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Down-regulation OF Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in the Brain During Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis
68
ESVP/ECVP Proceedings 2011
146:1, 2012
DOWN-REGULATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN DURING CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIOSIS G. F. Machado, G. D. Melo, A. Schweigert, F. V. Fernandes and T. F. Seraguci College of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Arac¸atuba, S~ao Paulo, Brazil Introduction: Canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) is caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania chagasi (L. infantum). Similar to other protozoan diseases, the peripheral infection culminates with disturbances in the nervous system, histopathologically represented by leptomeningitis and choroiditis. Materials and Methods: Brain samples from 10 infected and five uninfected dogs were collected and IL-10 and TGF-b gene expression were measured by real time RT-PCR. The results were given using the 2-DCt method and differences between groups were assessed by the Mann Whitney test. Results: Infected dogs had lower levels (P 5 0.0109) of IL-10 mRNA (4.16 10-5) when compared with the control group (5.32 10-4). TGF-b mRNA was also lower (P 5 0.0047) in the infected group (2.58 10-3) in comparison with the control group (1.36 10-2). Conclusions: IL-10 and TGF-b possess an immunoregulatory role mainly involving suppression of the Th1 response. In the brain, these cytokines prevent the entry of leucocytes, glial activation and promote neuronal and glial survival. These results are compatible with our previous findings of high numbers of T cells and increased glial reactivity in the CNS of dogs with CVL. Taken together, these data reflect the loss of the neuroprotective effects of these cytokines as well as a compartmentalized profile of cytokines in the brain during CVL.
GENERALIZED TOXOPLASMOSIS IN FIVE CATS O. Simola and P. Jokelainen Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Introduction: Felids are the only definitive hosts for Toxoplasma gondii. Feline infections are usually subclinical, but severe and even fatal infections have also been described. Materials and Methods: All feline cases submitted for necropsy examination and diagnosed with toxoplasmosis between 2008 and 2010 (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki) were investigated retrospectively. The original necropsy reports and tissue sections were re-evaluated. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) with T. gondii epitope-specific antibody was performed from all tissues available. Results: During the 3-year period, five (3.2 %) of 157 cats were diagnosed with generalized toxoplasmosis. Main pathological lesions were multifocal to diffuse interstitial pneumonia, multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and multifocal non-suppurative meningoencephalitis with glial granulomas. In addition, necrotizing lymphadenitis and splenic red pulp hyperplasia were common findings. Occasional mild inflammatory foci were seen in the heart, pancreas, skeletal muscle and adrenal glands. IHC demonstrated mild to massive parasite burdens not only in tissues with pathological lesions, but also in unaffected tissues.
INTESTINAL MYIASIS IN PIGS S. Roels, L. De Ridder, I. Vangeel, W. Van Campe, P. Butaye and Y. Van der Stede Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA/CERVA), Brussels, Belgium Introduction: Myiasis is the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which, at least for a certain period, feed on the host’s dead or living tissue, liquid body substances or ingested food. Broadly, myiasis can be divided into three types: cutaneous myiasis, body cavity myiasis and accidental myiasis. Intestinal myiasis, an accidental phenomenon occurring when fly eggs or larvae are ingested with food and excreted with faeces, is usually transient and asymptomatic; however, in some cases infestation can be associated with symptoms. Materials and Methods: During the final necropsy examinations in an experimental study in piglets, fly larvae were found in the intestinal tract of the negative control animals housed in a separate box. Several pigs (15 weeks old) showed presence of larvae in the ileum and caecum and some animals had intestinal inflammation. Except for the presence of larvae, no prominent changes in the faecal consistency were noticed. Samples of the whole intestinal tract were taken for histopathological examination. Conclusions: This is the first time that intestinal myiasis has been described in pigs. The major cause in the rare cases described in man is Musca domestica or the common house fly.
OTITIS MEDIA ASSOCIATED WITH CHOLESTEOMA AND LEPTOMENINGITIS IN A CAT DUE TO A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION S. Roels, A. Lucchina, P. Kerkhofs and P. Butaye Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA/CERVA), Brussels, Belgium Introduction: Otitis media is usually due to an extension of infection from the external ear canal or to penetration of the tympanic membrane by a foreign object. It is seen in all species, but is most common in dogs, cats and rabbits. Haematogenous spread of infection to these areas is possible, but rare. Otitis media may lead to otitis interna and inflammation of the inner ear structures. Chronic otitis media (COM) can be divided in two subtypes: COM with and without cholesteatoma (including precholesteatomatous states). The first is an aggressive form of otitis which can lead to labyrinthine or cerebromeningeal complications. It has been described in man and dogs, but never before in cats. Materials and Methods: Our case concerned an adult female domestic long-haired cat, which was found astray with signs of cachexia, pain when manipulated, apathy, depression and weakness, circling and leaning to the right and ataxia. The cat was humanely destroyed and necropsy examination was performed and lesions noted. Samples of the right tympanic bulla wall, as well as from the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem, liver and spleen were taken for bacteriological (including 16SrDNA sequencing) and histopathological examination.
