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DLM - a powerful AI computer for embedded expert systems
literature effective procedures for combining evidence from a variety of sources. There are many ad hoc evidence combination formulae, plus those based on methodologies such as Bayesian, likelihood, etc., but the limitations of these are well documented. The approach outlined here begins with the definition of the testable and desirable properties required in a problem (labelled axioms). Then, families of combinations of these rules that obey subsets of these axioms are systematically developed. Ovenden, C R 'A tactical decision aid for military aircraft employing artificial intelligence techniques' Int. Command & Control, Commun. & lnf Syst. J. Vol 2 No 1 (January/February 1988) pp 31-37 This paper describes the implementation of a simulated Tactical Decision Aid (TDA) for a ground attack aircraft developed by Smiths Industries Aerospace & Defence Systems Ltd. The work divides broadly into two sections, dealing with situation assessment and planning. The approach to the two areas using artificial intelligence techniques is described, along with the test environment in which the T D A is capable of operating. The work has been implemented using a network of SUN 2 and SUN 3 workstations, with Common Lisp in Poplog running under Unix.
Porenta, G, Pfahringer, B, Hoberstorfer, M and Trappl, R •A decision support system for village health workers in developing countries" Appl. Arti[. lntell. Vol 2 No 1 (1988) pp 47-63 Ambulatory health care in developing countries is often provided by paramedical personnel known as village health workers. A KBS has been designed to provide decision support for problems such as diarrhoea, infestation with worms, etc. Expanded decision networks are used to represent the diagnostic processes for such diseases, and treatment schemes/procedural knowledge about drug prescription are represented in a frame structure. The hybrid knowledge engineering tool VIE-KET is used to construct a modular consultation system.
Expert systems Anon "Expert system evaluates oil-bearing rock formation' Advance (Spring 1989) pp 6-7 198
The paper describes the establishment of a project to make efficient use of geological data for the petrochemicals industry. The use of data, skills and interpretative processes from scientists and engineers was found to be being underused, so an expert system using interpretative methods was developed. The system relies heavily on objectoriented and logic programming techniques. and the body of knowledge contained in the knowledge-base can be easily expanded. HESPER is outlined. and its use examined.
Birnie, W "New developments in the medical world' Expert Syst. User Vol 5 No 1 (January 1989) pp 6-8 Although AI research began in the medical field, little large scale acceptance has been achieved within the medical profession. The reasons are human rather than technological many doctors are antagonistic towards technology from a belief that the complexities of running it will outweigh its benefits, and from a fear that it will alter their relationship with their patients. To date, much resistence to the introduction of computers has been financial. One supplier of medical expert systems has supplied computers virtually rent free to GPs in exchange for information from medical records, giving the availability of a large infrastructure on which expert systems can now be tested.
Chan, K and Hoeltzel, D A 'A knowledge-based user interface for the interactive design of threedimensional objects" ArtiJ~ lntell..[br Eng. Design, Analysis & Manuf. Vol 2 No 1 (1988) pp 1-16 A critical problem with existing computer-based geometric modelling is the labour intensive task involved in specifying data input for the description of 3-D objects. This paper describes a new 3-D input system aimed at alleviating this problem, based on the use of a 3-D digitizer for the direct input of spatial coordinates, and an intelligent interactive user interface, developed around the Knowledge Craft expert system building tool. The system uses schematic networks or frames and production rules to encode knowledge about geometric primitive digitization methods, object feature operators, solid modetler requirements and input command functions.
Farah, B N 'Expert systems: an application in flexible manufacturing' ,I. lntell. & Robotic A~vst. Vol l No 1 (1988)pp 73-88 Flexible manufilcturing systems are needed to provide manufacturing operations with the capability to adjust to changes in the environment within realtime. This capability is governed by the ability of the Flexible Manufacturing System to maintain an adequate store of information on the factory to assist in the generation of scenarios from product phmning to operations and performance review. An Expert Supporl System (ESS) used to model and study these problems is described here. Pudner, A 'DLM - a powerful AI computer for embedded expert systems' Fut. Generat. Comput. Syst. Vol 3 No 4 (1988) pp 299306 There is an increasing need to operate
computers in a real-time environment whereby the solution path of the task cannot be predetermined. Such problems can be solved with an expert system approach that may necessitate interaction with procedural processes. As expert systems are more effectively implemented in declarative languages, the requirement exists for a powerful AI computer capable of executing declarative languages and directing the operations of real-time environments. The
Knowledge engineering Cullen, J and Bryman, A 'The knowledge acquisition bottleneck: time for reassessment?' Expert Syst. Vol 5 No 3 (August 1988) pp 216-225 Knowledge acquisition has long been considered to be the major constraint in the development of expert systems. Conventional wisdom also maintains that the major problem encountered in knowledge acquisition is in identifying the varying structures and characteristics of domain knowledge and matching these to suitable acquisition techniques. With the aid of the first substantial systematic analysis of a sample of expert systems applications developed in the real world, the authors describe what is actually going on in terms of knowledge acquisition. Drabble, B 'Onalitative reasoning and planning" airing (February 1989) pp 3-6
K n o w l e d g e - B a s e d Systems
Porenta, G, Pfahringer, B, Hoberstorfer, M and Trappl, R •A decision support system for village health workers in developing countries" Appl. Arti[. lntell. Vol 2 No 1 (1988) pp 47-63 Ambulatory health care in developing countries is often provided by paramedical personnel known as village health workers. A KBS has been designed to provide decision support for problems such as diarrhoea, infestation with worms, etc. Expanded decision networks are used to represent the diagnostic processes for such diseases, and treatment schemes/procedural knowledge about drug prescription are represented in a frame structure. The hybrid knowledge engineering tool VIE-KET is used to construct a modular consultation system.
