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Disruptive effects on logistics processes by additive manufacturing
9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and 9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and Control 9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and online at www.sciencedirect.com Control Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019 Available 9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and Control Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019 Control Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019 Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019
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Disruptive effects on logistics processes by additive manufacturing Disruptive effects on logistics processes by additive manufacturing Disruptive effects on logistics processes by additive manufacturing Joachim R. Daduna Disruptive effects on logistics processes by additive manufacturing Joachim R. Daduna
Joachim R. Daduna Joachim R. Daduna Daduna of Business Administration Berlin School of Economics Joachim and Law, Department R. Berlin School of Economics and30Law, of Business Administration Department 10825 Berlin, Germany (Tel: +49 30877-1114; E-Mail: [email protected]) Berlin School of Economics and30Law, Department of Business Administration 10825 Berlin, Germany (Tel: +49 30877-1114; E-Mail: [email protected]) Berlin School of Economics and30Law, Department of Business Administration 10825 Berlin, Germany (Tel: +49 30877-1114; E-Mail: [email protected]) 10825 Berlin, Germany (Tel: +49 30 30877-1114; E-Mail: [email protected]) Abstract:.During the last decades we see a many-faceted picture in industry and retail trade, which has Abstract:.During the last by decades we see a digitalization many-faceted and picture in industry and retail trade, which has been strongly influenced an increasing commercial liberalization in a globalized many-faceted and picture in industry and retail trade, which has Abstract:.During the last by decades we see a digitalization been strongly influenced an increasing commercial liberalization in a globalized economy. Linked to changes we there some fundamental areas which are discussed, especially the a digitalization many-faceted picture in industry and retail trade, which has Abstract:.During thethese last by decades seeare been strongly influenced an increasing and commercial liberalization in a globalized economy. Linked to these by changes there aredigitalization some fundamental areas which are discussed, especially the use ofstrongly additive manufacturing (orincreasing 3D-printing). In this contribution some technological basics of additive been influenced an and commercial liberalization in a globalized economy. Linked to these changes there are some fundamental areas which are discussed, especially the use of additive manufacturing (or 3D-printing). In this contribution some technological basics of additive manufacturing and applications aresome sketched. Following, the structural and organizational efeconomy. Linked topractical these changes there are fundamental areas which are discussed, especially the use of additive manufacturing (or 3D-printing). In this contribution some technological basics of additive manufacturing and practicalwithin applications sketched. Following, theand structural andMoreover, organizational effectsofonadditive logistics processes selectedare supply are analyzed evaluated. conuse manufacturing (or 3D-printing). In chains this contribution some technological basics of the additive manufacturing and practical applications are sketched. Following, the structural and organizational effects on logistics processes withinare selected supplynot chains are analyzed and evaluated. sequences of these developments considered, onlyFollowing, from an operational pointand ofMoreover, view, but the alsoconunmanufacturing and practicalwithin applications are sketched. theand structural organizational effects on logistics processes selected supply chains are analyzed evaluated. Moreover, the consequences of these developments are considered, not only from an operational point of view, but also under legal and social aspects, especially with regard to labor markets. It is also made clear, that we have fects on logistics processes withinare selected supplynot chains are analyzed and evaluated. Moreover, the consequences of these developments considered, only from an operational point of view, but also under and social aspects,about especially withfuture, regard toonly labor markets. It is also madeofclear, that we not legal a theoretical discussion a far-off thatfrom these technologies is an integrated sequences of these developments are considered, notbut anpresented operational point view, but alsohave under legal and social aspects,about especially withfuture, regard to labor markets. It is also made clear, that we have © presented not a theoretical discussion a far-off but that these technologies is an integrated 2019ItIFAC part legal of ourand today´s world withespecially a growingwith importance. der social aspects, regardbut toCopyright labor markets. is also made clear, that we have © presented technologies is an integrated not a theoretical discussion about a far-off future, that these 2019 IFACtechnologies is an integrated part our today´sdiscussion world with a growing importance. not aof about a far-off future, butCopyright that these©© presented 2019 IFAC part oftheoretical our today´s world with a growing Copyright © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of importance. Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rightspractical reserved.apKeywords: Additive manufacturing, disruptions, supply chain adoption, logistic processes, © 2019 IFAC part of our today´s world with a growing importance. Copyright Keywords: Additive manufacturing, disruptions, supply chain adoption, logistic processes, practical applications, economic structures Keywords: Additive manufacturing, disruptions, supply chain adoption, logistic processes, practical applications, economic structures Keywords: economic Additive manufacturing, disruptions, supply chain adoption, logistic processes, practical applications, structures plications, economic structures The study is organized as follows. Section 2 deals with some 1. INTRODUCTION The is organized follows. 2 deals with some of thestudy essential basics ofasAM, with aSection focus on the possibilities 1. INTRODUCTION The study is organized asAM, follows. Section 2 deals with some of the essential basics of with a focus on the possibilities 1. INTRODUCTION of practical applications and advantages of these manufacturFor several years, a permanent increase in digitization in the of Thethestudy is organized follows. 2 deals with some essential basics ofasand AM, with aSection focus on the manufacturpossibilities 1. INTRODUCTION of practical applications advantages of these For several years, a permanent increase in digitization in the techniques. Effects industrial production, spare parts economy (asyears, well aaspermanent in many areas of daily life) has led to ing of the essential basics of in AM, with a focus on the manufacturpossibilities of practical applications and advantages of these For several increase in digitization in the economy (aschanges, well as which in many of daily to life) hasFourth led to ing techniques. Effects in industrial production, spare and retail trade presented in these Section 3, as parts well far-reaching areareas also referred as the of practical applications andare advantages of manufacturFor several increase in digitization in the ing techniques. Effects in industrial production, spare parts economy (asyears, well aaspermanent in many areas of daily life) hasFourth led to production production and retail trade are presented in Section 3, as well far-reaching changes, which are also referred to as the as the resulting structural changes in the logistics processes. Industrial Revolution (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The focus is ing techniques. Effects in are industrial production, economy (aschanges, well as which in many of daily to life) hasFourth led to production far-reaching areareas also referred as the and retail trade presented inlogistics Sectionspare 3, as parts well as the resulting structural changes in the processes. Industrial Revolution (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The focus is In the finaland Section 4trade the are multifaceted benefits of 3,AM, but on individualized automation, questionstothe traditional production retail presented inlogistics Section as well far-reaching changes, which arewhich also referred as the Fourth as the resulting structural changes in the processes. Industrial Revolution (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The focus is In thethe final Section 4 theonchanges multifaceted benefits ofprocesses. AM, but on individualized automation, which questions the traditional alsothe future impacts labor markets are discussed. In structures of industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries as resulting structural in the logistics Industrial Revolution (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The focus is thethefinal Section 4 theonmultifaceted benefits of AM, but on individualized automation, in which questions the traditional also future impacts labor influences markets areofdiscussed. In structures of industrialization the 19th and 20th centuries In addition, theSection midand long-term AM are adin many areas. In the final 4 the multifaceted benefits of AM, but on individualized automation, which questions the traditional the future impacts on labor influences markets areofdiscussed. In structures of industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries also addition, the midand long-term AM are adin many areas. dressed in conjunction developments), which the(also future impacts on with laborother markets areofdiscussed. In structures of industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries also addition, the midand long-term influences AM are adin many areas. dressed (also in conjunction with other developments), which Three major problem areas in this context are the intensively will change global economic structures sustainably with a addition, the midand long-term influences of AM are adin many areas. dressed (also in conjunction with other developments), which Three majorautonomous problem areas in this (relating context are will probability. change global economic structures sustainably with a discussed: driving to the theintensively different high dressed (also global in conjunction with other developments), whicha Three majorautonomous problem areas in this (relating context are the change economic structures sustainably with discussed: driving toEugenson theintensively different transport modes see, e.g. Gebauer et al. 2012 et al. will high probability. Three major problem areas in this (relating context are the discussed: autonomous driving toEugenson theintensively different will change global economic structures sustainably with a high probability. transport modes see, e.g. Gebauer et al. 2012 et al. 2013; Burmeister et al. Fragnant Kockelman 2015; discussed: autonomous driving (relating toEugenson the different 2. