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Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries
YAJEM-57207; No of Pages 8 American Journal of Emergency Medicine xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
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American Journal of Emergency Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ajem
Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries Yuan Zhang, Ph.D. a, Kai Sun, M.D. b, Yuling Wang, M.D. a, Yafei Qin, M.D. a, Hui Li, Ph.D. a,⁎ a b
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, An Shan Road No.154, Heping District, Tianjin 300192, China Tianjin First Center Hospital, Fukang Road No. 24, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 11 December 2017 Received in revised form 27 December 2017 Accepted 28 December 2017 Available online xxxx Keywords: Head injury Early fracture fixation Late fracture fixation Perioperative Postoperative
a b s t r a c t Background: Patients suffered from craniocerebral trauma with extermities fracture is one of the most common multiple injuries.Actually there is no comparative study demonstrating advantages of early or delayed treatment of skeletal injuries. Purposes: To conduct a meta-analysis with studies published in full text to demonstrate database to show the associations of perioperative, postoperative outcomes of early fracture fixation(EFF) and late fracture fixation(LFF) for patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries to provide the predictive diagnosis for clinic. Patients and methods: Literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for information from the earliest date of data collection to October 2017. Studies comparing the perioperative, postoperative outcomes of EFF with those of LFF patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries were included. Statistical heterogeneity was quantitatively evaluated by ×2 test with the significance set P b 0.10 or I2 N 50%. Results: Thirteen papers consisting of 2941 patients were included (1224EFF patients; 1717 LFF patients). The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in blood loss, intraoperative blood infusion, crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxia, length of surgery, non-neurologic complications and mortality(P b 0.1). No differences in ICU days, hospital days, neurologic complications and GCS on discharge scores (P N 0.1). Conclusions: Compared with LFF patients, EFF patients demonstrated an increased risk of perioperative and postoperative complications and clear difference about complications between EFF and LFF about patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries. Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. © 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc.
1. Introduction Patients suffered from craniocerebral trauma with extermities fracture is one of the most common multiple injuries. A number of studies in orthopedic and neurosurgery literature have supported surgical fixation management of the patient with severe head [1-4]. This early fracture fixation has been shown to improve fracture outcome, and reduce perioperative, postoperative complications [5,6]. Recently, the reputed benefits of early fracture fixation have been challenged, study suggested for the first time that early operative stabilization may be deleterious in such patients [7-8]. Treatment and protection of the central nervous system is a priority in patients with a significant intracranial trauma. Secondary brain injury may exacerbate underlying head trauma and lead to further morbidity and disability (perioperative and neurologic outcome) [9-11]. Actually there is no comparative study demonstrating advantages of early or delayed treatment of skeletal injuries. Furthermore, the influence of early or delayed treatment in perioperative, postoperative ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Li).
outcomes of EFF and LFF for patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries is not established. Consequently, it is necessary to perform a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis that consists of all the studies to address the question of whether early fracture fixation is safe for patients with severe head injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between EFF,LFF, perioperative and postoperative outcomes.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Literature and search strategy Two different reviewers independently searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library for information from databases inception to October 2017. The following related terms were searched: early fracture fixation; late fracture fixation; patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries; head trauma, intracranial trauma, brain injuries, fractures, fracture fixation, timing; Meta-analysis. Searching strategy was constructed by combining the above terms with “AND” or “OR”. No restrictions were imposed
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067 0735-6757/© 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
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Y. Zhang et al. / American Journal of Emergency Medicine xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Fig. 1. a. Flow chart illustrating the literature search.
