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Early age of cigarette smoking onset is associated with greater P300 smoking cue reactivity
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Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
The effects of nicotine administration and drug cue on impulsivity Suky Martinez 1,2,3,∗ , Jermaine D. Jones 1 , Adam Bisaga 1 , Sandra D. Comer 1 1 Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States 2 Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, United States 3 Translational Research Training Program in Addiction, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
Aims: Nicotine abuse is the number one cause of preventable deaths in the country. Preclinical models have shown that acute nicotine administration affect brain areas involved in compulsive and reward seeking behaviors. This secondary data analysis attempts to investigate the effects of acute nicotine administration and drug cues on behavioral impulsivity within a clinical sample. Methods: Nicotine-dependent participants (n = 27), who were not seeking treatment and smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day were recruited. Participants completed the Immediate and Delayed Memory Task (IMT/DMT) and the GoStop tasks following repeated nicotine administration, acute nicotine administration and exposure to provocative drug cues. Results: The final sample consisted of 25 males and 2 females; 13 Blacks, 5 Latinos, and 9 Whites, with a mean age of 42.7 years. On average, participants smoked 18.9 cigarettes per day, and had been smoking for 25.3 years. The preceding week of nicotine use increased the IMT measure of impulsivity to a degree that approached significance (p < .10) vs. placebo administration the previous week. Acute administration increased impulsivity on all three tasks (p’s < .05). Exposure to drug cues increased impulsivity as measured by the DMT to a degree that approached significance (p < .10). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that both acute and repeated nicotine use can contribute to behavioral impulsivity. Impulsivity may not only be a risk factor for initiation of nicotine use, but it may be involved in the maintenance of drug taking behavior. Further studies on the relationship between impulsivity and nicotine use may lead to improvements in behavioral and pharmacological smoking interventions. Financial support: NIDA grant DA031022 to SDC and AB. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.360 Pharmacological effects of injected or vaporized methamphetamine and alpha-PVP in mice Julie A. Marusich ∗ , Timothy Lefever, Bruce Blough, B.F. Thomas, Jenny Wiley RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States Aims: Vaporizing drugs in e-cigarettes is an increasingly common method of administration for many drug classes including synthetic cathinones. This route of administration exposes the user to a chemical cocktail containing the parent compound and numerous degradants, which could lead to increased harm compared to ingesting the parent compound alone. This study examined the pharmacological effects of vaporized and injected methamphetamine (METH) and ␣-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (alpha-PVP). Methods: Male and female mice were administered METH or alpha-PVP through vapor or i.p. injection. Dose–effect curves were
determined for locomotor activity and a functional observational battery (FOB). The timecourse of locomotor activity was also examined. Results: Vapor and injection produced similar efficacy in locomotor activation for both drugs, with injection producing more variability across doses than vapor. During a 6 h session, vaporized METH and alpha-PVP elevated beam breaks for an additional 60 min or 120 min compared to injected METH and alpha-PVP, respectively. Injected METH produced greater beam breaks for females than males. Both routes of administration produced typical stimulant effects in the FOB for both drugs. Injection was associated with more bizarre behaviors in the FOB than vapor, particularly for alpha-PVP. Conclusions: Injection and vapor produced typical stimulant effects for METH and alpha-PVP. Injected parent compound led to greater adverse effects and shorter durations of locomotor activation compared to the chemical cocktail in vapor, which was unexpected. This indicates that degradants of METH and alphaPVP do not produce observable adverse effects when administered acutely, and that injection and vapor exposure have different pharmacokinetics. Based on these assays, both routes of administration could lead to abuse, but neither route showed enhanced abuse liability compared to the other. Financial support: RTI International internal research and development funds. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.361 Early age of cigarette smoking onset is associated with greater P300 smoking cue reactivity Yasmin Mashhoon 1,∗ , Jennifer Betts 2 , Stacey L. Farmer 2 , Scott E. Lukas 1 1
McLean Imaging Center, Harvard Medical School | McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States 2 McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States Aims: The age range for developing nicotine dependence, ages 15–18, coincides with critical neuromaturation. Thus, earlyonset (EO; age <16 yrs), relative to late-onset (LO; age >16 yrs), smoking may be uniquely deleterious for developmentally immature systems that regulate neural signaling reactivity. This study investigates age of smoking onset effects on neurophysiological measures of smoking cue reactivity and reported craving in adult smokers. Methods: EO smokers (EOS; n = 8; 4 females) and LO smokers (LOS; n = 10; 5 females) in withdrawal and healthy non-smokers (HNS; n = 10; 5 females) participated in an EEG cue reactivity study. Participants handled neutral objects during one interval and smoking-related objects during a second interval. After each interval, they viewed smoking-related, neutral, or arousing images displayed using an oddball paradigm. P300 event-related potentials were recorded during image presentations and craving was assessed during session. Results: P300 amplitudes were significantly higher in central midline (Cz) channel in all groups to smoking (p ≤ 0.03), but not neutral or arousing, images after handling smoking objects. Post hoc tests revealed Cz P300 smoking amplitudes were greater in EOS (p ≤ 0.03) and LOS (p ≤ 0.05) relative to HNS. Additional comparisons uncovered trend-level significance that EOS P300 smoking amplitudes (p = 0.06) were greater relative to LOS P300 smoking amplitudes. EOS and LOS reported greater craving (p = 0.05) after handling smoking objects.
