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Discussion of the effect of admixtures on the strength-porosity relationship of portland cement paste,
CEMENT and CONCRETE RESEARCH. Vol. I , pp. 453-455, 1971. Pergamon Press, Inc. Printed in the United States.
NEW BOOKS
quantitative Microscopy. Twelve papers presented in February, 1961, at a symposium on quantitative metallography. Edited by Robert T. DeHoff and F. N. Rhines. 1968. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 422 pp. $17.50. The contents are Introduction (F. N. Rhines), Statistical Background (DeHoff, 32 pages), Measurement of Volume in Volume (J. E. H i l l i a r d , 29 pages), Surface Area and Length in Volume (Ervin E. Underwood, 48 pages), Measure of Number and Average Size in Volume (DeHoff), Particle Size Distribution (Underwood, 50 pages), Grain Size (Franz Schuckher, 60 pages), The Shape of Equilibrium Cells in Nature (J. E. McNutt), Spatial Distribution of Discrete Particles (J. Gurland), Curvature and the Topological Properties of Interconnected Phases (DeHoff, 33 pages), Theory and Practice of the Selection of the Plane of Examination (M. L. Picklesimer), Scanning Methods in Quantitative Metallography (H. F. Fischmeister, 35 pages), and Comments on the Possibilities of Performing Quantitative Metallographic Analysis with a Digital Computer (G. A. Moore, L. L. Wyman, and H. M. Joseph). The topics commanding the most space are grain size, particle size d i s t r i b u t i o n , surface area and length in volume, and scanning methods. In most of the chapters there are few references later than 1961; the striking exception is "Curvature and Topological Properties of Interconnected Phases," which discusses quantitative approaches to the discription of complex grain shapes, The editors deserve credit for their attempt to achieve uniform usage in nomenclature and symbols and to provide references to related material in other chapters. The index appears to be quite complete. Several items of interest to the microscopist who is not a metallographer are discussed below. H i l l i a r d ' s chapter on volume in volume -- the determination of composition, or of air content in concrete -- is stimulating and valuable in its discussion of the relative economics of measuring areas, intercepts on lineal traverses, and random and systematic point counting. Underwood's chapters (Surface Area and Length in Volume, and Particle-Size Distribution) are also interesting; the second deals with approaches to determining the particle-size distribution of a dispersed phase -- call i t air content of concrete. This was appraoched by Scheil, Schwartz, and Saltykov by the determination of diameters of the phase in the plane of section; Johnson used the areas of the phase in the plane of section; Spektor, Lord and W i l l i s , and Cahn and Fullman dealt with chord-length distributions. The chord-length approach offers the easiest measurement and a graphic calculation of results. The grain size distribution of metallic aggregates composed of grains which appear to be of uniform size can be measured in any one of several ways and transformed to cumulative frequencies of three-dimensional grain sizes by class inter453
454
Vol. I , No. 4 NEW BOOKS
vals. These volumetric cumulative frequencies plot as s t r a i g h t lines on semilog p r o b a b i l i t y paper. Simpler methods for determining the average grain size e x i s t ; the operator to operator variance increases sharply for the simpler methods. Fischmeister's chapter (Scanning Methods in Quantitative Metallography) reviews counting, size measurement, and area f r a c t i o n determination; eyepiece micrometers and graticules; operator differences; point counting stages and eyepeices; micrometer stages; electronic scanning. The bibliography is extensive and contains many German and Scandinavian references previously unfamiliar to me.