on the language of studies. We had also screened reference lists of retrieved articles, so that relevant studies were not missed. 2.2. Study selection criteria Two different reviewers independently assessed the retrieved articles to determine whether they met the inclusion criteria. In case of disagreements, a third reviewer was involved in the discussion until a consensus was reached. The criteria for inclusion of papers selected for detailed review included the presence of a head injury, the presence of polytrauma, timing of stabilization of the skeleton, neurological assessment of patients, and English language. Exclusion criteria included: case-control studies, animal studies, cadaver studies, single case reports, comments, letters, editorials, protocols, guidelines, publications based on surgical registries, and review papers; for a clinical study, inclusion of fewer than 10 patients. The patients were divided in the early fracture fixation (EEF) group when fixation took place within 24 h of admission and the late fixation
(LEF) group when fixation was performed later. We analyzed the study type (randomized controlled trial, retrospective review, cohort studies) and treatment methods described. The sample size in each study was extracted from the information available. Injury severity indicators as available were identified and analyzed. These included the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Abbreviated Injury Scores (AIS) for the head and orthopedic injuries, and the overall Injury Severity Score (ISS). Any complications of treatment, the overall length of hospital stay, blood loss intraoperative blood infusion. Infusing intraoperative Crystalloid intraoperative hypotension. Intraoperative hypoxia ICU days, GCS on discharge, hospital days and mortality rates were considered. 2.3. Data extraction and quality assessment Two different reviewers independently performed data extraction and methodological quality assessment. Data extracted from the included studies consisted of authors, publication date, study design, number of patients, and outcome data in both early fracture fixation and late
Table 1 Summary of the characteristics of the included studies References
Bone 1994 Kalb 1998 Martens 1988 Velmahos 1998 Hofman 1991 Jaicks 1997 Poole 1992 Riemer 1993 Starr 1998 Townsend 1998 Xin Jiang 2014 Kotwica 1990 Huangyuan 1999 Yiping 2002
Patients
ISS
GCS
Fractures stabilized
AIS head
AIS orthopedic
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
676 84 13 22 15 19 46 160 14 49 21 51 31 23
906 39 9 25 43 14 26 447 18 12 15 49 76 38
18–60 33 37 25 Higher 24 27.6 23 23.3–32 Mean 24 N/A N/A 24
18–60 31 35 23 Lower 27 33.9 22/26 29.8–34.3 35 27 N/A N/A 27
3–15 9.7 8 5.8 b7 11.6 12 N/A 14.9–6.2 b8 6.4 Similar 9 8
3–15 9.9 8 5.7 b7 10.8 10 N/A 13.3–5.6 b8 6.3 Similar 10 9
Any bone Any bone Femur, tibia and pelvis Any bone Any bone Any bone Femur Tibia Pelvis Femur Femur Any bone Femur (17) Tibia (27) Pelvis (7) Any bone Any bone
Any bone Any bone Femur, tibia and pelvis Any bone Any bone Any bone Femur Tibia Pelvis Femur Femur Any bone Femur (10) Tibia (36) Pelvis (3) Any bone Any bone
N/A 4 N/A 3.8 N/A 3.3 N/A N/A 3.2–4.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A 3.9 N/A 3.4 N/A 3.1 N/A N/A 3.8–4.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A 2,9 N/A 2.9 N/A 3.0 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A 2.6 N/A 2.4 N/A 2.9 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A = not available; EFF = early fracture fixation; LFF = late fracture fixation; ISS = Injury Severity Score; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; AIS = Abbreviated Injury Score.
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
Y. Zhang et al. / American Journal of Emergency Medicine xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
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Fig. 2. Risk of bias graph.
fracture fixation groups. The outcome measures comprised of the overall length of hospital stay, blood loss intraoperative blood infusion. Infusing crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxia, ICU days, hospital days, any complications of treatment and mortality rates were considered. The methodological quality of study was evaluated in seven domains, including sequence generation, allocation concealment, participants' blinding, assessors' blinding, incomplete data, selective reporting and other bias. Each included study could be considered as unclear, low risk or high risk of bias for each domain on the ground of Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0. 2.4. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using the procedure Review Manager Software 5.3. For dichotomous outcomes, odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI (confidence interval) were calculated to estimate a pooled average difference between EFF with LFF; WMD (weighted mean differences) and 95% CI were calculated for continuous outcomes. Statistical heterogeneity was quantitatively evaluated by Chisquare test with the significance set P b 0.10 or I2 N 50%. The data were presented in the form of Forest plots. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot. 3. Results 3.1. Literature search The retrieval strategy is displayed in Fig. 1. Totally, 24 potentially eligible citations were searched online. After removing duplicate, browsing title and abstract and reviewing full text, 14 papers met the inclusion and exclusion criteria [2,12,13,15-17,20,24,26,29,30,32,34,35]. Among all the participants of 14 papers, the outcomes for a total of 2941 patients were described, of which 1224 patients were treated with EFF and 1717 patients with LFF. The detailed characteristics of the studies are listed in Table 1. All 14 were designed as retrospective case reviews of hospital admissions. None used randomization. Two papers were written by neurosurgical units [17,20], two were by orthopedic units [13,26], and three by surgical units [15,16,32]. The remainder included collaboration of all the specialities mentioned above. No other apparent bias was found among the included studies. Figs. 2 and 3 show the risk of bias summary. 3.2. Results of the meta-analysis
Fig. 3. Risk of bias summary (+ indicates a low risk of bias, − indicates a high risk of bias? indicates unclear or unknown risk of bias).
