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Early development of hedonic and motivational aspects of eating behaviour
39th BFDG 2015 / Appetite 101 (2016) 214e238
Abstracts from Oral Presentations (in order of presentation)
Keynote Speaker Abstract UNDERSTANDING EATING CHILDREN'S DIETS
BEHAVIOR
215
IN
ORDER
TO
IMPROVE
ARE CHILDREN MORE PATERNALISTIC THAN THEIR MOTHERS WHEN CHOOSING SNACKS?
B.J. Rolls. Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
S. Marette, S. Monnery-Patris, E. Ginon, A. Sutan, S. Issanchou. INRA, UMR CSGA, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
The preschool years are an important time for implementing strategies to prevent obesity. In an “obesogenic” environment characterized by large portions of palatable energy-dense foods, finding ways to encourage children to eat appropriate amounts is challenging. In controlled studies many investigators have found that large portions of energy-dense foods promote excess energy intake in preschool children. The robust effect of portion size can be used positively to encourage children to consume increased amounts of nutrient-rich foods such as vegetables and fruit. For example, children consume more vegetables when larger portions are offered at the start of the meal when they are hungry. Other effective strategies to increase vegetable and fruit intake are to serve larger portions as side dishes or to increase the proportion in recipes. When vegetables and fruit are substituted for more energy-dense foods to decrease the overall energy density of the diet, children consume fewer calories. There are a number of questions remaining about the roles of portion size and energy density in the prevalence of childhood obesity. For example, it is not clear if there are individuals who are particularly susceptible to these food properties or if the effects on intake are compensated for over time in children. Further characterization of the effects of portion size and energy density will facilitate the development of evidence-based strategies and policies to moderate children’s intake and improve their diets.
This paper focuses on the links between food choices made by mothers and children and on the impact of a nutritional message. In a lab experiment mothers and their child (111 dyads) separately chose between relatively healthy foods (flasks of stewed apples) and relatively unhealthy foods (candy bars). Each participant filled up a bag for her/himself, and one for the other person of the dyad before and after the revelation of a simple nutritional message on vitamins and sugar contents of foods. Before the revelation of the nutritional message, 51% of mothers were “indulgent”, i.e., they chose a lower number of relatively healthy foods for their child than for themselves. On the contrary, 67% children were “paternalistic”, i.e. they chose a higher number of relatively healthy foods for their mothers than for themselves. The simple nutritional message led many participants to significantly increase the number of relatively healthy foods selected for themselves and for the other person of the dyad. As children react more to the message when choosing snacks for themselves than for their mother, they became more indulgent after the message, even if they are still less indulgent than their mothers. The mothers’ indulgence did not significantly change with the information. Thus, information reduces behavioral differences between mothers and children, even if some residual differences persist.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.038
Keynote Speaker Abstract EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF HEDONIC AND MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS OF EATING BEHAVIOUR S. Nicklaus. INRA, UMR CSGA, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France Eating is essential for survival. However, the newborn is not an autonomous eater, and has to learn ‘how’, ‘what’, ‘when’, and ‘how much’ to eat quickly enough to ensure harmonious growth and development. In other nutritional areas, it has been shown during the past 20 years that early experiences are likely to impact long-term health outcomes. Thus, it appears fundamental to understand the early development of hedonic and motivational aspects of eating behaviour. This presentation will describe several studies conducted in our group during the past 10 years, in order to gain more knowledge about the development of what and how much children eat, in relation with food sensory and nutritional properties. Food likes are not innate but can develop very early in relation with eating experience. Preterm birth may be associated with eating difficulties. Early flavour experiences impact food acceptance at the time of complementary feeding, in relation with the infant’s exposure to flavours from the maternal diet, that can be transmitted to amniotic fluid or maternal milk. Beyond this stage of flavour discoveries, the most important phase for learning to eat is likely to be the transition from milk feeding to a diversified diet, i.e. the beginning of complementary feeding. At this moment, infants discover the sensory (texture, taste and flavour) and nutritional properties (energy density) of the foods that will ultimately compose their adult diet. Complementary feeding practices such as repeated exposure, introducing a variety of foods, and of food sensory properties may modulate the acceptance of new foods by infants. Moreover, dietary exposures will shape food likes and determine expected satiation, as revealed in infants as well as in school-aged children. Perspectives will be discussed to further study the early programming of eating behaviour. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.039
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.040
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE WILLINGNESS MODERATING ROLE OF REWARD SENSITIVITY
TO
TASTE:
THE
L. Vandeweghe, S. Verbeken, E. Moens, L. Vervoort, C. Braet. Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium We investigated the effectiveness of different exposure strategies and the role of reward sensitivity (RS) in willingness to taste (WtT) a disliked vegetable. The innovative part of this research lies in the focus on the differential effects of behavioral change techniques depending on individual differences (i.e. RS), and in the focus on WtT instead of change in liking. We consider WtT to be a crucial first step in the process of liking healthy food. Preschool children (n¼161) participated in a single-tasting experiment with disliked vegetables. They were randomly allocated to one of four different exposure strategies: Exposure Only, Exposure + Encouragement, Exposure + Modeling and Exposure + Reward. Using multinomial logistic regression, we tested the effect of exposure strategies on WtT and the moderating role of RS, indexed via the Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Approach System Scales. We found that children in the Modeling, Encouragement, en Reward condition were more willing to taste compared to the control condition (i.e. Exposure Only). Secondly, children with a higher RS were more likely to taste immediately when rewarded compared to the control condition. Lastly, children with a lower RS were more willing to taste when being encouraged. Rewarding is known as an effective technique to increase the consumption of healthy food. The present study suggests a differential effect of exposure strategies depending on individual differences (i.e. RS). Focusing on both individual differences and behavioural techniques might be a promising strategy for health promotion. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.041
Abstracts from Oral Presentations (in order of presentation)
Keynote Speaker Abstract UNDERSTANDING EATING CHILDREN'S DIETS
BEHAVIOR
215
IN
ORDER
TO
IMPROVE
ARE CHILDREN MORE PATERNALISTIC THAN THEIR MOTHERS WHEN CHOOSING SNACKS?