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
Conclusions: P300 reactivity, particularly in EOS, was associated with salient smoking cues. P300 reactivity profiles of EOS and LOS may reflect differences in neuroadaptations of signaling systems to effects of smoking during early maturation. EO smoking may alter neurophysiological signaling involved in responding to smoking-related images and tactile cues, which could impact development of smoking cessation interventions. Financial support: K01DA034028 (YM).
Factors associated with nonfatal overdose among young opioid users: Heroin and benzodiazepine use, prescription opioid and heroin injection and HCV status Pedro Mateu-Gelabert 1,∗ , Honoria Guarino 1 , David Frank 1 , Kelly Ruggles 2 , Cassandra Syckes 1 , Elizabeth Goodbody 1 , Samuel R. Friedman 1 1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.362 Key ingredients for conducting daily or weekly IVR/SMS surveys Lynn Massey 1,∗ , M.A. Walton 1 , R.M. Cunningham 2 , James Cranford 1 , Anne Buu 3 1
Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States 2 Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States 3 School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States Aims: Prospective data collection, using interactive voice response (IVR) and text-messaging (SMS) systems, provide an exciting new research methodology for examination of substance use and other risk behaviors. This paper presents data from an experimental study of a high risk sample of emerging adults to examine compliance under different data collection methods (IVR, SMS) and assessment schedules (daily, weekly). Methods: Emerging adults (18–28) who agreed to be recontacted (n = 279) from the FYI study completed a baseline assessment and were randomized into one of four groups: either weekly (12 weeks) or daily (90 days) surveys by IVR or by SMS. In addition, the amount of the incentive for completion changed by cohort. Cohort 1 (n = 87) was paid $1 per daily survey or $7 per weekly survey. Cohort 2 (n = 192) were paid $4 per daily survey and $28 per weekly survey. Results: The mean time for weekly survey was 35.2 min for SMS and 7.4 min for IVR and for daily was 16.9 min for SMS and 2.2 min for IVR. Overall, ANOVA analysis shows that the main effect of assessment schedule was significant (p < .05), with post-hoc tests indicating that IVR weekly reported significantly greater compliance (mean = 67.0) than IVR daily (mean = 48.0); SMS weekly (mean = 55.3) did not differ from SMS daily (mean = 55.3). Overall, Cohort 2 showed significantly greater compliance (mean = 61.0) than cohort 1 (mean = 45.1) (p < .001). When examining cohort differences by experimental groups, Cohort 2 had significantly better compliance than cohort 1 for the IVR-weekly (p < .01) and the SMS daily (p < .05), but not for the other groups. Conclusions: Rates of compliance varied by frequency and method of data collection. Although support was found for increasing incentives on improving compliance rates, these effects varied by method of data collection. Future analyses will examine the effects of assessment schedule and data collection methods on reliability and validity of self-reports of substance use and other high risk behaviors. Financial support: NIDA# RO1 DA 035183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.363
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NDRI, New York, NY, United States NYU, New York, NY, United States
Aims: To describe factors associated with nonfatal overdose (OD) among young opioid users. Methods: New York City young adults (N = 451) were recruited via respondent-driven sampling for an ongoing survey to assess drug use patterns and OD experiences. Eligible participants were ages 18–29 and had used prescription opioids (POs) non-medically and/or heroin in the past 30 days. Participants were HCV antibody tested on-site. Results: Participants were 33% female, 27% Latino, 81% White and 19% other races (mean age = 24.5 years). Most participants (84%) initiated nonmedical PO use in their teens (mean age at PO initiation = 16.7 years), with 61% progressing to regular PO use (>3 times/week) in their teens. 84% of participants reported regular heroin use, 63% regular heroin injection, and 56% regular benzodiazepine use. 21% had injected POs in their lifetime. 21% tested HCV antibody positive. 