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING transport modes see, e.g.2015; Gebauer et al.and 2012 et al. high probability. 2013; Burmeister et al. 2015; Fragnant and Kockelman Gasser 2016; Krämer 2016; Gattuso et al. 2017; Brenner 2. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING transport modes see, e.g.2015; Gebauer et al.and 2012 Eugenson2015; etand al. 2013; Burmeister et al. Fragnant Kockelman 2015; Gasser 2016; Krämer 2016; Gattuso al. 2017; Brenner and 2. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Herrmann 2018; Gandia et al. 2019;etGhaderi 2019), the use The terms AM and 3D printing are more frequently used 2013; Burmeister et al. 2015; Fragnant and Kockelman 2015; 2. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Gasser 2016; Krämer 2016; Gattuso etGhaderi al. 2017; Brenner and Herrmann 2018; Gandia et al. 2019; 2019), the use The terms AM and 3D printing frequently used synonymously for the classificationare of more very different producof humanoid, semi-humanoid and mobile robots (see, e.g. Gasser 2016; Krämer 2016; Gattuso et al. 2017; Brenner and Herrmann 2018; Gandia et al. 2019; Ghaderi 2019), the e.g. use The terms AMforand 3D printing are more frequently used synonymously the classification of very different producof humanoid, semi-humanoid and mobile robots (see, tion terms techniques (see, 3D e.g.,printing Wellerare et more al. 2015, Ngo etused al., Pinedo et al. 2015; Bhong PawarGhaderi 2016; Torricelli al. The Herrmann 2018; Gandia et and al. 2019; 2019), theete.g. use AMforand frequently synonymously the classification of very different producof humanoid, semi-humanoid and mobile robots (see, techniques (see, e.g., et al. 2015, Ngo et al., Pinedo et al. et 2015; Bhong andand Pawar 2016;robots Torricelli ete.g. al. 2018), which does not classification makeWeller sense in terms of their differing 2016; Wong al. 2918; Stasse and mobile Flayols 2019) as well as tion synonymously for the of very different producof humanoid, semi-humanoid (see, techniques (see, e.g., Weller et terms al. 2015, Ngo et al., Pinedo et al. et 2015; Bhong and Pawar 2016;2019) Torricelli et al. 2018), which not make sense is in of their differing 2016; Wong al. 2918; Stasse and Flayols as tion meaning. The does field of e.g., 3D printing broader, notetonly additive (AM) e.g.2016; Weller et asal.well 2015; techniques (see, Weller etmuch al. 2015, Ngo al., Pinedo etmanufacturing al. et 2015; Bhong and(see, Pawar Torricelli et al. 2018), which does not make sense is in terms of their differing 2016; Wong al. 2918; Stasse and Flayols 2019) asal.well as tion meaning. The field of 3D printing much broader, not only additive manufacturing (AM) (see, e.g. Weller et 2015; techniques for substituting classical Sassons and etJohnson Atteran 2017; Ben-Ner and 2018), which does not make sense is in much terms broader, of manufacturing their differing 2016; Wong al. 2918;2016; Stasse(see, and Flayols 2019) asal.well as including meaning. The field of 3D printing not only additive manufacturing (AM) e.g. Weller et 2015; techniques for substituting classical manufacturing Sassons and Johnson Atteran 2017; Ben-Ner and including suchThe as field the processing of metal, plastic and not ceramic Siemsen 2017; Jiang et 2016; al. 2017; Molitch-Hou 2018; meaning. offor 3Dsubstituting printing is much broader, only additive manufacturing (AM) (see, e.g.2017; WellerBen-Ner et al. Satish 2015; including techniques classical manufacturing Sassons and Johnson 2016; Atteran and tasks tasks such as the processing of metal, plastic and ceramic Siemsen 2017; Jiang et al. 2017; Molitch-Hou 2018; Satish materials, but also completely different areas such as food Prakasha et al. 2018). Linked to these technical developments techniques for substituting classical manufacturing Sassons and Johnson 2016; Atteran 2017; Ben-Ner and including tasks such as the processing of metal, plastic and ceramic Siemsen 2017; Jiang et al. 2017; Molitch-Hou 2018; Satish also completely different areas such as2018) food Prakasha et al. 2018). Linked to these technical at developments production (see, e.g., Lipton etofal. 2015, plastic Dankar et al. are fundamental changes in logistics processes all levels of materials, tasks such but as the processing metal, and ceramic Siemsen 2017; Jiang et al. 2017; Molitch-Hou 2018; Satish materials, but also completely different areas such as2018) food Prakasha et al. 2018). Linked to these technical at developments production (see, e.g., Lipton et al. 2015, Dankar et al. are fundamental changes in logistics processes all levels of as well as but a variety of applications in medicine (see, e.g., supply chains. In this Linked context,toChristopher and developments Ryals (2014) materials, also completely different areas such as2018) food Prakasha et al. 2018). theseprocesses technical production (see, e.g., Lipton et al. 2015, Dankar et al. are fundamental changes in logistics at all levels of as well a variety of applications in medicine e.g., supply chains. this context, Christopher andatRyals (2014) Liaw andasGuvendiren 2017; Vijayavenkataraman et (see, al. 2018), evenfundamental speak of aInparadigm shift through a structural transition production (see, e.g., Lipton et al. 2015, Dankar al. 2018) are changes in logistics processes all levels of well asGuvendiren a variety of applications in medicineet (see, e.g., supply chains. Inparadigm this context, Christopher and Ryals (2014) as Liaw and 2017; Vijayavenkataraman al. 2018), even speak of a shift through a structural transition where the technical) framework conof supply chainsIntothis demand chains. well asGuvendiren aexisting variety (especially of applications in medicine (see, e.g., supply chains. context, Christopher and Ryals (2014) as Liaw and 2017; Vijayavenkataraman et al. 2018), even speak of a paradigm shift through a structural transition where theGuvendiren existing (especially framework of supply chains to demandshift chains. ditionsand are completely different. Intechnical) view of the content ofconthis Liaw 2017; Vijayavenkataraman et al. 2018), even speak of a paradigm through a structural transition the completely existing (especially technical) framework of chains to of demand chains. study is the AM, since where ditions the are different. view of the content ofconthis In supply the foreground the following AM is(especially therefore In used in the following. where are term existing technical) framework conof supply chains to of demand chains. study is the AM, since article, ditions completely different. In view of the content of this In the foreground the following article, the term AM is therefore used in the following. through the use of these new production techniques very In the foreground ofthese the following study istechniques the AM, since ditions the are term completely different. In view of the content of this article, AM is therefore used in the following. through the use of new production very AM techniques, e.g. Selective Laser Melting (SLM), complex anduse alsoofof far-reaching to expected In the foreground the following studyareistechniques thebeAM, since through the these new changes production very The article, thetechniques, term AM is e.g. therefore used in the following. The Selective Laser Melting (SLM), complex and also far-reaching changes are to be expected Selective Sintering or Fused Model(see, e.g. Garrett 2014; Mohr and Khan 2015; / Weller et al. through the use offar-reaching these new changes production very The AM AM Laser techniques, e.g.(SLS) Selective LaserDeposition Melting (SLM), complex and also2014; are techniques to/ Weller be expected Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) or Fused Deposition Model(see, e.g. Garrett Mohr and Khan 2015; et al. ing (FDM) (see, e.g., Ngo et al. 2018;Laser SatishMelting Prakasha et al. 2015; Bikas etalso al. 2016 / Sassonschanges and Johnson 2016; Chen et The AM techniques, e.g. Selective (SLM), complex and far-reaching are to be expected Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) or Fused Deposition Model(see, e.g. Garrett 2014; Mohr and and Khan 2015; 2016; / Weller et al. ing (FDM) (see, e.g., Ngo et al. 2018; Satish Prakasha etwith al. 2015; Bikas et al. 2016 / Sassons Johnson Chen et results inSintering considerable advantages in comparison al. 2017; Jiang et2014; al. 2017). This concerns a wide range of 2018), Selective Laser (SLS) or Fused Deposition Model(see, e.g. Garrett Mohr and Khan 2015; / Weller et al. ing (FDM) (see, e.g., Ngo et al. 2018; Satish Prakasha etwith al. 2015; Bikas et al. 2016 / Sassons and Johnson 2016;range Chen of et 2018), results in considerable advantages in comparison al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). This concerns a wide manufacturing example the injecpotential applications in /most different economic fields. ing classical (FDM) (see, e.g., Ngo etmethods, al. 2018;for Satish Prakasha etwith al. 2015; Bikas et al. 2016 Sassons and Johnson 2016; Chen of et the 2018), results in considerable advantages in comparison al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). This concerns a wide range the manufacturing for in example the These injecpotential applications in most This different economic fields. tion classical molding technique and methods, the subtractive methods. 2018), results in considerable advantages comparison with al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). concerns a wide range of the for example the These injecpotential applications in most different economic fields. tion classical molding manufacturing technique and methods, the subtractive methods. the for example the These injecpotential applications in most different economic fields. tion classical molding manufacturing technique and methods, the subtractive methods. Copyright © 2019, 2019 IFAC 2830Hosting 2405-8963 © IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) by Elsevier Ltd. All and rightsthe reserved. tion molding technique subtractive methods. These Copyright 2019 responsibility IFAC 2830Control. Peer review©under of International Federation of Automatic Copyright © 2019 IFAC 2830 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.627 Copyright © 2019 IFAC 2830
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relate not only to technical aspects, but also to a considerable extent to economic and ecological benefits.
