Distributed Biomass Gasification Power generation system Based on Concentrated Solar Radiation

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10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong, 10th International Conference on Applied Energy China(ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong, China

Distributed Biomass Gasification Power generation system Based 15th International SymposiumPower on District Heating and system Cooling Based DistributedTheBiomass Gasification generation on Concentrated Solar Radiation on Concentrated Solar Radiation Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor Jing Wu, Jiangjiang Wang* Jing aWu, Jiangjiang district Wang* heat demand forecast temperature function for long-term School of energy,Power and Mechanical Engineering,Noth China Electric Power University,Baoding,Hebei Province,071003,China School of energy,Power and Mechanical Engineering,Noth China Electric Power University,Baoding,Hebei Province,071003,China

I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc

Abstract a IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal Abstract b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, Avenue Dreyfous 78520 Limay, This paper proposes a distributed solar-assisted biomass291 gasification powerDaniel, generation systemFrance based on internal combustion c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, Francegasification This proposesthe a distributed solar-assisted power generation system based on internal combustion enginepaper and analyzes complementary propertiesbiomass of solar gasification energy and biomass. The heat demand of biomass steam engine and analyzes complementary properties of solar energy biomass. of biomass steam the gasification is provided by solarthe energy, which reduces the consumption of and biomass fuel,The andheat thendemand the product gas drives internal is provided engine by solar reduces the the consumption of biomass fuel, and then performances the product gas drives the internal combustion to energy, generatewhich electricity. Under design conditions, the thermodynamic influenced by the two combustion engine to generate electricity. the design conditions, performances the two main parameters including power load and Under solar radiation intensity (DNI)the arethermodynamic studied. The results show thatinfluenced the energyby efficiency Abstract main parameters including power load solar radiation intensity (DNI) areinstudied. Theofresults the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency are 17.33% andand 16.82% respectively. The increase the share solar show energythat leads to a reduction in and exergy efficiency are 17.33% and 16.82% respectively. increase in the share of solar energy leads to a reduction in energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, and the increase in theThe share of biomass is conducive to improving efficiency. District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, and the increase in the share of biomass is conducive to improving efficiency. greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. to the changed climate conditions ©sales. 2019 Due The Published by Elsevier Ltd. and building renovation policies, heatth demand in the future could decrease, Copyright ©Authors. 2018 Elsevier Ltd. Allresponsibility rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under of the scientific committee of the 10 International Conference on Applied prolonging theaccess investment This is an open articlereturn underperiod. the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018). Peer-review underofresponsibility scientific committee of ICAE2018 The 10th International Conference on Applied The main scope this paper is of to the assess the feasibility of using the heat –demand – outdoor temperature function for heatEnergy. demand Energy (ICAE2018). forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 Keywords: Biomass energy; Solar energy; Solar gasification reactor; Thermodynamics Research; Energy complementarity buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district Keywords: Biomass energy; Solar energy; Solar gasification reactor; Thermodynamics Research; Energy complementarity renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. 1.The Introduction results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications 1. Introduction (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Among the the error manyvalue renewable energy Biomass on energy and solar [1] scenarios are resource-rich clean energy, scenarios, increased up to sources, 59.5% (depending the weather and energy renovation combination considered). Among the many renewable energy sources, Biomass energy and solar energy [1] are resource-rich clean energy, but they also have deficiencies such as low energy density, spatial and temporal discontinuities, and so onto[2]. The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds the but they of also deficiencies as low energy spatial and(depending temporal discontinuities, so on The [2]. Because inherent energy, the use of a density, single energy source creates aon bottleneck in itsand research. decrease in the thehave number ofnature heatingofsuch hours of 22-139h during the heating season the combination of weather and Because of scenarios the inherent nature of the use key of atosingle energy source creates a bottleneck in use its research. renovation considered). Onenergy, the other function intercept increased for the 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending onThe the use of multi-energy complementary energy ishand, the breaking this line. For complementary of the two, it coupled scenarios). valuesmodel suggested could used modify thethis function parameters for the scenarios considered, and use of complementary energy is be the key to to breaking line. For the complementary of the two,[3] it can be multi-energy divided intoThe parallel and series model. For the parallel model, Jiangjiang Wang anduse Ying Yang improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. can be divided into parallel modelhybrid and series model. Forand thepower parallel model, Jiangjiang Wang and Ying Yang [3] proposed a solar-biomass-assisted heating cooling system. Amoreasan.A [4] designed a biomass-

proposed a solar-biomass-assisted hybrid heating cooling and power system. Amoreasan.A [4] designed a biomass© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-312-7522792; fax: +86-312-7522440..

