Aziz and Karara, 1971). From the three-dimensional marker coordinates, joint kinematics were computed. The peak rotational velocities of both the upper trunk and pelvis were greater in youth baseball pitchers than in professional pitchers. Peak upper trunk rotational velocity was 2102±324°/s in youth pitchers and 1193±176°/s in professional pitchers (p<0.001). Peak pelvis rotation velocity occurred near the time of stride foot contact in the professionals, while it occurred much later in the youth pitchers. Proper timing of pelvis and upper trunk rotation are necessary to effectively transfer energy from the trunk to the throwing arm. Therefore, increased trunk rotational velocity may be a compensation for improper timing of segment rotations or insufficient muscle strength in youth pitchers. Improper energy transfer from the trunk to the upper extremity may lead to the increased shoulder internal rotation and elbow extension velocities in youth pitchers compared to the professionals. 4824 Mo-Tu, no. 19 (P57) Interphalangeal joint moments in functional grasping C. Pylatiuk, A. Kargov, S. Schulz. Institute for Applied Computer Science,
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Eggenstein, Germany Introduction: Normative data of the finger joint moments when performing everyday tasks are needed for biomechanical modelling of the hand, designing ergonomic tools, and evaluating the hand function. There is a lack of data and devices determining the phalangeal joint moments in functional grasping. Methods: 13 healthy participants (age: 24 to 63 years) performed three different everyday tasks from a standardized clinical hand assessment procedure, each requiring a different functional prehension pattern. Small force sensors were specially designed to accurately measure the dynamic hand grip force distribution. They were attached to the palmar surface of the hand, where the finger will contact an object during grasping. The method allows for the measurement of a wide range of hand sizes without recalibration. The finger joint moments were calculated from the local contact forces and phalanx lengths using a Jacobian matrix and assuming contact points in the middle of the phalanges and joint angles, which were determined with a goniometer. Results: Highest moments during grasping and holding small bottle with a cylindrical grasp were measured at the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint of the thumb (2.7 Ncm) and 4.5 Ncm at the distal interphalangeal (IP) joint of the index when grasping a larger bottle. The average moment of all finger joints was 1.3 Ncm and 1.5 Ncm, respectively. When removing and closing the lid of a coffee tin with a spherical grasp, the highest moments (10.9 Ncm) occurred at the MP joint of the ring finger, followed by the small finger (9.6Ncm) and the thumb (8 Ncm). The highest joint moments when writing with a pen with a tripod pulp grasp were measured at the MP joint of the index (14 Ncm). Conclusions: Isometric finger joint moments of all five fingers were measured accurately for three different everyday tasks. 4985 Mo-Tu, no. 21 (P57) Evaluation of adjacent segment morbidity after spinal fusion and flexible stabilization K. Kitahara 1, K. Takano 2, T. Hara 3 . 1 Venture Business Laboratory, Niigata
University, Niigata, Japan, 2Kariwagun Hospital, Kashiwazaki, Japan, 3Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan Spinal fusion with instrumentation has become widespread in the management of traumatic condition in the lumbar spinal motion segment. On the other hand, abnormal process that develops at spinal segments above or below a fused segment is known as adjacent segment disease (ASD). The specimens that considered of L3 to L6 were taken from porcine lumbar spines. The