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Digestive enzymes in decapod crustaceans
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Abstracts / Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 151 (2008) S11–S18
red blood cell counts were significantly lower for T1 and similar for other groups. Alkaline phosphatase activity (74.5–159.3 U/l), blood glucose level (72.8–99.0 g/dl), white blood cell count (1.43–1.85 × 105 cells/mm3), hemoglobin (5.0–5.22 g/dl), hematocrit (27.5–35.3%), total bilirubin (0.23–0.30 mg/dl), calcium (9.6–10.4 mg/dl), phosphorus (5.93–7.93 mg/ dl) and sodium (130.3–133.5 mMol/l) did not differ significantly among groups, suggesting no clinical toxicity on feeding DJSM. In conclusion, performance of 75% DJSM group was comparable to 75% SM group but was lower than fishmeal group; whereas, performance of 50% DJSM fed group was better than that of 50% and 75% SM fed groups and similar to that of fishmeal group. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.025
9. Digestive enzymes in decapod crustaceans R. Saborowski, U. Bickmeyer (Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany); L. Rojo Arreola, M.A. Navarette del Toro, F.L. García-Carreño (Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste) Various species of decopod crustaceans are important targets in aquaculture. In order to optimize the assimilation of food a detailed knowledge about their cellular and biochemical properties is required. Basically, the decapods have similar digestive organs to utilize food. These consist of a short esophagus, a complex stomach, a midgut gland and the hindgut. The midgut gland is the principal site of enzyme synthesis and secretion but also of nutrient resorption. However, significant differences appear between species and family groups on the biochemical level in terms of cellular pH and enzyme expression. Crustaceans with a lower pH produce cysteine- and aspartic-proteinases while crustaceans with a higher pH predominantly express serine-proteinases. The first group covers many caridean shrimps and homarid lobsters while the latter properties are frequent in penaeid prawns, and many brachyuran and anomuran crabs. Group specific similarities were observed for various esterases as well. Harmonizing diet formulations with the digestive properties of familiy groups or species can significantly improve the yield and reduce pollution. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.026
POSTER PRESENTATIONS 10. Linking environmental stress and physiological energetics in mussels U. Arambalza, N. Errasti, I. Ibarrola, M.B. Urrutia (Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain) A good assessment of the risk caused by pollutants requires the combination of biological responses and chemical analysis. Trying to link both approaches, we studied the relation between bioenergetic responses and pollutant bioaccumulation in mussels from Ria de Vigo (Galicia, Spain). Samples of intertidal mussels were collected 4 times from July 2004 to March 2006, from 5 sites in Ria de Vigo. Clearance rate, absorption efficiency and oxygen consumption of the mussels were measured under standard laboratory conditions and Scope for Growth (SFG) was calculated. Multivariate analyses were used to look for an
integral cause–effect relation with heavy metals, organochlorines and PAHs in mussel tissues. Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) was performed to group stations according to the principal physiological variables (SFG, clearance rate and body condition index) and then, the relationship between MDS and the bioaccumulation data were established. Furthermore, the integration of bioaccumulation data was achieved using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Interestingly, the principal component obtained from the PCA and the principal physiological variable SFG were found highly correlated indicating that SFG may be used as a biomarker. Results showed that mussels from Ria de Vigo suffer different levels of environmental stress; those from the control area were the less affected by pollutants and showed the highest values of SFG. Mussel populations from Vigo harbour, however were under a constant stress, as it can be derived from observed depressed SFG values (occasionally even negative SFG values were obtained). Cu, Pb and DDTs turned out to be the pollutants that best explained the observed gradient. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.027
11. Potential antioxidant effect of essential oil of Ocinum basilicum in liver of Dicentrarchus labrax M. Blasi (DISPEZ); E. Merra, F. Ciccone, G. Centoducati, E. Casalino (University of Bari, Italy) The increasing problems associated with infectious diseases in farmed fish represent major challenges for this source of food production. As the use of antibiotics in aquatic environment poses serious problems at the level of environmental impact and to human health, research on antimicrobial agents from natural sources has received much attention. In addition some naturally occurring antimicrobial agents can be formulated as functional foods and nutraceuticals that can also help to prevent oxidative damage from occurring in the body. The phytochemical preparations with dual functionalities in preventing lipid oxidation and antimicrobial properties have remarkable potential for extending shelf life of food products. As regarding the genus Ocinum, namely Ocinum basilicum, in vitro results are reported on both the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of its essential oil. In the present communication, an attempt has been made to explore in vivo the possible antioxidant properties of essential oil of O. basilicum in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, a widely utilized species in aquaculture, infected with Vibrio alginolyticus. The results obtained show that hepatic lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS production) induced in D. labrax following infection with V. alginolyticus, is reduced in fish fed with O. basilicum essential oil. In the liver of the same fishes, antioxidant enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase, is also increased. In light of the results obtained, we suggest that the protective effect of O. basilicum essential oil could be due to activation of the cellular antioxidant system. Further studies are in progress to define the mechanism by which essential oil of O. basilicum could affect the synthesis or regulation of antioxidant enzymes. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.028
12. Functional response of mussels to bacterial challenge C. Ciacci, M. Betti (Università ‘Carlo Bo’ di Urbino, Italy); P. Roch (UMR Ecosystèmes Lagunaires, Universitè de Montpellier 2, France); R. Fabbri, C. Borghi, L. Canesi (Università di Genova, Italy)