47% reported lifetime overdose experience (3.1 ODs on average; median 2). OD was correlated with: regular PO injection (X2 = 7.65, p < .01); regular benzodiazepine use (X2 = 8, p = .005); months of regular heroin use (t = 5.34, p < .001); months of regular heroin injection (t = 4.81, p < .001); and HCV positive status (t = 32.13, p < .001). However, OD was not correlated (at the p < .01 level) with months of regular PO use. Conclusions: Results suggest that, among opioid users, heroin use and drug injection are associated with increased OD risk. Additionally, opioid users who OD are more likely to be HCV positive. As opioid use increases in the U.S., there is a pressing need to expand OD prevention education and access to naloxone and sterile syringes. Also, OD rates might serve as a possible indicator of emerging HCV infections among opioid users. Financial support: Supported by NIDA grant# R01DA035146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.364 Nicotine withdrawal induces negative correlation in resting connectivity between insula and executive control networks in smokers Allison L. Matous ∗ , John Fedota, Kim Slater, Betty Jo Salmeron, Hong Gu, Thomas Ross, Elliot Stein NIDA-IRP, Baltimore, MD, United States Aims: Because the insula is central in detecting and acting upon internal states and external stimuli, understanding how it interacts with other brain regions to modify behavior may help elucidate neural mechanisms of nicotine withdrawal. The insula is a key node of the salience network (SN), the large-scale brain network implicated in switching attention between executive control (ECN) and default mode (DMN) networks. The ECN, which is activated in effortful cognitive processing, is anticorrelated with the DMN, which deactivates during externally-oriented tasks. Nicotine withdrawal alters interactions among these networks such that DMN-insula connectivity is upregulated in abstinent smok-
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
The effects of nicotine administration and drug cue on impulsivity Suky Martinez 1,2,3,∗ , Jermaine D. Jones 1 , Adam Bisaga 1 , Sandra D. Comer 1 1 Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States 2 Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, United States 3 Translational Research Training Program in Addiction, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
Aims: Nicotine abuse is the number one cause of preventable deaths in the country. Preclinical models have shown that acute nicotine administration affect brain areas involved in compulsive and reward seeking behaviors. This secondary data analysis attempts to investigate the effects of acute nicotine administration and drug cues on behavioral impulsivity within a clinical sample. Methods: Nicotine-dependent participants (n = 27), who were not seeking treatment and smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day were recruited. Participants completed the Immediate and Delayed Memory Task (IMT/DMT) and the GoStop tasks following repeated nicotine administration, acute nicotine administration and exposure to provocative drug cues. Results: The final sample consisted of 25 males and 2 females; 13 Blacks, 5 Latinos, and 9 Whites, with a mean age of 42.7 years. On average, participants smoked 18.9 cigarettes per day, and had been smoking for 25.3 years. The preceding week of nicotine use increased the IMT measure of impulsivity to a degree that approached significance (p < .10) vs. placebo administration the previous week. Acute administration increased impulsivity on all three tasks (p’s < .05). Exposure to drug cues increased impulsivity as measured by the DMT to a degree that approached significance (p < .10). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that both acute and repeated nicotine use can contribute to behavioral impulsivity. Impulsivity may not only be a risk factor for initiation of nicotine use, but it may be involved in the maintenance of drug taking behavior. Further studies on the relationship between impulsivity and nicotine use may lead to improvements in behavioral and pharmacological smoking interventions. Financial support: NIDA grant DA031022 to SDC and AB. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.360 Pharmacological effects of injected or vaporized methamphetamine and alpha-PVP in mice Julie A. Marusich ∗ , Timothy Lefever, Bruce Blough, B.F. Thomas, Jenny Wiley RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States Aims: Vaporizing drugs in e-cigarettes is an increasingly common method of administration for many drug classes including synthetic cathinones. This route of administration exposes the user to a chemical cocktail containing the parent compound and numerous degradants, which could lead to increased harm compared to ingesting the parent compound alone. This study examined the pharmacological effects of vaporized and injected methamphetamine (METH) and ␣-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (alpha-PVP). Methods: Male and female mice were administered METH or alpha-PVP through vapor or i.p. injection. Dose–effect curves were