E-mail address:author. [email protected]. * Corresponding Tel.: +86-312-7522792; fax: +86-312-7522440.. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change E-mail address: [email protected]. 1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. th Selection peer-review under responsibility the scientific 1876-6102and Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All of rights reserved. committee of the 10 International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018). 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICAE2018 – The 10th International Conference on Applied Energy. 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.075

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Nomenclature CSR ICE LHV HHV

concentrated solar radiation internal combustion engine lower heating value solar irradiance

Symbols Q energy (kW) H enthalpy (kJ) T temperature (K) enthalpy difference (kJ/kmol) h Cp specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kmolK-1) A area (m2) N electricity (kW) efficiency  efficiency  m quality (kg) interception factor i shading factor s reflectivity of the parabolic dish mirror r

Subscripts react reaction inputs proud production outputs a ambient i reactant G gasification da heat effectively absorbed by the helical tube in heat entering aperture from mirror cond conduction losses conv,tot convection losses rad radiation losses cav inner cavity wall e electricity * nominal value net net share of solar energy bio biomass

solar hybrid power plant, that applies biomass fuel to drive steam turbines, and solar energy to preheat evaporators. As the series model, Bai Z [5] et al. proposed a new solar-biomass power generation system based on a two-stage gasifier. Two different types of solar collectors were installed in the system for biomass pyrolysis (approximately 643K), and biomass gasification (about 1150K). Bellouard Q [6] studied the use of concentrated solar collector to drive the biomass gasification process. The aim of this paper is to propose a distributed power generation system that uses concentrated solar radiation to drive biomass steam gasification in the helical pipe gasifier, and to discuss the complementary properties of the solar energy and biomass. 2. System modeling and design parameters 2.1. System description The flow chart of distributed biomass gasification power generation system assisted by concentrating solar radiation is shown in Fig. 1. The main components of the system consists of a biomass steam subsystem and an internal combustion engine (ICE) power subsystem. First, the solar gasification reactor adopts concentrated solar radiation to drive the biomass steam gasification. The high temperature product gas from gasifier exchanges heat with water to provide steam for gasification, which passes through the heat exchanger to be further cooled and purified in the gas purification system. Then, the product gas serves as fuel for the ICE to generate electricity. 2.2. Thermodynamic model  (1) Solar-assisted biomass gasification subsystem There are many types of biomass gasification. In this paper, the biomass steam gasification model is used, which products product gas with higher heat value. The heat requirement for gasification can be compensated by solar energy. The basic parameters of biomass raw material and product gas are shown in Table 1.

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3

Dish collector Product gas conditioning

Roots blower Biomass

Gas storage tank

Steam

Waste oil and water Solar Gasifier

water Product gas

Gas ICE Power

Air Biomass Steam

Product gas Air

Power Gasification gas

Solar energy Water

Fig. 1. Flow chart of concentrated solar radiation driven biomass gasification Table 1. Properties of biomass material. Fuel

Parameters

Wheat straw

Elemental analysis (wt %) Proximate analysis (wt %) HHV(MJ/kg)

C

H

O

N

S

45.17

5.75

35.66

0.86

0.14

V

FC

A

M

70.11

17.47

9.14

3.28

18.67

LHV(MJ/kg)

17.4

According to the energy balance gasification process can be expressed as: H prod (TG )  H react  Qsolar  Qloss

 H (T )



H  prod (TG )





(1)

r (hT0a ,i   C pi dT )

0 0 react i i Ta ,i Ti ,i i i react i react

r (h   h )

0 ri (hT0a , i  hTG ,i )

Ti



i prod i react

Ta

TG

ri (hT0a ,i   C pi dT ) Ta

(2) (3)