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Figure 4. Thales Alenia Space: Bracket manufactured in lightweight construction by AM technology © Thales
Of fundamental importance are the extended design options, in particular with regard to the degree of freedom in detailing and the complexity of objects, as well as the use of lightweight construction methods. There is also the possibility of combining different materials while printing (see, e.g., Bandyopadhyay.and Heer 2018). In addition, it is a highly efficient production form for customer-specific products, also in the case for applying mass customizing as well as for small lot sizes. However, this does not mean that the AM is unsuitable for mass production, it is already used in this area and will expand significantly in the future.
Figure 5. Thales Alenia Space: Component of an antenna system produced as one part by AM technology © Thales
Other aspects are the clear quality improvements, in terms of stiffness and technical durability, as well as the resourcesaving production, especially in comparison to subtractive manufacturing methods. Some examples from the aviation and space industry are shown in Fig. 1 to 7.
Figure 6. Thales Alenia Space: Component of an antenna system manufactured as one part by AM technology © Thales
Figure 7. Adapter for a component-related power transmission of a torque wrench, produced from high strength stainless steel applying SLM technology. © Lufthansa Technik AG Figure 1. Hydraulic manifold for the Airbus A320 family: (l) Conventionally manufactured (r) AM manufactured with a fluid-flow adapted design made of Titan (similar functionality despite 60% weight reduction and 80% less material input) © j.r.daduna
In sum, this results in fundamental advantages in the production and life cycle expenses, as it is clear from the example of the fuel nozzle of an aircraft engine, shown in Fig. 8, which can be made on the basis of AM in one piece, compared to 20 parts in classical manufacturing process.
Figure 2. Rear part of an aircraft cabin ventilation grille: (l) Conventionally manufactured by injection molding and milling (r) As an integral component produced by FDM technique of PEI material. © Lufthansa Technik AG Figure 3. Metal printed tool to fix building components in welding processes, produced from high strength stainless steel applying SLM technology (a conventional production in this case is not possible due to the complex internal duct system for the shielding gas stream). © Lufthansa Technik AG
Figure 8. Fuel nozzle of a LEAP engine, applying AM produced as one part © General Electric Additive see: https://www. ge.com/reports/ mind-meld-ge-3d-printing-visionaryjoined-forces/
The resulting advantages are: a reduction of complexity in manufacturing and assembling, a reduction of working hours for assembling as well as for maintenance and repair, a reduction of the effort in the legally required control processes, and overall, there will be a reduction in staff (and thus also staff costs). In addition to the technical changes in the manufacturing processes, there are also far-reaching structural changes. Due to the flexible production with small batch sizes (up to batch size 1) and the possibility of manufacturing customized products, there are increasing opportunities for a demand-oriented production. Due to the small size of the required production 2831
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facilities, this also does no longer need to be executed in centralized plants, but can be done within spatially dislocated (smaller) facilities with short distances to customer locations. 3. IMPACTS OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING ON LOGISTICS PROCESSES WITHIN SUPPLY CHAINS As these short notes show, the essential points of AM are the decentralization of manufacturing structures in connection to a customer-oriented and demand-oriented production (see, e.g. Mohr and Khan 2015; Sassons and Johnson 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). This causes structural changes in the supply chains (see, e.g. Christopher and Ryals 2014) as they have not occurred for decades. For example, traditional industrial production will decline in many areas, as these structures do not allow them to adapt to changing technical and organizational requirements. Thus, in the future traditional forms of industrial production will become less important in many areas. Linked with these developments, the logistics processes within the supply chains will change fundamentally. On the one hand, due to decentralized production structures, there is a drastic reduction in the required transport services, while on the other hand demand-oriented production leads to a substantial elimination of warehousing (see, e.g. Ben-Ner and Siemsen 2017). This requires a significant reduction in logistics costs, whereby this positive effect can be substantially enhanced by deploying autonomous operating vehicles as well as by the use of humanoid, semi-humanoid and / or mobile robots. In the field of industrial manufacturing, new possibilities arise, in particular through lightweight construction techniques and higher structural strength (see, Fig. 1 - 7). In addition, AM will fundamentally change supplier structures in many cases. A number of production steps no longer have to be (cost-effectively) executed by e.g. external suppliers on centralized large-scale plants at locations which are partly far away from the client’s location. These can, for example, be directly located at the final assembly line. Even with a greater increase in demand for individually designed products, this development will inevitably evolve.
This drastically reduces logistics costs for transport and warehousing. At the same time, a material waste due to excessive stocks and destruction of parts which are no longer required at the end of product life cycles can be (largely) prevented. In the final consequence, the production of spare parts can be directly relocated to the field of maintenance and repair, which means, that these are manufactured possibly only on site and in the case of an existing demand.
Figure 9. Supply chain adoption in industrial manufacturing Supply chain adoption in spare parts services (see, Fig. 10). This shows two major changes: a shortening of the supply chains through the integration of spare parts production into warehousing processes and the outsourcing of production and delivery of spare parts to logistics service providers. This also leads to radical cuts in the logistical processes, so that in particular the required transport volume as well as the needed storage capacities are drastically reduced.
Supply chain adoption in industrial manufacturing: An example of the occurring changes is shown in Fig. 9. The transfer of production steps to the final assembly level not only causes structural changes in the production processes, but also enforces a fundamental reorganization in the division of labor in manufacturing processes. This applies in particular to the level of suppliers whose share of added value will decrease considerably. Even more clearly, however, the AM will influence the production of and services with spare parts (see, e.g. Khajavi et al. 2014; Savastano et al. 2016; Wits et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017). Since in many cases the amount of demand and the temporal distribution is only partially calculable; instead of a centralized production it can be produced at regional warehouses and / or delivery depots of (logistics) service providers when required and also spatially dislocated.