The book should be worth the price to anyone with a serious i n t e r e s t in quantitative microscopy. There are some annoying typographical errors - - including the absence of length and diameter units in column headings of some tables. Katharine Mather Temperature and Concrete. Proceedings of a symposium on Effect of Temperature on Concrete, held in Memphis, November, 1968. American Concrete I n s t i t u t e Publication SP-25. 1971. D e t r o i t , Michigan. 312 pp.. $15.00. This volume consists of 13 papers which deal with the effects of elevated or low temperatures on the properties and behavior on concrete. Paper No. 1 summarizes the effects of composition on thermal conductivity and thermal expansion but unfortunately relies mainly on Cammerer's data on conductivity which voluminous data, reported in e a r l i e r ACI papers, f a i l to corroborate. Papers No. 2-4 cover the effects of elevated temperature on strength, e l a s t i c i t y , and other properties for concretes (No. 2) made with d i f f e r e n t aggregates and under stressed and unstressed conditions to 870°C, (No. 3) under sealed and unsealed conditions to 260°C and (No. 4) a f t e r cycles of heat treatment to 400°C. Paper No. II reports effects of temperatures 15 to 45°C at time of casting and during curing on strength of mortars and concretes made with portland cements of d i f ferent composition. Papers No. 5-7 deal with effects of sustained elevated temperature to 95 C, 60 C, and 45 C (papers No. 5,6,7, repsectively) on creep and other properties. Paper No. 8 reports data for dynamic modulus and thermal expansion of plain and reinforced concrete below "normal temperature. Paper No. 9 covers thermal c u r l ing stresses in concrete pavements. Paper No. I0 reports volume changes of mortar during and following heat curing. The final paper, No. 13, describes a thermoelectric " s o l i d ' s t a t e heat pump" module f o r applying various temperatures and loads to models of concrete structures. There is a great deal of substance in the papers of this symposium, but lack of rigorous editing (which usually is l e f t mainly to the symposium chairman, probably in his spare time) mars this volume and requires of the reader substant i a l l y greater e f f o r t s than should be required. For example, 4 figures of paper No. 4 have erroneous captions, and the ordinates for sever~l figures in paper No. 5 are i n c o r r e c t l y indicated as "X 10-6" instead of "X 10-4'' . The authors and chairman are probably blameless for these errors. The omissions in l i t e r a t u r e research in portions of paper No. 1 provide misleading information. The conclusion of paper No. 3 on the strength reduction due to "hydrothermal reactions" in heated, sealed concrete is valid but would seem to warrant study of the use of pozzolanic or other siliceous additions in such applications. I t would be a welcome convenience to the reader of symposia volumes i f ground rules were laid down in advance regarding consistent nomenclature and symbols, even in dual metric and B r i t i s h units.
NEW BOOKS
quantitative Microscopy. Twelve papers presented in February, 1961, at a symposium on quantitative metallography. Edited by Robert T. DeHoff and F. N. Rhines. 1968. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 422 pp. $17.50. The contents are Introduction (F. N. Rhines), Statistical Background (DeHoff, 32 pages), Measurement of Volume in Volume (J. E. H i l l i a r d , 29 pages), Surface Area and Length in Volume (Ervin E. Underwood, 48 pages), Measure of Number and Average Size in Volume (DeHoff), Particle Size Distribution (Underwood, 50 pages), Grain Size (Franz Schuckher, 60 pages), The Shape of Equilibrium Cells in Nature (J. E. McNutt), Spatial Distribution of Discrete Particles (J. Gurland), Curvature and the Topological Properties of Interconnected Phases (DeHoff, 33 pages), Theory and Practice of the Selection of the Plane of Examination (M. L. Picklesimer), Scanning Methods in Quantitative Metallography (H. F. Fischmeister, 35 pages), and Comments on the Possibilities of Performing Quantitative Metallographic Analysis with a Digital Computer (G. A. Moore, L. L. Wyman, and H. M. Joseph). The topics commanding the most space are grain size, particle size d i s t r i b u t i o n , surface area and length in volume, and scanning methods. In most of the chapters there are few references later than 1961; the striking exception is "Curvature and Topological Properties of Interconnected Phases," which discusses quantitative approaches to the discription of complex grain shapes, The editors deserve credit for their attempt to achieve uniform usage in nomenclature and symbols and to provide references to related material in other chapters. The index appears to be quite complete. Several items of interest to the microscopist who is not a metallographer are discussed below. H i