There are various kinds of solar gasifiers for biomass. According to the high-temperature heating methods, they can be mainly divided into: direct irradiation reactors and indirect irradiation reactors [8]. Specifically, there are packed-bed gasifiers, fluidized bed gasifiers and serpentine tubular gasifiers [9]. This article combines the characteristics of solar absorbers [10] and solar gasifiers. A model of an open-cavity spiral-pipe solar gasifier was established. The model was a cylinder with an insulating layer and consisted of a spiral tube inside, which was used with a dish-type heat collector. The optimum size of the gasification furnace is set in the model, and conduction, convection, and radiant heat losses are derived, simplifying the heat transfer in the thermochemical reaction in the spiral tube. Qin DNI  Amirror  i  s  r /1000 (4) (5) Qda  Qin  (Qcond  Qconv.tot  Qrad )

Qda Qin

(6)

Qsolar  hpipe  Apipe  T1

(7)

thermal 

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(T  T )  (Tcav  Toutlet ) T1  cav inlet  T T  ln  cav outlet   T T  cav inlet 

(8)

 (2) ICE power system Biomass product gas is used as fuel to drive ICE Because of its low heat value (LHV), the ICE model is different from the traditional ICE model and needs to be revised [11]. (9) Ne*  Ne / 0.9

e*  28.08( Ne* )0.0563 e   ee* LHV f   e 0.102  0.897 LHVNG

(10) (11) (12)

2.3. Performance evaluation criteria The net share of solar energy solar , net is used to evaluate the solar energy supply during the thermochemical conversion process, and the solar share is used to evaluate the solar input ratio of the multi-energy complementary utilization system. Energy efficiency en and exergy efficiency ex are used to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of the system. They are defined to as follows: Qgasification (13) solar , net  Qgasification  mbio  HHVbio

solar  en 

ex 

Qsolar

Qsolar  mbio  HHVbio

(14)

Ne mbio  HHVbio  Qsolar

Ne EX biomass  (1 

(15) (16)

Tamb )Qsolar Tsol

3. Results and discussion 3.1. Design work condition In the design work condition, this study was conducted to meet the requirements of 100 kW electric load. The size of the solar gasifier was established. When the solar radiation is 800 W/m2, it can supply up to 53.7 kW of heat for biomass gasification, which can meet the demand of 47.26 kW. When the load to be satisfied increases, the multiple parallel connections can be used. Table 2 is the properties of biomass product gas. Table 3 summarizes the matching results under design work conditions. Table 2. Properties of biomass product gas. Product gas

Composition analysis (wt %) LHV(MJ/Nm3)

CO

CO2

CH4

H2

N2

16.57

20.44

3.086

59.48

0.4237

9.612

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5

Table 3. The matching results under design work conditions. Parameter

Value

Ambient temperature

Parameter

298K

Value

Solar irradiance

800W/m

2

2

Parameter

Value

Solar input

58.46kW

Gasification temperature

1073K

Solar collector area

87.7 m

thermal efficiency of the gasifier

62.63%

Steam temperature

623K

The heat of gasification

47.26kW

Energy efficiency

18.98%

Steam/biomass

1.1

Biomass input

355.5 kW

exergy efficiency

18.40%

3.2. Variable electrical load When the power load varies from 10 kW to 100 kW, the required solar input and biomass input are shown in Fig. 3. As the demand for electric power load increases, the demands for solar energy input and biomass energy input show a linear growth trend. The ratio between the two gradually decreases, and the rate of reduction decreases from 0.32 to 0.16. With the change of power load, the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency are positively correlated with it, as shown in Figure 4. With the power load increases, the share of net solar energy continues to decrease, and it can be inferred that system efficiency and solar energy share are negatively correlated.