B.J. Rolls. Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
S. Marette, S. Monnery-Patris, E. Ginon, A. Sutan, S. Issanchou. INRA, UMR CSGA, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
The preschool years are an important time for implementing strategies to prevent obesity. In an “obesogenic” environment characterized by large portions of palatable energy-dense foods, finding ways to encourage children to eat appropriate amounts is challenging. In controlled studies many investigators have found that large portions of energy-dense foods promote excess energy intake in preschool children. The robust effect of portion size can be used positively to encourage children to consume increased amounts of nutrient-rich foods such as vegetables and fruit. For example, children consume more vegetables when larger portions are offered at the start of the meal when they are hungry. Other effective strategies to increase vegetable and fruit intake are to serve larger portions as side dishes or to increase the proportion in recipes. When vegetables and fruit are substituted for more energy-dense foods to decrease the overall energy density of the diet, children consume fewer calories. There are a number of questions remaining about the roles of portion size and energy density in the prevalence of childhood obesity. For example, it is not clear if there are individuals who are particularly susceptible to these food properties or if the effects on intake are compensated for over time in children. Further characterization of the effects of portion size and energy density will facilitate the development of evidence-based strategies and policies to moderate children’s intake and improve their diets.
This paper focuses on the links between food choices made by mothers and children and on the impact of a nutritional message. In a lab experiment mothers and their child (111 dyads) separately chose between relatively healthy foods (flasks of stewed apples) and relatively unhealthy foods (candy bars). Each participant filled up a bag for her/himself, and one for the other person of the dyad before and after the revelation of a simple nutritional message on vitamins and sugar contents of foods. Before the revelation of the nutritional message, 51% of mothers were “indulgent”, i.e., they chose a lower number of relatively healthy foods for their child than for themselves. On the contrary, 67% children were “paternalistic”, i.e. they chose a higher number of relatively healthy foods for their mothers than for themselves. The simple nutritional message led many participants to significantly increase the number of relatively healthy foods selected for themselves and for the other person of the dyad. As children react more to the message when choosing snacks for themselves than for their mother, they became more indulgent after the message, even if they are still less indulgent than their mothers. The mothers’ indulgence did not significantly change with the information. Thus, information reduces behavioral differences between mothers and children, even if some residual differences persist.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.038
Keynote Speaker Abstract EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF HEDONIC AND MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS OF EATING BEHAVIOUR S. Nicklaus. INRA, UMR CSGA, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France Eating is essential for survival. However, the newborn is not an autonomous eater, and has to learn ‘how’, ‘what’, ‘when’, and ‘how much’ to eat quickly enough to ensure harmonious growth and development. In other nutritional areas, it has been shown during the past 20 years that early experiences are likely to impact long-term health outcomes. Thus, it appears fundamental to understand the early development of hedonic and motivational aspects of eating behaviour. This presentation will describe several studies conducted in our group during the past 10 years, in order to gain more knowledge about the development of what and how much children eat, in relation with food sensory and nutritional properties. Food likes are not innate but can develop very early in relation with eating experience. Preterm birth may be associated with eating difficulties. Early flavour experiences impact food acceptance at the time of complementary feeding, in relation with the infant’s exposure to flavours from the maternal diet, that can be transmitted to amniotic fluid or maternal milk. Beyond this stage of flavour discoveries, the most important phase for learning to eat is likely to be the transition from milk feeding to a diversified diet, i.e. the beginning of complementary feeding. At this moment, infants discover the sensory (texture, taste and flavour) and nutritional properties (energy density) of the foods that will ultimately compose their adult diet. Complementary feeding practices such as repeated exposure, introducing a variety of foods, and of food sensory properties may modulate the acceptance of new foods by infants. Moreover, dietary exposures will shape food likes and determine expected satiation, as revealed in infants as well as in school-aged children. Perspectives will be discussed to further study the early programming of eating behaviour. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.039
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.040
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE WILLINGNESS MODERATING ROLE OF REWARD SENSITIVITY
TO
TASTE:
THE
L. Vandeweghe, S. Verbeken, E. Moens, L. Vervoort, C. Braet. Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium We investigated the effectiveness of different exposure strategies and the role of reward sensitivity (RS) in willingness to taste (WtT) a disliked vegetable. The innovative part of this research lies in the focus on the differential effects of behavioral change techniques depending on individual differences (i.e. RS), and in the focus on WtT instead of change in liking. We consider WtT to be a crucial first step in the process of liking healthy food. Preschool children (n¼161) participated in a single-tasting experiment with disliked vegetables. They were randomly allocated to one of four different exposure strategies: Exposure Only, Exposure + Encouragement, Exposure + Modeling and Exposure + Reward. Using multinomial logistic regression, we tested the effect of exposure strategies on WtT and the moderating role of RS, indexed via the Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Approach System Scales. We found that children in the Modeling, Encouragement, en Reward condition were more willing to taste compared to the control condition (i.e. Exposure Only). Secondly, children with a higher RS were more likely to taste immediately when rewarded compared to the control condition. Lastly, children with a lower RS were more willing to taste when being encouraged. Rewarding is known as an effective technique to increase the consumption of healthy food. The present study suggests a differential effect of exposure strategies depending on individual differences (i.e. RS). Focusing on both individual differences and behavioural techniques might be a promising strategy for health promotion. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.041