Figure 10. Supply chain adoption in spare parts services Much clearer and more far-reaching will be the impact of AM in various sectors of the consumer goods industry (see, e.g. Bogers et al. 2016; Ben-Ner and Siemsen 2017; Petersen et al. 2017) (see also the examples in Fig. 11 - 13). Here, based on the AM, the production of goods can be shifted to a considerable extent to different levels of retail trade. The manufacturing might be then executed, for example in re-
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gional warehouses, or even directly in their own sales facilities. The demand for this exists especially in connection with the manufacturing of customer-specific products or if in case of mass customization specific products must be finished onsite.
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the time further developments, so that the future spreading of AM is currently hardly to estimate.
Figure 11. Clothing material made in AM technology. © konradin publishing group see: https://www./ mdmag.com/wp-content/ uploads/I/M/IMG_8565.jpg
Figure 12. Ceramic vases made in AM technology. © Majolika Karlsruhe see: https://majolikakarlsruhe.de/wp-content/ uploads/2018/07/
Figure 14. Supply chain adoption in retail trade 4. CONCLUSIONS
Figure 13. Ceramic espresso set Maroni in AM technology. © Majolika Karlsruhe see: https:majolikakarlsruhe.de/wpcontent/uploads/2017/09/
At a final stage, however, the production can also be made on demand by the customer himself (with the step to home fabrication) (see, e.g. Bogers et al. 2016; Rayna and Striukova 2016; Attaran 2017; Petersen et al 2017). This can finally lead, at least in some areas, to a de-industrialization, (see, e.g. Ben-Ner and Siemsen 2017; Petersen et al.; Attaran 2017), in connection with a return to a partial self-supply as in pre-industrial times. Attaran (2017) speaks in this context of micro-producers, which underlines the future possibilities of using small-scale production structures. Supply chain adoption in retail trade (see, Fig. 14): Going out from the (roughly sketched) classical structures, there is an adaptation in three stages in consumer goods manufacturing: regionally dislocated and on-demand manufacturing of consumer goods, local as well as on-demand and customeroriented manufacturing of consumer goods, and on-site customer-driven and on-demand manufacturing of consumer goods (home fabrication). At this point it becomes very clear that the required logistical effort here too is drastically reduced. Transport and warehousing are largely limited to the printing materials, combined with a corresponding reduction in logistics costs. The examples sketched here can only represent a small part of the already existing applications. In addition, there are all
The technical and economic benefits are so obvious that the introduction of AM will evolve at an increasingly wider scale in the next few years (see, e.g. Mohr and Khan 2015; Baumers et al. 2016; Bogers et al. 2016; Rayna and Struikova 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). In comparison with the traditional manufacturing processes in industry (for example, with subtractive manufacturing and injection molding), there are also clear ecological advantages (see, e.g. Ford and Depeisse 2016 as well as Costabile et al. 2017). Essential points are a reduced material consumption due to demand-oriented production as well as lower waste volumes (especially in comparison to subtractive manufacturing). With the use of AM, there are new design options in industry and retail trade, which, at least in part, can have a farreaching influence on national economies (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The essential point is the reduction of market entry barriers for new competitors, since the required capital expenditure is comparatively low. Added to this there is a largely demand-driven scalability, which can significantly limit potential investment risks. Of particular interest is the development of new companies in emerging and developing countries, through which a sustainable economic development can be initiated, at least in some ways. Linked to this is also the possibility of reducing import quotas in many product segments, which can reduce the repeatedly criticized economic dependency of these countries on industrialized nations. At the same time, this will free up own investment resources for other projects that can enable further social and economic development. However, it is also non-negligible that these developments, not only in AM, but also in autonomous driving and the use of humanoid, semi-humanoid and mobile robots, will have significant negative effects on the labor market (see, e.g. Frey and Osborne 2017). This applies in particular to jobs with
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lower skill requirements, whose share in industrial manufacturing and logistics is up to now relatively high. For these reasons, as documented by Frey and Osborne (2017), the need for manpower will decline significantly, at least in the long term. In the changed structures, therefore, the resulting share of manual value creation will be significantly lower. The number of newly created jobs will not be enough to compensate for this development in terms of extend, and in future, too, mainly new jobs with high qualification requirements will be created. In addition to the mentioned technological influencing factors, however, the associated reduction of the importance of human labor in production processes accelerates the developments outlined. For example, Hammes (2016) speaks of increasing de-globalization with far-reaching effects not only in economic structures but also in politics and society. An important indicator of this development is the decline in the up to now often globally oriented division of labor, which in an increasing re-shoring (respectively, insourcing or reinsourcing) can be seen (see, e.g. Ashby 2016; Moradlou and Backhouse 2016; Wiesmann et al. 2017). The resulting reduction in external value-added shares includes a sometimes comprehensive shift in production volumes, however, without the previously associated number of jobs. The interdependencies that arise in the current developments associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution are characterized by extremely complex relationships that fail to provide a solution. Schwab (2016) describes the situation as follows: “The speed of the current breakthroughs has no historical precedent. When compared with previous industrial revolutions, the Fourth is evolving at an exponential rather than a linear pace. Moreover, it is disrupting almost every industry in every country. And the breadth and depth of these changes herald the transformation of entire systems of production, management and governance.” Whether there will ever be a solution accepted by the majority or even a consensus approach is not yet foreseeable. It is more likely to assume that many good approaches will be stuck in their beginnings because of diverging and contradictory interests of those affected. REFERENCES Ashby, A. (2016). From global to local - Reshoring for sustainability. Operations Management Research 9(3), 75 - 88 Attaran, M. (2017). The rise of 3-D printing - The advantages of additive manufacturing over traditional manufacturing. Business Horizons 60(5), 677 - 688 Bandyopadhyay. A. and Heer, B. (2018). Additive manufacturing of multi-material structures. Materials Science & Engineering R 129, 1 - 16 Baumers, M., Dickens, P., Tuck, C., and Hague, R. (2016). The cost of additive manufacturing - Machine productivity, economies of scale and technology-push. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 102, 193 - 201 Ben-Ner, A. and Siemsen, E. (2017). Decentralization and localization of production - The organizational and economic consequences of additive manufacturing (3d printing). California Management Review 59(2), 5 - 23
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Gebauer, O., Pree, W., Hanis, G. and Stadlmann, B. (2012). Towards autonomously driving trains on tracks with open access. Paper presented at the 19th ITS World Congress; Vienna (Austria (22 - 26 oct 2012) Ghaderi, H. (2019). Autonomous technologies in short sea shipping - Trends, feasibility and implications, Transport Reviews 39, 152 - 173 Hammes, T.X. (2016). Will technological convergence reverse globalization? Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University / Strategic Forum SF No. 297 Jiang, R., Kleer, R. and Piller, F.T. (2017). Predicting the future of additive manufacturing - A Delphi study on economic and societal implications of 3d printing for 2030. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 117, 84 - 97 Khajavi, S.H., Partanen, J., and Holmström, J. (2014). Additive manufacturing in the spare parts supply chain. Computers in Industry 65(1), 50 - 63 Krämer, I. (2016). Autonomes Fahren auf Hafengleisen. HANSA International Maritime Journal 153(11), 82 - 83 Li, Y., Jia. G., Cheng, Y., and Hu, Y. (2017). Additive manufacturing technology in spare parts supply chain - A comparative study. International Journal of Production Research 55(5), 1498 - 1515 Liaw, C.-Y. and Guvendiren, M. (2017). Current and emerging applications of 3D printing in medicine. Biofabrication 9(2), 024102 Lipton, J.I., Cutler, M., Nigl, F., Cohen, D., and Lipson, H. (2015). Additive manufacturing for the food industry. Food Science & Technology 43, 114 - 123 Mohr, S. and Khan, O. (2015). 