determined for locomotor activity and a functional observational battery (FOB). The timecourse of locomotor activity was also examined. Results: Vapor and injection produced similar efficacy in locomotor activation for both drugs, with injection producing more variability across doses than vapor. During a 6 h session, vaporized METH and alpha-PVP elevated beam breaks for an additional 60 min or 120 min compared to injected METH and alpha-PVP, respectively. Injected METH produced greater beam breaks for females than males. Both routes of administration produced typical stimulant effects in the FOB for both drugs. Injection was associated with more bizarre behaviors in the FOB than vapor, particularly for alpha-PVP. Conclusions: Injection and vapor produced typical stimulant effects for METH and alpha-PVP. Injected parent compound led to greater adverse effects and shorter durations of locomotor activation compared to the chemical cocktail in vapor, which was unexpected. This indicates that degradants of METH and alphaPVP do not produce observable adverse effects when administered acutely, and that injection and vapor exposure have different pharmacokinetics. Based on these assays, both routes of administration could lead to abuse, but neither route showed enhanced abuse liability compared to the other. Financial support: RTI International internal research and development funds. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.361 Early age of cigarette smoking onset is associated with greater P300 smoking cue reactivity Yasmin Mashhoon 1,∗ , Jennifer Betts 2 , Stacey L. Farmer 2 , Scott E. Lukas 1 1
McLean Imaging Center, Harvard Medical School | McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States 2 McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States Aims: The age range for developing nicotine dependence, ages 15–18, coincides with critical neuromaturation. Thus, earlyonset (EO; age <16 yrs), relative to late-onset (LO; age >16 yrs), smoking may be uniquely deleterious for developmentally immature systems that regulate neural signaling reactivity. This study investigates age of smoking onset effects on neurophysiological measures of smoking cue reactivity and reported craving in adult smokers. Methods: EO smokers (EOS; n = 8; 4 females) and LO smokers (LOS; n = 10; 5 females) in withdrawal and healthy non-smokers (HNS; n = 10; 5 females) participated in an EEG cue reactivity study. Participants handled neutral objects during one interval and smoking-related objects during a second interval. After each interval, they viewed smoking-related, neutral, or arousing images displayed using an oddball paradigm. P300 event-related potentials were recorded during image presentations and craving was assessed during session. Results: P300 amplitudes were significantly higher in central midline (Cz) channel in all groups to smoking (p ≤ 0.03), but not neutral or arousing, images after handling smoking objects. Post hoc tests revealed Cz P300 smoking amplitudes were greater in EOS (p ≤ 0.03) and LOS (p ≤ 0.05) relative to HNS. Additional comparisons uncovered trend-level significance that EOS P300 smoking amplitudes (p = 0.06) were greater relative to LOS P300 smoking amplitudes. EOS and LOS reported greater craving (p = 0.05) after handling smoking objects.
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
Conclusions: P300 reactivity, particularly in EOS, was associated with salient smoking cues. P300 reactivity profiles of EOS and LOS may reflect differences in neuroadaptations of signaling systems to effects of smoking during early maturation. EO smoking may alter neurophysiological signaling involved in responding to smoking-related images and tactile cues, which could impact development of smoking cessation interventions. Financial support: K01DA034028 (YM).