ESVP/ECVP Proceedings 2011
146:1, 2012
DOWN-REGULATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN DURING CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIOSIS G. F. Machado, G. D. Melo, A. Schweigert, F. V. Fernandes and T. F. Seraguci College of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Arac¸atuba, S~ao Paulo, Brazil Introduction: Canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) is caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania chagasi (L. infantum). Similar to other protozoan diseases, the peripheral infection culminates with disturbances in the nervous system, histopathologically represented by leptomeningitis and choroiditis. Materials and Methods: Brain samples from 10 infected and five uninfected dogs were collected and IL-10 and TGF-b gene expression were measured by real time RT-PCR. The results were given using the 2-DCt method and differences between groups were assessed by the Mann Whitney test. Results: Infected dogs had lower levels (P 5 0.0109) of IL-10 mRNA (4.16 10-5) when compared with the control group (5.32 10-4). TGF-b mRNA was also lower (P 5 0.0047) in the infected group (2.58 10-3) in comparison with the control group (1.36 10-2). Conclusions: IL-10 and TGF-b possess an immunoregulatory role mainly involving suppression of the Th1 response. In the brain, these cytokines prevent the entry of leucocytes, glial activation and promote neuronal and glial survival. These results are compatible with our previous findings of high numbers of T cells and increased glial reactivity in the CNS of dogs with CVL. Taken together, these data reflect the loss of the neuroprotective effects of these cytokines as well as a compartmentalized profile of cytokines in the brain during CVL.
GENERALIZED TOXOPLASMOSIS IN FIVE CATS O. Simola and P. Jokelainen Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Introduction: Felids are the only definitive hosts for Toxoplasma gondii. Feline infections are usually subclinical, but severe and even fatal infections have also been described. Materials and Methods: All feline cases submitted for necropsy examination and diagnosed with toxoplasmosis between 2008 and 2010 (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki) were investigated retrospectively. The original necropsy reports and tissue sections were re-evaluated. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) with T. gondii epitope-specific antibody was performed from all tissues available. Results: During the 3-year period, five (3.2 %) of 157 cats were diagnosed with generalized toxoplasmosis. Main pathological lesions were multifocal to diffuse interstitial pneumonia, multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and multifocal non-suppurative meningoencephalitis with glial granulomas. In addition, necrotizing lymphadenitis and splenic red pulp hyperplasia were common findings. Occasional mild inflammatory foci were seen in the heart, pancreas, skeletal muscle and adrenal glands. IHC demonstrated mild to massive parasite burdens not only in tissues with pathological lesions, but also in unaffected tissues.
INTESTINAL MYIASIS IN PIGS S. Roels, L. De Ridder, I. Vangeel, W. Van Campe, P. Butaye and Y. Van der Stede Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA/CERVA), Brussels, Belgium Introduction: Myiasis is the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which, at least for a certain period, feed on the host’s dead or living tissue, liquid body substances or ingested food. Broadly, myiasis can be divided into three types: cutaneous myiasis, body cavity myiasis and accidental myiasis. Intestinal myiasis, an accidental phenomenon occurring when fly eggs or larvae are ingested with food and excreted with faeces, is usually transient and asymptomatic; however, in some cases infestation can be associated with symptoms. Materials and Methods: During the final necropsy examinations in an experimental study in piglets, fly larvae were found in the intestinal tract of the negative control animals housed in a separate box. Several pigs (15 weeks old) showed presence of larvae in the ileum and caecum and some animals had intestinal inflammation. Except for the presence of larvae, no prominent changes in the faecal consistency were noticed. Samples of the whole intestinal tract were taken for histopathological examination. Conclusions: This is the first time that intestinal myiasis has been described in pigs. The major cause in the rare cases described in man is Musca domestica or the common house fly.
OTITIS MEDIA ASSOCIATED WITH CHOLESTEOMA AND LEPTOMENINGITIS IN A CAT DUE TO A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION S. Roels, A. Lucchina, P. Kerkhofs and P. Butaye Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA/CERVA), Brussels, Belgium Introduction: Otitis media is usually due to an extension of infection from the external ear canal or to penetration of the tympanic membrane by a foreign object. It is seen in all species, but is most common in dogs, cats and rabbits. Haematogenous spread of infection to these areas is possible, but rare. Otitis media may lead to otitis interna and inflammation of the inner ear structures. Chronic otitis media (COM) can be divided in two subtypes: COM with and without cholesteatoma (including precholesteatomatous states). The first is an aggressive form of otitis which can lead to labyrinthine or cerebromeningeal complications. It has been described in man and dogs, but never before in cats. Materials and Methods: Our case concerned an adult female domestic long-haired cat, which was found astray with signs of cachexia, pain when manipulated, apathy, depression and weakness, circling and leaning to the right and ataxia. The cat was humanely destroyed and necropsy examination was performed and lesions noted. Samples of the right tympanic bulla wall, as well as from the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem, liver and spleen were taken for bacteriological (including 16SrDNA sequencing) and histopathological examination.