Three trials reported the details of blood loss. Pooled results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in blood loss compared with LFF, with WMD = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.41; P b 0.00001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.40) (Fig. 4).
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
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Fig. 4. Forest plot of comparison: blood loss (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Four trials reported the details of intraoperative blood infusion. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in intraoperative blood infusion compared with LFF, with WMD = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.15; P b 0.00001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 48%, P = 0.10) (Fig. 5). Four trials reported the details of infusing intraoperative crystalloid. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in infusing intraoperative Crystalloid, with WMD = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.68; P b 0.00001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 21%, P = 0.28) (Fig. 6). Four trials reported the details of intraoperative hypotension. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in intraoperative hypotension, with OR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.15; P b 0.1, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 43%, P = 0.14) (Fig. 7). Four trials reported the details of intraoperative hypoxia. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in intraoperative hypoxia, with OR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.05; P = 0.03, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 42%, P = 0.16) (Fig. 8). Four trials reported the details of length of surgery. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in length of surgery,
with WMD = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.25; P b 0.00001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.61) (Fig. 9). Six studies of 354 patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries reported the ICU days and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF, with WMD = −1.37 95% CI -3.15 to 0.41, P = 0.13, with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 79%, P = 0.0003) (Fig. 10). Five studies reported the hospital days and the results showed that and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF, with WMD = −2.23, 95% CI-5.15 to 0.70, P = 0.14, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.43) (Fig. 11). Six studies reported the neurologic complications and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF, with OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.35, P = 0.34, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 30%, P = 0.21) (Fig. 12). Seven studies reported the non-neurologic complications and showed EFF was related to a greater increase in non-neurologic complications, with OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.98; P = 0.04, without significant heterogeneity (I 2 = 30%, P = 0.21) (Fig. 13).
Fig. 5. Forest plot of comparison: intraoperative blood infusion (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 6. Forest plot of comparison: infusing intraoperative Crystalloid (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 7. Forest plot of comparison: intraoperative hypotension (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
Y. Zhang et al. / American Journal of Emergency Medicine xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
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Fig. 8. Forest plot of comparison: intraoperative hypoxia (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 9. Forest plot of comparison: length of surgery (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 10. Forest plot of comparison: ICU days (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 11. Forest plot of comparison: hospital days (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Eleven studies reported the mortality and showed EFF was related to a greater increase in mortality, with OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.73; P b 0.0001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.81) (Fig. 14). Seven studies reported the GCS on discharge scores and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF, with WMD = −0.03, 95% CI -0.50 to 0.44, P = 0.91, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.50) (Fig. 15).
4. Discussion Early fracture fixation reduces the noxious stimuli from the fracture site [14]. This is advocated to have a positive effect on the patient's metabolism, muscle tone, body temperature, and thereby cerebral function [18].Furthermore, unstabilized fractures lead to deterioration of the general status of the patient by means of greater soft tissue damage
Fig. 12. Forest plot of comparison: neurologic complications (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
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Fig. 13. Forest plot of comparison: non-neurologic complications (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
and greater risk for fat embolism, and making nursing care less efficient [19]. These can lead to respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary complications [21] and add to the length of hospital stay [18]. Other authors [22-24] reported that a period of observation after the acute phase of head injury (usually 7 to 10 days) was necessary before operating fracture fixation and could be considered a justifiable surgical risk, and the risks associated with anesthesia, blood loss and other influence factors are minimized and that this was the safest period for internal fixation of fractures [25-28]. The most important finding of the meta-analysis was that compared with EFF, LFF in patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries could prevent incidence of mortality and non-neurologic complications and improve clinical outcome in blood loss, intraoperative blood infusion, crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxia and length of surgery. LFF was a safe procedure with no significant complications and was highly recommended in patients with severe head and
orthopedic injuries to reduce the incidence of perioperative and postoperative complications. A number of studies about the relationship between EFF, LFF, perioperative, postoperative complications has been published. The commonest time limit for EFF was 24 h [21-24,29]. However, Townsend et al. [30] subdivided their patient group into those operated on in 0 to 2 h, 2 to 12 h, and 12 to 24 h. Bone et al. [2] chose 48 h as the upper limit of the EFF group. It is of note that in two of the studies time limits are not clearly reported [25,26]. During fracture fixation, a risk period for blood loss, intraoperative blood infusion, crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxemia, length of surgery, and this will be detrimental to cerebral perfusion and would be an additional insult to the already injured brain, thus outweighing the benefits of EFF and increased incidence of mortality. But both EFF and LFF were well perfused and oxygenated, and there was a similar incidence of intraoperative neurologic complications.