Abstracts / Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 151 (2008) S11–S18
red blood cell counts were significantly lower for T1 and similar for other groups. Alkaline phosphatase activity (74.5–159.3 U/l), blood glucose level (72.8–99.0 g/dl), white blood cell count (1.43–1.85 × 105 cells/mm3), hemoglobin (5.0–5.22 g/dl), hematocrit (27.5–35.3%), total bilirubin (0.23–0.30 mg/dl), calcium (9.6–10.4 mg/dl), phosphorus (5.93–7.93 mg/ dl) and sodium (130.3–133.5 mMol/l) did not differ significantly among groups, suggesting no clinical toxicity on feeding DJSM. In conclusion, performance of 75% DJSM group was comparable to 75% SM group but was lower than fishmeal group; whereas, performance of 50% DJSM fed group was better than that of 50% and 75% SM fed groups and similar to that of fishmeal group. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.025
9. Digestive enzymes in decapod crustaceans R. Saborowski, U. Bickmeyer (Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany); L. Rojo Arreola, M.A. Navarette del Toro, F.L. García-Carreño (Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste) Various species of decopod crustaceans are important targets in aquaculture. In order to optimize the assimilation of food a detailed knowledge about their cellular and biochemical properties is required. Basically, the decapods have similar digestive organs to utilize food. These consist of a short esophagus, a complex stomach, a midgut gland and the hindgut. The midgut gland is the principal site of enzyme synthesis and secretion but also of nutrient resorption. However, significant differences appear between species and family groups on the biochemical level in terms of cellular pH and enzyme expression. Crustaceans with a lower pH produce cysteine- and aspartic-proteinases while crustaceans with a higher pH predominantly express serine-proteinases. The first group covers many caridean shrimps and homarid lobsters while the latter properties are frequent in penaeid prawns, and many brachyuran and anomuran crabs. Group specific similarities were observed for various esterases as well. Harmonizing diet formulations with the digestive properties of familiy groups or species can significantly improve the yield and reduce pollution. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.026
POSTER PRESENTATIONS 10. Linking environmental stress and physiological energetics in mussels U. Arambalza, N. Errasti, I. Ibarrola, M.B. Urrutia (Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain) A good assessment of the risk caused by pollutants requires the combination of biological responses and chemical analysis. Trying to link both approaches, we studied the relation between bioenergetic responses and pollutant bioaccumulation in mussels from Ria de Vigo (Galicia, Spain). Samples of intertidal mussels were collected 4 times from July 2004 to March 2006, from 5 sites in Ria de Vigo. Clearance rate, absorption efficiency and oxygen consumption of the mussels were measured under standard laboratory conditions and Scope for Growth (SFG) was calculated. Multivariate analyses were used to look for an
integral cause–effect relation with heavy metals, organochlorines and PAHs in mussel tissues. Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) was performed to group stations according to the principal physiological variables (SFG, clearance rate and body condition index) and then, the relationship between MDS and the bioaccumulation data were established. Furthermore, the integration of bioaccumulation data was achieved using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Interestingly, the principal component obtained from the PCA and the principal physiological variable SFG were found highly correlated indicating that SFG may be used as a biomarker. Results showed that mussels from Ria de Vigo suffer different levels of environmental stress; those from the control area were the less affected by pollutants and showed the highest values of SFG. Mussel populations from Vigo harbour, however were under a constant stress, as it can be derived from observed depressed SFG values (occasionally even negative SFG values were obtained). Cu, Pb and DDTs turned out to be the pollutants that best explained the observed gradient. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.027
11. Potential antioxidant effect of essential oil of Ocinum basilicum in liver of Dicentrarchus labrax M. Blasi (DISPEZ); E. Merra, F. Ciccone, G. Centoducati, E. Casalino (University of Bari, Italy) The increasing problems associated with infectious diseases in farmed fish represent major challenges for this source of food production. As the use of antibiotics in aquatic environment poses serious problems at the level of environmental impact and to human health, research on antimicrobial agents from natural sources has received much attention. In addition some naturally occurring antimicrobial agents can be formulated as functional foods and nutraceuticals that can also help to prevent oxidative damage from occurring in the body. The phytochemical preparations with dual functionalities in preventing lipid oxidation and antimicrobial properties have remarkable potential for extending shelf life of food products. As regarding the genus Ocinum, namely Ocinum basilicum, in vitro results are reported on both the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of its essential oil. In the present communication, an attempt has been made to explore in vivo the possible antioxidant properties of essential oil of O. basilicum in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, a widely utilized species in aquaculture, infected with Vibrio alginolyticus. The results obtained show that hepatic lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS production) induced in D. labrax following infection with V. alginolyticus, is reduced in fish fed with O. basilicum essential oil. In the liver of the same fishes, antioxidant enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase, is also increased. In light of the results obtained, we suggest that the protective effect of O. basilicum essential oil could be due to activation of the cellular antioxidant system. Further studies are in progress to define the mechanism by which essential oil of O. basilicum could affect the synthesis or regulation of antioxidant enzymes. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.028
12. Functional response of mussels to bacterial challenge C. Ciacci, M. Betti (Università ‘Carlo Bo’ di Urbino, Italy); P. Roch (UMR Ecosystèmes Lagunaires, Universitè de Montpellier 2, France); R. Fabbri, C. Borghi, L. Canesi (Università di Genova, Italy)