l l i a r d ' s chapter on volume in volume -- the determination of composition, or of air content in concrete -- is stimulating and valuable in its discussion of the relative economics of measuring areas, intercepts on lineal traverses, and random and systematic point counting. Underwood's chapters (Surface Area and Length in Volume, and Particle-Size Distribution) are also interesting; the second deals with approaches to determining the particle-size distribution of a dispersed phase -- call i t air content of concrete. This was appraoched by Scheil, Schwartz, and Saltykov by the determination of diameters of the phase in the plane of section; Johnson used the areas of the phase in the plane of section; Spektor, Lord and W i l l i s , and Cahn and Fullman dealt with chord-length distributions. The chord-length approach offers the easiest measurement and a graphic calculation of results. The grain size distribution of metallic aggregates composed of grains which appear to be of uniform size can be measured in any one of several ways and transformed to cumulative frequencies of three-dimensional grain sizes by class inter453
454
Vol. I , No. 4 NEW BOOKS
vals. These volumetric cumulative frequencies plot as s t r a i g h t lines on semilog p r o b a b i l i t y paper. Simpler methods for determining the average grain size e x i s t ; the operator to operator variance increases sharply for the simpler methods. Fischmeister's chapter (Scanning Methods in Quantitative Metallography) reviews counting, size measurement, and area f r a c t i o n determination; eyepiece micrometers and graticules; operator differences; point counting stages and eyepeices; micrometer stages; electronic scanning. The bibliography is extensive and contains many German and Scandinavian references previously unfamiliar to me.
The book should be worth the price to anyone with a serious i n t e r e s t in quantitative microscopy. There are some annoying typographical errors - - including the absence of length and diameter units in column headings of some tables. Katharine Mather Temperature and Concrete. Proceedings of a symposium on Effect of Temperature on Concrete, held in Memphis, November, 1968. American Concrete I n s t i t u t e Publication SP-25. 1971. D e t r o i t , Michigan. 312 pp.. $15.00. This volume consists of 13 papers which deal with the effects of elevated or low temperatures on the properties and behavior on concrete. Paper No. 1 summarizes the effects of composition on thermal conductivity and thermal expansion but unfortunately relies mainly on Cammerer's data on conductivity which voluminous data, reported in e a r l i e r ACI papers, f a i l to corroborate. Papers No. 2-4 cover the effects of elevated temperature on strength, e l a s t i c i t y , and other properties for concretes (No. 2) made with d i f f e r e n t aggregates and under stressed and unstressed conditions to 870°C, (No. 3) under sealed and unsealed conditions to 260°C and (No. 4) a f t e r cycles of heat treatment to 400°C. Paper No. II reports effects of temperatures 15 to 45°C at time of casting and during curing on strength of mortars and concretes made with portland cements of d i f ferent composition. Papers No. 5-7 deal with effects of sustained elevated temperature to 95 C, 60 C, and 45 C (papers No. 5,6,7, repsectively) on creep and other properties. Paper No. 8 reports data for dynamic modulus and thermal expansion of plain and reinforced concrete below "normal temperature. Paper No. 9 covers thermal c u r l ing stresses in concrete pavements. Paper No. I0 reports volume changes of mortar during and following heat curing. The final paper, No. 13, describes a thermoelectric " s o l i d ' s t a t e heat pump" module f o r applying various temperatures and loads to models of concrete structures. There is a great deal of substance in the papers of this symposium, but lack of rigorous editing (which usually is l e f t mainly to the symposium chairman, probably in his spare time) mars this volume and requires of the reader substant i a l l y greater e f f o r t s than should be required. For example, 4 figures of paper No. 4 have erroneous captions, and the ordinates for sever~l figures in paper No. 5 are i n c o r r e c t l y indicated as "X 10-6" instead of "X 10-4'' . The authors and chairman are probably blameless for these errors. The omissions in l i t e r a t u r e research in portions of paper No. 1 provide misleading information. The conclusion of paper No. 3 on the strength reduction due to "hydrothermal reactions" in heated, sealed concrete is valid but would seem to warrant study of the use of pozzolanic or other siliceous additions in such applications. I t would be a welcome convenience to the reader of symposia volumes i f ground rules were laid down in advance regarding consistent nomenclature and symbols, even in dual metric and B r i t i s h units.