Fig. 14. Forest plot of comparison: mortality (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 15. Forest plot of comparison: GCS on discharge scores (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
Y. Zhang et al. / American Journal of Emergency Medicine xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
This was achieved by a significant increase in crystalloid and blood infusion in EFF and end organ monitoring of pressure and perfusion [31-33]. These findings suggest that patients undergoing EFF with head injury mandate a management scheme that takes into account blood loss, organ perfusion, pressure and intravascular fluid status to meet specific cerebral organs. Furthermore, patients with combined severe head and orthopedic injuries will require length of surgery during early fracture fixation. Also traumatic brain injury is classified as either primary or secondary [34]. Primary injury occurs at the time of the accident whereas secondary injury occurs subsequently and is the result of other factors [35]. Head injury is evaluated clinically by the Glasgow Coma Score, which is also predictive of the Variations in the timing of surgery. This study reported the GCS on discharge scores and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF. Therefore the basic tenet of monitoring cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and maintaining intravascular fluid status should be continued throughout perioperative, postoperative course [34,35]. Velmahos et al. [32] report a 30% total incidence of pulmonary complications (pneumonia was the commonest followed by ARDS) but found no difference between EFF and LFF. An incidence of 57.7% for the late and 42.2% for the early fixation groups was found by Poole et al. [24] (pneumonia was again the commonest complication but there was no statistical difference). Starr et al. [29] found a 45 times higher risk of pulmonary complications with delays in fracture fixation (the delayed fixation was a stronger predictor of pulmonary complications than chest injury). During the advancements in surgical instruments and techniques in combination with the progress in perioperative and postoperative critical care has allowed surgeons to repair fractures early. The presumed benefit relied on prevention of respiratory complications due to early mobilization and more effective pulmonary toilet and nursing care. The timing of fixation is still under debate for patients with severe associated injuries and head trauma in particular. Although intraoperative crystalloid and blood transfusion requirements were increased in the EFF, the intraoperative volume of fluid and overall volume of blood administered during the entire hospital stay was not different. There was no difference in outcome variables between the two groups in ICU days, hospital days, neurologic complications and GCS on discharge were essentially the same between the two groups. This is a systemic study to report the serious effect of timing of fixation and perioperative and postoperative complications of early fracture fixation and late fracture fixation for patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries. The most important finding was the clear difference about complications between EFF and LFF. The patients of EFF showed more complications in blood loss, intraoperative blood infusion, crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxemia, length of surgery and mortality than the LFF patients. Also it appears reasonable that the patient with LFF at least benefits from a thorough analysis of existing comorbidity and optimization of his or her medical condition, and further higher-quality multicenter prospective studies with good design, large number of participants and long-term follow-up RCTs are necessary to confirm on this topic.
Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical review committee statement The study was approved by the institutional review board of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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A statement of the location The work was performed in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital.
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
American Journal of Emergency Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ajem
Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries Yuan Zhang, Ph.D. a, Kai Sun, M.D. b, Yuling Wang, M.D. a, Yafei Qin, M.D. a, Hui Li, Ph.D. a,⁎ a b
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, An Shan Road No.154, Heping District, Tianjin 300192, China Tianjin First Center Hospital, Fukang Road No. 24, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 11 December 2017 Received in revised form 27 December 2017 Accepted 28 December 2017 Available online xxxx Keywords: Head injury Early fracture fixation Late fracture fixation Perioperative Postoperative
a b s t r a c t Background: Patients suffered from craniocerebral trauma with extermities fracture is one of the most common multiple injuries.Actually there is no comparative study demonstrating advantages of early or delayed treatment of skeletal injuries. Purposes: To conduct a meta-analysis with studies published in full text to demonstrate database to show the associations of perioperative, postoperative outcomes of early fracture fixation(EFF) and late fracture fixation(LFF) for patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries to provide the predictive diagnosis for clinic. Patients and methods: Literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for information from the earliest date of data collection to October 2017. Studies comparing the perioperative, postoperative outcomes of EFF with those of LFF patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries were included. Statistical heterogeneity was quantitatively evaluated by ×2 test with the significance set P b 0.10 or I2 N 50%. Results: Thirteen papers consisting of 2941 patients were included (1224EFF patients; 1717 LFF patients). The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in blood loss, intraoperative blood infusion, crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxia, length of surgery, non-neurologic complications and mortality(P b 0.1). No differences in ICU days, hospital days, neurologic complications and GCS on discharge scores (P N 0.1). Conclusions: Compared with LFF patients, EFF patients demonstrated an increased risk of perioperative and postoperative complications and clear difference about complications between EFF and LFF about patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries. Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. © 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc.