Fig. 2. Varieties of biomass and solar energy with the electric load

Fig. 3. Varieties of efficiencies with the electric load

3.3. Variable solar irradiance 0.6

0.25

0.9

10

40

30

0.4 0.3

20

0.1

0.2

Electricity output=10kW

100

0.05

0.1

0.8

0.2

Exergy efficiency

0.15

100

90

80

70

60

50

net Share of solar energy

0.5

0.2 Energy efficiency

10

0.7

0.15

50

40

30

60

100

90

80

70

0.5

20

0.1

100

400

450

500

550

600 650 DNI,W/m2

(a)

700

750

800

850

0

0

0.4

0.3 0.2

0.05

Electricity output=10kW 0

0.6

400

450

500

550

600 650 DNI,W/m2

700

750

800

850

Share of solar energy

0.25

0.1 0

(b)

Fig. 4. Varieties of efficiencies and solar share with the solar irradiance

When the solar radiation intensity changes, the energy efficiency of the system changes with the net share of solar energy as shown in Figure 4(a), and the exergy efficiency and solar energy share as shown in Figure 4(b). With the increasing of solar radiation irradiance, the changing trends of energy efficiency and exergy efficiency tend to be the same, all decrease with the increase of irradiation intensity and increase with the increase of power generation, while the share of solar energy is increasing.

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4. Conclusion This paper proposes a solar energy and biomass energy complementary gasification power generation system. Based on the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics, the complementary performance of solar energy and biomass was mainly discussed. Through the analysis of variable power load and solar irradiance, the following main conclusions can be drawn:  (1) In the two renewable energy complementary gasification power generation systems, the larger power generation capacity increases the proportion of biomass energy, leading to an increase in the energy efficiency and efficiency of the system. Under the premise of a linear increase in power generation, the growth rate of energy efficiency and efficiency has gradually slowed down.  (2) Solar-driven biomass gasification power generation uses renewable energy sources to reduce the consumption of biomass energy. Under the work condition that the solar radiation increases linearly, the share of solar energy increases, making the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency reduced. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2018MS098). References [1] E. Kabir, P. Kumar, S. Kumar, A.A. Adelodun, K.-H. Kim. Solar energy: Potential and future prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 82 (2018) 894-900. [2] S.K. Sansaniwal, M.A. Rosen, S.K. Tyagi. Global challenges in the sustainable development of biomass gasification: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 80 (2017) 23-43. [3] J. Wang, Y. Yang. Energy, exergy and environmental analysis of a hybrid combined cooling heating and power system utilizing biomass and solar energy. Energy Conversion and Management. 124 (2016) 566-77. [4] A. Amoresano, G. Langella, S. Sabino. Optimization of Solar Integration in Biomass Fuelled Steam Plants. Energy Procedia. 81 (2015) 390-8. [5] Z. Bai, Q. Liu, J. Lei, H. Hong, H. Jin. New solar-biomass power generation system integrated a two-stage gasifier. Applied Energy. (2016). [6] Q. Bellouard, S. Abanades, S. Rodat, N. Dupassieux. Solar thermochemical gasification of wood biomass for syngas production in a hightemperature continuously-fed tubular reactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. (2016). [7] J. Wang, T. Mao, J. Sui, H. Jin. Modeling and performance analysis of CCHP (combined cooling, heating and power) system based on cofiring of natural gas and biomass gasification gas. Energy. 93 (2015) 801-15. [8] M. Puig-Arnavat, E.A. Tora, J.C. Bruno, A. Coronas. State of the art on reactor designs for solar gasification of carbonaceous feedstock. Solar Energy. 97 (2013) 67-84. [9] J. Chen, Y. Lu, L. Guo, X. Zhang, P. Xiao. Hydrogen production by biomass gasification in supercritical water using concentrated solar energy: System development and proof of concept. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 35 (2010) 7134-41. [10] C. Zou, Y. Zhang, Q. Falcoz, P. Neveu, C. Zhang, W. Shu, et al. Design and optimization of a high-temperature cavity receiver for a solar energy cascade utilization system. Renewable Energy. 103 (2017) 478-89. [11] A. Skorek-Osikowska, Ł. Bartela, J. Kotowicz, A. Sobolewski, T. Iluk, L. Remiorz. The influence of the size of the CHP (combined heat and power) system integrated with a biomass fueled gas generator and piston engine on the thermodynamic and economic effectiveness of electricity and heat generation. Energy. 67 (2014) 328-40

Biography Jiangjiang Wang is an associate professor of School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering at North China Electric Power University, China. His research interests include distributed energy system, combined cooling, heating and power system, and control technology for building environment.