Factors associated with nonfatal overdose among young opioid users: Heroin and benzodiazepine use, prescription opioid and heroin injection and HCV status Pedro Mateu-Gelabert 1,∗ , Honoria Guarino 1 , David Frank 1 , Kelly Ruggles 2 , Cassandra Syckes 1 , Elizabeth Goodbody 1 , Samuel R. Friedman 1 1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.362 Key ingredients for conducting daily or weekly IVR/SMS surveys Lynn Massey 1,∗ , M.A. Walton 1 , R.M. Cunningham 2 , James Cranford 1 , Anne Buu 3 1
Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States 2 Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States 3 School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States Aims: Prospective data collection, using interactive voice response (IVR) and text-messaging (SMS) systems, provide an exciting new research methodology for examination of substance use and other risk behaviors. This paper presents data from an experimental study of a high risk sample of emerging adults to examine compliance under different data collection methods (IVR, SMS) and assessment schedules (daily, weekly). Methods: Emerging adults (18–28) who agreed to be recontacted (n = 279) from the FYI study completed a baseline assessment and were randomized into one of four groups: either weekly (12 weeks) or daily (90 days) surveys by IVR or by SMS. In addition, the amount of the incentive for completion changed by cohort. Cohort 1 (n = 87) was paid $1 per daily survey or $7 per weekly survey. Cohort 2 (n = 192) were paid $4 per daily survey and $28 per weekly survey. Results: The mean time for weekly survey was 35.2 min for SMS and 7.4 min for IVR and for daily was 16.9 min for SMS and 2.2 min for IVR. Overall, ANOVA analysis shows that the main effect of assessment schedule was significant (p < .05), with post-hoc tests indicating that IVR weekly reported significantly greater compliance (mean = 67.0) than IVR daily (mean = 48.0); SMS weekly (mean = 55.3) did not differ from SMS daily (mean = 55.3). Overall, Cohort 2 showed significantly greater compliance (mean = 61.0) than cohort 1 (mean = 45.1) (p < .001). When examining cohort differences by experimental groups, Cohort 2 had significantly better compliance than cohort 1 for the IVR-weekly (p < .01) and the SMS daily (p < .05), but not for the other groups. Conclusions: Rates of compliance varied by frequency and method of data collection. Although support was found for increasing incentives on improving compliance rates, these effects varied by method of data collection. Future analyses will examine the effects of assessment schedule and data collection methods on reliability and validity of self-reports of substance use and other high risk behaviors. Financial support: NIDA# RO1 DA 035183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.363
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2
NDRI, New York, NY, United States NYU, New York, NY, United States
Aims: To describe factors associated with nonfatal overdose (OD) among young opioid users. Methods: New York City young adults (N = 451) were recruited via respondent-driven sampling for an ongoing survey to assess drug use patterns and OD experiences. Eligible participants were ages 18–29 and had used prescription opioids (POs) non-medically and/or heroin in the past 30 days. Participants were HCV antibody tested on-site. Results: Participants were 33% female, 27% Latino, 81% White and 19% other races (mean age = 24.5 years). Most participants (84%) initiated nonmedical PO use in their teens (mean age at PO initiation = 16.7 years), with 61% progressing to regular PO use (>3 times/week) in their teens. 84% of participants reported regular heroin use, 63% regular heroin injection, and 56% regular benzodiazepine use. 21% had injected POs in their lifetime. 21% tested HCV antibody positive. 47% reported lifetime overdose experience (3.1 ODs on average; median 2). OD was correlated with: regular PO injection (X2 = 7.65, p < .01); regular benzodiazepine use (X2 = 8, p = .005); months of regular heroin use (t = 5.34, p < .001); months of regular heroin injection (t = 4.81, p < .001); and HCV positive status (t = 32.13, p < .001). However, OD was not correlated (at the p < .01 level) with months of regular PO use. Conclusions: Results suggest that, among opioid users, heroin use and drug injection are associated with increased OD risk. Additionally, opioid users who OD are more likely to be HCV positive. As opioid use increases in the U.S., there is a pressing need to expand OD prevention education and access to naloxone and sterile syringes. Also, OD rates might serve as a possible indicator of emerging HCV infections among opioid users. Financial support: Supported by NIDA grant# R01DA035146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.364 Nicotine withdrawal induces negative correlation in resting connectivity between insula and executive control networks in smokers Allison L. Matous ∗ , John Fedota, Kim Slater, Betty Jo Salmeron, Hong Gu, Thomas Ross, Elliot Stein NIDA-IRP, Baltimore, MD, United States Aims: Because the insula is central in detecting and acting upon internal states and external stimuli, understanding how it interacts with other brain regions to modify behavior may help elucidate neural mechanisms of nicotine withdrawal. The insula is a key node of the salience network (SN), the large-scale brain network implicated in switching attention between executive control (ECN) and default mode (DMN) networks. The ECN, which is activated in effortful cognitive processing, is anticorrelated with the DMN, which deactivates during externally-oriented tasks. Nicotine withdrawal alters interactions among these networks such that DMN-insula connectivity is upregulated in abstinent smok-