3D printing and its disruptive impacts on supply chains of the future. Technology Innovation Management Review 5(11), 20 - 25 Molitch-Hou, M. (2018). Overview of additive manufacturing process. In Zhang, J. and Jung, Y.-G. (eds.), Additive manufacturing - Materials, processes, quantifications and applications, 1 - 38. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford Moradlou, H. and Backhouse, C.J. (2016). A review of manufacturing re-shoring in the context of customer-focused postponement strategies. Journal of Engineering Manufacture 230(9), 1561 - 1571 Ngo, T.D., Kashania, A., Imbalzanoa, G., Nguyena, K.T.Q., and Huib, D. (2018). Additive manufacturing (3D printing) - A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Composites Part B 143, 172 - 196 Petersen, E.E., Kidd, R.W., and Pearce, J.M. (2017). Impact of DIY home manufacturing with 3D printing on the toy and game market. Technologies 5(3), No. 45 Pinedo, L.A., Rodriguez, A., Fuentes, G., Rascon, C., and Meza, I.V. (2015). Concept and functional structure of a service robot. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 12, 1 - 15 Rayna, T. and Striukova, L. (2016). From rapid prototyping to home fabrication - How 3d printing is changing business model innovation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 102, 214 - 224 Sasson, A. and Johnson, J.C. (2016). The 3D printing order - Variability, supercenters and supply chain reconfigurations. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 46(1), 82 - 94 Satish Prakasha, K., Nancharaihb, T., and Subba Rao, V.V. (2018). Additive manufacturing techniques in manufacturing - An overview. Materials Today - Proceedings 5(2 / Part 1), 3873 - 3882 Savastano, M., Amendola, C., D’Ascenzo, F., and Massaroni, E. (2016). 3-D printing in the spare parts supply chain - An explorative study in the automotive industry. In Caporarello, L., Cesaroni, F., Giesecke, R., and Missikoff, M. (eds). Digitally supported innovation, 153 - 170. Springer International Publishing, Cham
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Disruptive effects on logistics processes by additive manufacturing Disruptive effects on logistics processes by additive manufacturing Disruptive effects on logistics processes by additive manufacturing Joachim R. Daduna Disruptive effects on logistics processes by additive manufacturing Joachim R. Daduna
Joachim R. Daduna Joachim R. Daduna Daduna of Business Administration Berlin School of Economics Joachim and Law, Department R. Berlin School of Economics and30Law, of Business Administration Department 10825 Berlin, Germany (Tel: +49 30877-1114; E-Mail: [email protected]) Berlin School of Economics and30Law, Department of Business Administration 10825 Berlin, Germany (Tel: +49 30877-1114; E-Mail: [email protected]) Berlin School of Economics and30Law, Department of Business Administration 10825 Berlin, Germany (Tel: +49 30877-1114; E-Mail: [email protected]) 10825 Berlin, Germany (Tel: +49 30 30877-1114; E-Mail: [email protected]) Abstract:.During the last decades we see a many-faceted picture in industry and retail trade, which has Abstract:.During the last by decades we see a digitalization many-faceted and picture in industry and retail trade, which has been strongly influenced an increasing commercial liberalization in a globalized many-faceted and picture in industry and retail trade, which has Abstract:.During the last by decades we see a digitalization been strongly influenced an increasing commercial liberalization in a globalized economy. Linked to changes we there some fundamental areas which are discussed, especially the a digitalization many-faceted picture in industry and retail trade, which has Abstract:.During thethese last by decades seeare been strongly influenced an increasing and commercial liberalization in a globalized economy. Linked to these by changes there aredigitalization some fundamental areas which are discussed, especially the use ofstrongly additive manufacturing (orincreasing 3D-printing). In this contribution some technological basics of additive been influenced an and commercial liberalization in a globalized economy. Linked to these changes there are some fundamental areas which are discussed, especially the use of additive manufacturing (or 3D-printing). In this contribution some technological basics of additive manufacturing and applications aresome sketched. Following, the structural and organizational efeconomy. Linked topractical these changes there are fundamental areas which are discussed, especially the use of additive manufacturing (or 3D-printing). In this contribution some technological basics of additive manufacturing and practicalwithin applications sketched. Following, theand structural andMoreover, organizational effectsofonadditive logistics processes selectedare supply are analyzed evaluated. conuse manufacturing (or 3D-printing). In chains this contribution some technological basics of the additive manufacturing and practical applications are sketched. Following, the structural and organizational effects on logistics processes withinare selected supplynot chains are analyzed and evaluated. sequences of these developments considered, onlyFollowing, from an operational pointand ofMoreover, view, but the alsoconunmanufacturing and practicalwithin applications are sketched. theand structural organizational effects on logistics processes selected supply chains are analyzed evaluated. Moreover, the consequences of these developments are considered, not only from an operational point of view, but also under legal and social aspects, especially with regard to labor markets. It is also made clear, that we have fects on logistics processes withinare selected supplynot chains are analyzed and evaluated. Moreover, the consequences of these developments considered, only from an operational point of view, but also under and social aspects,about especially withfuture, regard toonly labor markets. It is also madeofclear, that we not legal a theoretical discussion a far-off thatfrom these technologies is an integrated sequences of these developments are considered, notbut anpresented operational point view, but alsohave under legal and social aspects,about especially withfuture, regard to labor markets. It is also made clear, that we have © presented not a theoretical discussion a far-off but that these technologies is an integrated 2019ItIFAC part legal of ourand today´s world withespecially a growingwith importance. der social aspects, regardbut toCopyright labor markets. is also made clear, that we have © presented technologies is an integrated not a theoretical discussion about a far-off future, that these 2019 IFACtechnologies is an integrated part our today´sdiscussion world with a growing importance. not aof about a far-off future, butCopyright that these©© presented 2019 IFAC part oftheoretical our today´s world with a growing Copyright © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of importance. Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rightspractical reserved.apKeywords: Additive manufacturing, disruptions, supply chain adoption, logistic processes, © 2019 IFAC part of our today´s world with a growing importance. Copyright Keywords: Additive manufacturing, disruptions, supply chain adoption, logistic processes, practical applications, economic structures Keywords: Additive manufacturing, disruptions, supply chain adoption, logistic processes, practical applications, economic structures Keywords: economic Additive manufacturing, disruptions, supply chain adoption, logistic processes, practical applications, structures plications, economic structures The study is organized as follows. Section 2 deals with some 1. INTRODUCTION The is organized follows. 2 deals with some of thestudy essential basics ofasAM, with aSection focus on the possibilities 1. INTRODUCTION The study is organized asAM, follows. Section 2 deals with some of the essential basics of with a focus on the possibilities 1. INTRODUCTION of practical applications and advantages of these manufacturFor several years, a permanent increase in digitization in the of Thethestudy is organized follows. 2 deals with some essential basics ofasand AM, with aSection focus on the manufacturpossibilities 1. INTRODUCTION of practical applications advantages of these For several years, a permanent increase in digitization in the techniques. Effects industrial production, spare parts economy (asyears, well aaspermanent in many areas of daily life) has led to ing of the essential basics of in AM, with a focus on the manufacturpossibilities of practical applications and advantages of these For several increase in digitization in the economy (aschanges, well as which in many of daily to life) hasFourth led to ing techniques. Effects in industrial production, spare and retail trade presented in these Section 3, as parts well far-reaching areareas also referred as the of practical applications andare advantages of manufacturFor several increase in digitization in the ing techniques. Effects in industrial production, spare parts economy (asyears, well aaspermanent in many areas of daily life) hasFourth led to production production and retail trade are presented in Section 3, as well far-reaching changes, which are also referred to as the as the resulting structural changes in the logistics processes. Industrial Revolution (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The focus is ing techniques. Effects in are industrial production, economy (aschanges, well as which in many of daily to life) hasFourth led to production far-reaching areareas also referred as the