1. Introduction Patients suffered from craniocerebral trauma with extermities fracture is one of the most common multiple injuries. A number of studies in orthopedic and neurosurgery literature have supported surgical fixation management of the patient with severe head [1-4]. This early fracture fixation has been shown to improve fracture outcome, and reduce perioperative, postoperative complications [5,6]. Recently, the reputed benefits of early fracture fixation have been challenged, study suggested for the first time that early operative stabilization may be deleterious in such patients [7-8]. Treatment and protection of the central nervous system is a priority in patients with a significant intracranial trauma. Secondary brain injury may exacerbate underlying head trauma and lead to further morbidity and disability (perioperative and neurologic outcome) [9-11]. Actually there is no comparative study demonstrating advantages of early or delayed treatment of skeletal injuries. Furthermore, the influence of early or delayed treatment in perioperative, postoperative ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Li).
outcomes of EFF and LFF for patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries is not established. Consequently, it is necessary to perform a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis that consists of all the studies to address the question of whether early fracture fixation is safe for patients with severe head injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between EFF,LFF, perioperative and postoperative outcomes.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Literature and search strategy Two different reviewers independently searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library for information from databases inception to October 2017. The following related terms were searched: early fracture fixation; late fracture fixation; patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries; head trauma, intracranial trauma, brain injuries, fractures, fracture fixation, timing; Meta-analysis. Searching strategy was constructed by combining the above terms with “AND” or “OR”. No restrictions were imposed
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Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
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Fig. 1. a. Flow chart illustrating the literature search.
on the language of studies. We had also screened reference lists of retrieved articles, so that relevant studies were not missed. 2.2. Study selection criteria Two different reviewers independently assessed the retrieved articles to determine whether they met the inclusion criteria. In case of disagreements, a third reviewer was involved in the discussion until a consensus was reached. The criteria for inclusion of papers selected for detailed review included the presence of a head injury, the presence of polytrauma, timing of stabilization of the skeleton, neurological assessment of patients, and English language. Exclusion criteria included: case-control studies, animal studies, cadaver studies, single case reports, comments, letters, editorials, protocols, guidelines, publications based on surgical registries, and review papers; for a clinical study, inclusion of fewer than 10 patients. The patients were divided in the early fracture fixation (EEF) group when fixation took place within 24 h of admission and the late fixation
(LEF) group when fixation was performed later. We analyzed the study type (randomized controlled trial, retrospective review, cohort studies) and treatment methods described. The sample size in each study was extracted from the information available. Injury severity indicators as available were identified and analyzed. These included the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Abbreviated Injury Scores (AIS) for the head and orthopedic injuries, and the overall Injury Severity Score (ISS). Any complications of treatment, the overall length of hospital stay, blood loss intraoperative blood infusion. Infusing intraoperative Crystalloid intraoperative hypotension. Intraoperative hypoxia ICU days, GCS on discharge, hospital days and mortality rates were considered. 2.3. Data extraction and quality assessment Two different reviewers independently performed data extraction and methodological quality assessment. Data extracted from the included studies consisted of authors, publication date, study design, number of patients, and outcome data in both early fracture fixation and late
Table 1 Summary of the characteristics of the included studies References
Bone 1994 Kalb 1998 Martens 1988 Velmahos 1998 Hofman 1991 Jaicks 1997 Poole 1992 Riemer 1993 Starr 1998 Townsend 1998 Xin Jiang 2014 Kotwica 1990 Huangyuan 1999 Yiping 2002
Patients
ISS
GCS
Fractures stabilized
AIS head
AIS orthopedic
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
EFF
LFF
676 84 13 22 15 19 46 160 14 49 21 51 31 23
906 39 9 25 43 14 26 447 18 12 15 49 76 38
18–60 33 37 25 Higher 24 27.6 23 23.3–32 Mean 24 N/A N/A 24
18–60 31 35 23 Lower 27 33.9 22/26 29.8–34.3 35 27 N/A N/A 27
3–15 9.7 8 5.8 b7 11.6 12 N/A 14.9–6.2 b8 6.4 Similar 9 8