Expert systems Anon "Expert system evaluates oil-bearing rock formation' Advance (Spring 1989) pp 6-7 198
The paper describes the establishment of a project to make efficient use of geological data for the petrochemicals industry. The use of data, skills and interpretative processes from scientists and engineers was found to be being underused, so an expert system using interpretative methods was developed. The system relies heavily on objectoriented and logic programming techniques. and the body of knowledge contained in the knowledge-base can be easily expanded. HESPER is outlined. and its use examined.
Birnie, W "New developments in the medical world' Expert Syst. User Vol 5 No 1 (January 1989) pp 6-8 Although AI research began in the medical field, little large scale acceptance has been achieved within the medical profession. The reasons are human rather than technological many doctors are antagonistic towards technology from a belief that the complexities of running it will outweigh its benefits, and from a fear that it will alter their relationship with their patients. To date, much resistence to the introduction of computers has been financial. One supplier of medical expert systems has supplied computers virtually rent free to GPs in exchange for information from medical records, giving the availability of a large infrastructure on which expert systems can now be tested.
Chan, K and Hoeltzel, D A 'A knowledge-based user interface for the interactive design of threedimensional objects" ArtiJ~ lntell..[br Eng. Design, Analysis & Manuf. Vol 2 No 1 (1988) pp 1-16 A critical problem with existing computer-based geometric modelling is the labour intensive task involved in specifying data input for the description of 3-D objects. This paper describes a new 3-D input system aimed at alleviating this problem, based on the use of a 3-D digitizer for the direct input of spatial coordinates, and an intelligent interactive user interface, developed around the Knowledge Craft expert system building tool. The system uses schematic networks or frames and production rules to encode knowledge about geometric primitive digitization methods, object feature operators, solid modetler requirements and input command functions.
Farah, B N 'Expert systems: an application in flexible manufacturing' ,I. lntell. & Robotic A~vst. Vol l No 1 (1988)pp 73-88 Flexible manufilcturing systems are needed to provide manufacturing operations with the capability to adjust to changes in the environment within realtime. This capability is governed by the ability of the Flexible Manufacturing System to maintain an adequate store of information on the factory to assist in the generation of scenarios from product phmning to operations and performance review. An Expert Supporl System (ESS) used to model and study these problems is described here. Pudner, A 'DLM - a powerful AI computer for embedded expert systems' Fut. Generat. Comput. Syst. Vol 3 No 4 (1988) pp 299306 There is an increasing need to operate
computers in a real-time environment whereby the solution path of the task cannot be predetermined. Such problems can be solved with an expert system approach that may necessitate interaction with procedural processes. As expert systems are more effectively implemented in declarative languages, the requirement exists for a powerful AI computer capable of executing declarative languages and directing the operations of real-time environments. The
Knowledge engineering Cullen, J and Bryman, A 'The knowledge acquisition bottleneck: time for reassessment?' Expert Syst. Vol 5 No 3 (August 1988) pp 216-225 Knowledge acquisition has long been considered to be the major constraint in the development of expert systems. Conventional wisdom also maintains that the major problem encountered in knowledge acquisition is in identifying the varying structures and characteristics of domain knowledge and matching these to suitable acquisition techniques. With the aid of the first substantial systematic analysis of a sample of expert systems applications developed in the real world, the authors describe what is actually going on in terms of knowledge acquisition. Drabble, B 'Onalitative reasoning and planning" airing (February 1989) pp 3-6
K n o w l e d g e - B a s e d Systems