and retail trade presented inlogistics Sectionspare 3, as parts well as the resulting structural changes in the processes. Industrial Revolution (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The focus is In the finaland Section 4trade the are multifaceted benefits of 3,AM, but on individualized automation, questionstothe traditional production retail presented inlogistics Section as well far-reaching changes, which arewhich also referred as the Fourth as the resulting structural changes in the processes. Industrial Revolution (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The focus is In thethe final Section 4 theonchanges multifaceted benefits ofprocesses. AM, but on individualized automation, which questions the traditional alsothe future impacts labor markets are discussed. In structures of industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries as resulting structural in the logistics Industrial Revolution (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The focus is thethefinal Section 4 theonmultifaceted benefits of AM, but on individualized automation, in which questions the traditional also future impacts labor influences markets areofdiscussed. In structures of industrialization the 19th and 20th centuries In addition, theSection midand long-term AM are adin many areas. In the final 4 the multifaceted benefits of AM, but on individualized automation, which questions the traditional the future impacts on labor influences markets areofdiscussed. In structures of industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries also addition, the midand long-term AM are adin many areas. dressed in conjunction developments), which the(also future impacts on with laborother markets areofdiscussed. In structures of industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries also addition, the midand long-term influences AM are adin many areas. dressed (also in conjunction with other developments), which Three major problem areas in this context are the intensively will change global economic structures sustainably with a addition, the midand long-term influences of AM are adin many areas. dressed (also in conjunction with other developments), which Three majorautonomous problem areas in this (relating context are will probability. change global economic structures sustainably with a discussed: driving to the theintensively different high dressed (also global in conjunction with other developments), whicha Three majorautonomous problem areas in this (relating context are the change economic structures sustainably with discussed: driving toEugenson theintensively different transport modes see, e.g. Gebauer et al. 2012 et al. will high probability. Three major problem areas in this (relating context are the discussed: autonomous driving toEugenson theintensively different will change global economic structures sustainably with a high probability. transport modes see, e.g. Gebauer et al. 2012 et al. 2013; Burmeister et al. Fragnant Kockelman 2015; discussed: autonomous driving (relating toEugenson the different 2. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING transport modes see, e.g.2015; Gebauer et al.and 2012 et al. high probability. 2013; Burmeister et al. 2015; Fragnant and Kockelman Gasser 2016; Krämer 2016; Gattuso et al. 2017; Brenner 2. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING transport modes see, e.g.2015; Gebauer et al.and 2012 Eugenson2015; etand al. 2013; Burmeister et al. Fragnant Kockelman 2015; Gasser 2016; Krämer 2016; Gattuso al. 2017; Brenner and 2. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Herrmann 2018; Gandia et al. 2019;etGhaderi 2019), the use The terms AM and 3D printing are more frequently used 2013; Burmeister et al. 2015; Fragnant and Kockelman 2015; 2. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Gasser 2016; Krämer 2016; Gattuso etGhaderi al. 2017; Brenner and Herrmann 2018; Gandia et al. 2019; 2019), the use The terms AM and 3D printing frequently used synonymously for the classificationare of more very different producof humanoid, semi-humanoid and mobile robots (see, e.g. Gasser 2016; Krämer 2016; Gattuso et al. 2017; Brenner and Herrmann 2018; Gandia et al. 2019; Ghaderi 2019), the e.g. use The terms AMforand 3D printing are more frequently used synonymously the classification of very different producof humanoid, semi-humanoid and mobile robots (see, tion terms techniques (see, 3D e.g.,printing Wellerare et more al. 2015, Ngo etused al., Pinedo et al. 2015; Bhong PawarGhaderi 2016; Torricelli al. The Herrmann 2018; Gandia et and al. 2019; 2019), theete.g. use AMforand frequently synonymously the classification of very different producof humanoid, semi-humanoid and mobile robots (see, techniques (see, e.g., et al. 2015, Ngo et al., Pinedo et al. et 2015; Bhong andand Pawar 2016;robots Torricelli ete.g. al. 2018), which does not classification makeWeller sense in terms of their differing 2016; Wong al. 2918; Stasse and mobile Flayols 2019) as well as tion synonymously for the of very different producof humanoid, semi-humanoid (see, techniques (see, e.g., Weller et terms al. 2015, Ngo et al., Pinedo et al. et 2015; Bhong and Pawar 2016;2019) Torricelli et al. 2018), which not make sense is in of their differing 2016; Wong al. 2918; Stasse and Flayols as tion meaning. The does field of e.g., 3D printing broader, notetonly additive (AM) e.g.2016; Weller et asal.well 2015; techniques (see, Weller etmuch al. 2015, Ngo al., Pinedo etmanufacturing al. et 2015; Bhong and(see, Pawar Torricelli et al. 2018), which does not make sense is in terms of their differing 2016; Wong al. 2918; Stasse and Flayols 2019) asal.well as tion meaning. The field of 3D printing much broader, not only additive manufacturing (AM) (see, e.g. Weller et 2015; techniques for substituting classical Sassons and etJohnson Atteran 2017; Ben-Ner and 2018), which does not make sense is in much terms broader, of manufacturing their differing 2016; Wong al. 2918;2016; Stasse(see, and Flayols 2019) asal.well as including meaning. The field of 3D printing not only additive manufacturing (AM) e.g. Weller et 2015; techniques for substituting classical manufacturing Sassons and Johnson Atteran 2017; Ben-Ner and including suchThe as field the processing of metal, plastic and not ceramic Siemsen 2017; Jiang et 2016; al. 2017; Molitch-Hou 2018; meaning. offor 3Dsubstituting printing is much broader, only additive manufacturing (AM) (see, e.g.2017; WellerBen-Ner et al. Satish 2015; including techniques classical manufacturing Sassons and Johnson 2016; Atteran and tasks tasks such as the processing of metal, plastic and ceramic Siemsen 2017; Jiang et al. 2017; Molitch-Hou 2018; Satish materials, but also completely different areas such as food Prakasha et al. 2018). Linked to these technical developments techniques for substituting classical manufacturing Sassons and Johnson 2016; Atteran 2017; Ben-Ner and including tasks such as the processing of metal, plastic and ceramic Siemsen 2017; Jiang et al. 2017; Molitch-Hou 2018; Satish also completely different areas such as2018) food Prakasha et al. 2018). Linked to these technical at developments production (see, e.g., Lipton etofal. 2015, plastic Dankar et al. are fundamental changes in logistics processes all levels of materials, tasks such but as the processing metal, and ceramic Siemsen 2017; Jiang et al. 2017; Molitch-Hou 2018; Satish materials, but also completely different areas such as2018) food Prakasha et al. 2018). Linked to these technical at developments production (see, e.g., Lipton et al. 2015, Dankar et al. are fundamental changes in logistics processes all levels of as well as but a variety of applications in medicine (see, e.g., supply chains. In this Linked context,toChristopher and developments Ryals (2014) materials, also completely different areas such as2018) food Prakasha et al. 2018). theseprocesses technical production (see, e.g., Lipton et al. 2015, Dankar et al. are fundamental changes in logistics at all levels of as well a variety of applications in medicine e.g., supply chains. this context, Christopher andatRyals (2014) Liaw andasGuvendiren 2017; Vijayavenkataraman et (see, al. 2018), evenfundamental speak of aInparadigm shift through a structural transition production (see, e.g., Lipton et al. 2015, Dankar al. 2018) are changes in logistics processes all levels of well asGuvendiren a variety of applications in medicineet (see, e.g., supply chains. Inparadigm this context, Christopher and Ryals (2014) as Liaw and 2017; Vijayavenkataraman al. 2018), even speak of a shift through a structural transition where the technical) framework conof supply chainsIntothis demand chains. well asGuvendiren aexisting variety (especially of applications in medicine (see, e.g., supply chains. context, Christopher and Ryals (2014) as Liaw and 2017; Vijayavenkataraman et al. 2018), even speak of a paradigm shift through a structural transition where theGuvendiren existing (especially framework of supply chains to demandshift chains. ditionsand are completely different. Intechnical) view of the content ofconthis Liaw 2017; Vijayavenkataraman et al. 2018), even speak of a paradigm through a structural transition the completely existing (especially technical) framework of chains to of demand chains. study is the AM, since where ditions the are different. view of the content ofconthis In supply the foreground the following AM is(especially therefore In used in the following. where are term existing technical) framework conof supply chains to of demand chains. study is the AM, since article, ditions completely different. In view of the content of this In the foreground the following article, the term AM is therefore used in the following. through the use of these new production techniques very In the foreground ofthese the following study istechniques the AM, since ditions the are term completely different. In view of the content of this article, AM is therefore used in the following. through the use of new production very AM techniques, e.g. Selective Laser Melting (SLM), complex anduse alsoofof far-reaching to expected In the foreground the following studyareistechniques thebeAM, since through the these new changes production very The article, thetechniques, term AM is e.g. therefore used in the following. The Selective Laser Melting (SLM), complex and also far-reaching changes are to be expected Selective Sintering or Fused Model(see, e.g. Garrett 2014; Mohr and Khan 2015; / Weller et al. through the use offar-reaching these new changes production very The AM AM Laser techniques, e.g.(SLS) Selective LaserDeposition Melting (SLM), complex and also2014; are techniques to/ Weller be expected Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) or Fused Deposition Model(see, e.g. Garrett Mohr and Khan 2015; et al. ing (FDM) (see, e.g., Ngo et al. 2018;Laser SatishMelting Prakasha et al. 2015; Bikas etalso al. 2016 / Sassonschanges and Johnson 2016; Chen et The AM techniques, e.g. Selective (SLM), complex and far-reaching are to be expected Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) or Fused Deposition Model(see, e.g. Garrett 2014; Mohr and and Khan 2015; 2016; / Weller et al. ing (FDM) (see, e.g., Ngo et al. 2018; Satish Prakasha etwith al. 2015; Bikas et al. 2016 / Sassons Johnson Chen et results inSintering considerable advantages in comparison al. 2017; Jiang et2014; al. 2017). This concerns a wide range of 2018), Selective Laser (SLS) or Fused Deposition Model(see, e.g. Garrett Mohr and Khan 2015; / Weller et al. ing (FDM) (see, e.g., Ngo et al. 2018; Satish Prakasha etwith al. 2015; Bikas et al. 2016 / Sassons and Johnson 2016;range Chen of et 2018), results in considerable advantages in comparison al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). This concerns a wide manufacturing example the injecpotential applications in /most different economic fields. ing classical (FDM) (see, e.g., Ngo etmethods, al. 2018;for Satish Prakasha etwith al. 2015; Bikas et al. 2016 Sassons and Johnson 2016; Chen of et the 2018), results in considerable advantages in comparison al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). This concerns a wide range the manufacturing for in example the These injecpotential applications in most This different economic fields. tion classical molding technique and methods, the subtractive methods. 2018), results in considerable advantages comparison with al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). concerns a wide range of the for example the These injecpotential applications in most different economic fields. tion classical molding manufacturing technique and methods, the subtractive methods. the for example the These injecpotential applications in most different economic fields. tion classical molding manufacturing technique and methods, the subtractive methods. Copyright © 2019, 2019 IFAC 2830Hosting 2405-8963 © IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) by Elsevier Ltd. All and rightsthe reserved. tion molding technique subtractive methods. These Copyright 2019 responsibility IFAC 2830Control. Peer review©under of International Federation of Automatic Copyright © 2019 IFAC 2830 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.627 Copyright © 2019 IFAC 2830
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relate not only to technical aspects, but also to a considerable extent to economic and ecological benefits.
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Figure 4. Thales Alenia Space: Bracket manufactured in lightweight construction by AM technology © Thales
Of fundamental importance are the extended design options, in particular with regard to the degree of freedom in detailing and the complexity of objects, as well as the use of lightweight construction methods. There is also the possibility of combining different materials while printing (see, e.g., Bandyopadhyay.and Heer 2018). In addition, it is a highly efficient production form for customer-specific products, also in the case for applying mass customizing as well as for small lot sizes. However, this does not mean that the AM is unsuitable for mass production, it is already used in this area and will expand significantly in the future.
Figure 5. Thales Alenia Space: Component of an antenna system produced as one part by AM technology © Thales
Other aspects are the clear quality improvements, in terms of stiffness and technical durability, as well as the resourcesaving production, especially in comparison to subtractive manufacturing methods. Some examples from the aviation and space industry are shown in Fig. 1 to 7.
Figure 6. Thales Alenia Space: Component of an antenna system manufactured as one part by AM technology © Thales
Figure 7. Adapter for a component-related power transmission of a torque wrench, produced from high strength stainless steel applying SLM technology. © Lufthansa Technik AG Figure 1. Hydraulic manifold for the Airbus A320 family: (l) Conventionally manufactured (r) AM manufactured with a fluid-flow adapted design made of Titan (similar functionality despite 60% weight reduction and 80% less material input) © j.r.daduna
In sum, this results in fundamental advantages in the production and life cycle expenses, as it is clear from the example of the fuel nozzle of an aircraft engine, shown in Fig. 8, which can be made on the basis of AM in one piece, compared to 20 parts in classical manufacturing process.
Figure 2. Rear part of an aircraft cabin ventilation grille: (l) Conventionally manufactured by injection molding and milling (r) As an integral component produced by FDM technique of PEI material. © Lufthansa Technik AG Figure 3. Metal printed tool to fix building components in welding processes, produced from high strength stainless steel applying SLM technology (a conventional production in this case is not possible due to the complex internal duct system for the shielding gas stream). © Lufthansa Technik AG
Figure 8. Fuel nozzle of a LEAP engine, applying AM produced as one part © General Electric Additive see: https://www. ge.com/reports/ mind-meld-ge-3d-printing-visionaryjoined-forces/
The resulting advantages are: a reduction of complexity in manufacturing and assembling, a reduction of working hours for assembling as well as for maintenance and repair, a reduction of the effort in the legally required control processes, and overall, there will be a reduction in staff (and thus also staff costs). In addition to the technical changes in the manufacturing processes, there are also far-reaching structural changes. Due to the flexible production with small batch sizes (up to batch size 1) and the possibility of manufacturing customized products, there are increasing opportunities for a demand-oriented production. Due to the small size of the required production 2831
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facilities, this also does no longer need to be executed in centralized plants, but can be done within spatially dislocated (smaller) facilities with short distances to customer locations. 3. IMPACTS OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING ON LOGISTICS PROCESSES WITHIN SUPPLY CHAINS As these short notes show, the essential points of AM are the decentralization of manufacturing structures in connection to a customer-oriented and demand-oriented production (see, e.g. Mohr and Khan 2015; Sassons and Johnson 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). This causes structural changes in the supply chains (see, e.g. Christopher and Ryals 2014) as they have not occurred for decades. For example, traditional industrial production will decline in many areas, as these structures do not allow them to adapt to changing technical and organizational requirements. Thus, in the future traditional forms of industrial production will become less important in many areas. Linked with these developments, the logistics processes within the supply chains will change fundamentally. On the one hand, due to decentralized production structures, there is a drastic reduction in the required transport services, while on the other hand demand-oriented production leads to a substantial elimination of warehousing (see, e.g. Ben-Ner and Siemsen 2017). This requires a significant reduction in logistics costs, whereby this positive effect can be substantially enhanced by deploying autonomous operating vehicles as well as by the use of humanoid, semi-humanoid and / or mobile robots. In the field of industrial manufacturing, new possibilities arise, in particular through lightweight construction techniques and higher structural strength (see, Fig. 1 - 7). In addition, AM will fundamentally change supplier structures in many cases. A number of production steps no longer have to be (cost-effectively) executed by e.g. external suppliers on centralized large-scale plants at locations which are partly far away from the client’s location. These can, for example, be directly located at the final assembly line. Even with a greater increase in demand for individually designed products, this development will inevitably evolve.
This drastically reduces logistics costs for transport and warehousing. At the same time, a material waste due to excessive stocks and destruction of parts which are no longer required at the end of product life cycles can be (largely) prevented. In the final consequence, the production of spare parts can be directly relocated to the field of maintenance and repair, which means, that these are manufactured possibly only on site and in the case of an existing demand.
Figure 9. Supply chain adoption in industrial manufacturing Supply chain adoption in spare parts services (see, Fig. 10). This shows two major changes: a shortening of the supply chains through the integration of spare parts production into warehousing processes and the outsourcing of production and delivery of spare parts to logistics service providers. This also leads to radical cuts in the logistical processes, so that in particular the required transport volume as well as the needed storage capacities are drastically reduced.
Supply chain adoption in industrial manufacturing: An example of the occurring changes is shown in Fig. 9. The transfer of production steps to the final assembly level not only causes structural changes in the production processes, but also enforces a fundamental reorganization in the division of labor in manufacturing processes. This applies in particular to the level of suppliers whose share of added value will decrease considerably. Even more clearly, however, the AM will influence the production of and services with spare parts (see, e.g. Khajavi et al. 2014; Savastano et al. 2016; Wits et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017). Since in many cases the amount of demand and the temporal distribution is only partially calculable; instead of a centralized production it can be produced at regional warehouses and / or delivery depots of (logistics) service providers when required and also spatially dislocated.
Figure 10. Supply chain adoption in spare parts services Much clearer and more far-reaching will be the impact of AM in various sectors of the consumer goods industry (see, e.g. Bogers et al. 2016; Ben-Ner and Siemsen 2017; Petersen et al. 2017) (see also the examples in Fig. 11 - 13). Here, based on the AM, the production of goods can be shifted to a considerable extent to different levels of retail trade. The manufacturing might be then executed, for example in re-
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gional warehouses, or even directly in their own sales facilities. The demand for this exists especially in connection with the manufacturing of customer-specific products or if in case of mass customization specific products must be finished onsite.
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the time further developments, so that the future spreading of AM is currently hardly to estimate.
Figure 11. Clothing material made in AM technology. © konradin publishing group see: https://www./ mdmag.com/wp-content/ uploads/I/M/IMG_8565.jpg
Figure 12. Ceramic vases made in AM technology. © Majolika Karlsruhe see: https://majolikakarlsruhe.de/wp-content/ uploads/2018/07/
Figure 14. Supply chain adoption in retail trade 4. CONCLUSIONS
Figure 13. Ceramic espresso set Maroni in AM technology. © Majolika Karlsruhe see: https:majolikakarlsruhe.de/wpcontent/uploads/2017/09/
At a final stage, however, the production can also be made on demand by the customer himself (with the step to home fabrication) (see, e.g. Bogers et al. 2016; Rayna and Striukova 2016; Attaran 2017; Petersen et al 2017). This can finally lead, at least in some areas, to a de-industrialization, (see, e.g. Ben-Ner and Siemsen 2017; Petersen et al.; Attaran 2017), in connection with a return to a partial self-supply as in pre-industrial times. Attaran (2017) speaks in this context of micro-producers, which underlines the future possibilities of using small-scale production structures. Supply chain adoption in retail trade (see, Fig. 14): Going out from the (roughly sketched) classical structures, there is an adaptation in three stages in consumer goods manufacturing: regionally dislocated and on-demand manufacturing of consumer goods, local as well as on-demand and customeroriented manufacturing of consumer goods, and on-site customer-driven and on-demand manufacturing of consumer goods (home fabrication). At this point it becomes very clear that the required logistical effort here too is drastically reduced. Transport and warehousing are largely limited to the printing materials, combined with a corresponding reduction in logistics costs. The examples sketched here can only represent a small part of the already existing applications. In addition, there are all
The technical and economic benefits are so obvious that the introduction of AM will evolve at an increasingly wider scale in the next few years (see, e.g. Mohr and Khan 2015; Baumers et al. 2016; Bogers et al. 2016; Rayna and Struikova 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2017). In comparison with the traditional manufacturing processes in industry (for example, with subtractive manufacturing and injection molding), there are also clear ecological advantages (see, e.g. Ford and Depeisse 2016 as well as Costabile et al. 2017). Essential points are a reduced material consumption due to demand-oriented production as well as lower waste volumes (especially in comparison to subtractive manufacturing). With the use of AM, there are new design options in industry and retail trade, which, at least in part, can have a farreaching influence on national economies (see, e.g. Schwab 2016). The essential point is the reduction of market entry barriers for new competitors, since the required capital expenditure is comparatively low. Added to this there is a largely demand-driven scalability, which can significantly limit potential investment risks. Of particular interest is the development of new companies in emerging and developing countries, through which a sustainable economic development can be initiated, at least in some ways. Linked to this is also the possibility of reducing import quotas in many product segments, which can reduce the repeatedly criticized economic dependency of these countries on industrialized nations. At the same time, this will free up own investment resources for other projects that can enable further social and economic development. However, it is also non-negligible that these developments, not only in AM, but also in autonomous driving and the use of humanoid, semi-humanoid and mobile robots, will have significant negative effects on the labor market (see, e.g. Frey and Osborne 2017). This applies in particular to jobs with
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lower skill requirements, whose share in industrial manufacturing and logistics is up to now relatively high. For these reasons, as documented by Frey and Osborne (2017), the need for manpower will decline significantly, at least in the long term. In the changed structures, therefore, the resulting share of manual value creation will be significantly lower. The number of newly created jobs will not be enough to compensate for this development in terms of extend, and in future, too, mainly new jobs with high qualification requirements will be created. In addition to the mentioned technological influencing factors, however, the associated reduction of the importance of human labor in production processes accelerates the developments outlined. For example, Hammes (2016) speaks of increasing de-globalization with far-reaching effects not only in economic structures but also in politics and society. An important indicator of this development is the decline in the up to now often globally oriented division of labor, which in an increasing re-shoring (respectively, insourcing or reinsourcing) can be seen (see, e.g. Ashby 2016; Moradlou and Backhouse 2016; Wiesmann et al. 2017). The resulting reduction in external value-added shares includes a sometimes comprehensive shift in production volumes, however, without the previously associated number of jobs. The interdependencies that arise in the current developments associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution are characterized by extremely complex relationships that fail to provide a solution. Schwab (2016) describes the situation as follows: “The speed of the current breakthroughs has no historical precedent. When compared with previous industrial revolutions, the Fourth is evolving at an exponential rather than a linear pace. Moreover, it is disrupting almost every industry in every country. And the breadth and depth of these changes herald the transformation of entire systems of production, management and governance.” Whether there will ever be a solution accepted by the majority or even a consensus approach is not yet foreseeable. It is more likely to assume that many good approaches will be stuck in their beginnings because of diverging and contradictory interests of those affected. REFERENCES Ashby, A. (2016). From global to local - Reshoring for sustainability. Operations Management Research 9(3), 75 - 88 Attaran, M. (2017). The rise of 3-D printing - The advantages of additive manufacturing over traditional manufacturing. Business Horizons 60(5), 677 - 688 Bandyopadhyay. A. and Heer, B. (2018). Additive manufacturing of multi-material structures. Materials Science & Engineering R 129, 1 - 16 Baumers, M., Dickens, P., Tuck, C., and Hague, R. (2016). The cost of additive manufacturing - Machine productivity, economies of scale and technology-push. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 102, 193 - 201 Ben-Ner, A. and Siemsen, E. (2017). Decentralization and localization of production - The organizational and economic consequences of additive manufacturing (3d printing). California Management Review 59(2), 5 - 23
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