3–15 9.9 8 5.7 b7 10.8 10 N/A 13.3–5.6 b8 6.3 Similar 10 9
Any bone Any bone Femur, tibia and pelvis Any bone Any bone Any bone Femur Tibia Pelvis Femur Femur Any bone Femur (17) Tibia (27) Pelvis (7) Any bone Any bone
Any bone Any bone Femur, tibia and pelvis Any bone Any bone Any bone Femur Tibia Pelvis Femur Femur Any bone Femur (10) Tibia (36) Pelvis (3) Any bone Any bone
N/A 4 N/A 3.8 N/A 3.3 N/A N/A 3.2–4.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A 3.9 N/A 3.4 N/A 3.1 N/A N/A 3.8–4.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A 2,9 N/A 2.9 N/A 3.0 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A 2.6 N/A 2.4 N/A 2.9 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A = not available; EFF = early fracture fixation; LFF = late fracture fixation; ISS = Injury Severity Score; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; AIS = Abbreviated Injury Score.
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
Y. Zhang et al. / American Journal of Emergency Medicine xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
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Fig. 2. Risk of bias graph.
fracture fixation groups. The outcome measures comprised of the overall length of hospital stay, blood loss intraoperative blood infusion. Infusing crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxia, ICU days, hospital days, any complications of treatment and mortality rates were considered. The methodological quality of study was evaluated in seven domains, including sequence generation, allocation concealment, participants' blinding, assessors' blinding, incomplete data, selective reporting and other bias. Each included study could be considered as unclear, low risk or high risk of bias for each domain on the ground of Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0. 2.4. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using the procedure Review Manager Software 5.3. For dichotomous outcomes, odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI (confidence interval) were calculated to estimate a pooled average difference between EFF with LFF; WMD (weighted mean differences) and 95% CI were calculated for continuous outcomes. Statistical heterogeneity was quantitatively evaluated by Chisquare test with the significance set P b 0.10 or I2 N 50%. The data were presented in the form of Forest plots. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot. 3. Results 3.1. Literature search The retrieval strategy is displayed in Fig. 1. Totally, 24 potentially eligible citations were searched online. After removing duplicate, browsing title and abstract and reviewing full text, 14 papers met the inclusion and exclusion criteria [2,12,13,15-17,20,24,26,29,30,32,34,35]. Among all the participants of 14 papers, the outcomes for a total of 2941 patients were described, of which 1224 patients were treated with EFF and 1717 patients with LFF. The detailed characteristics of the studies are listed in Table 1. All 14 were designed as retrospective case reviews of hospital admissions. None used randomization. Two papers were written by neurosurgical units [17,20], two were by orthopedic units [13,26], and three by surgical units [15,16,32]. The remainder included collaboration of all the specialities mentioned above. No other apparent bias was found among the included studies. Figs. 2 and 3 show the risk of bias summary. 3.2. Results of the meta-analysis
Fig. 3. Risk of bias summary (+ indicates a low risk of bias, − indicates a high risk of bias? indicates unclear or unknown risk of bias).
Three trials reported the details of blood loss. Pooled results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in blood loss compared with LFF, with WMD = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.41; P b 0.00001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.40) (Fig. 4).
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
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Fig. 4. Forest plot of comparison: blood loss (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Four trials reported the details of intraoperative blood infusion. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in intraoperative blood infusion compared with LFF, with WMD = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.15; P b 0.00001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 48%, P = 0.10) (Fig. 5). Four trials reported the details of infusing intraoperative crystalloid. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in infusing intraoperative Crystalloid, with WMD = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.68; P b 0.00001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 21%, P = 0.28) (Fig. 6). Four trials reported the details of intraoperative hypotension. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in intraoperative hypotension, with OR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.15; P b 0.1, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 43%, P = 0.14) (Fig. 7). Four trials reported the details of intraoperative hypoxia. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in intraoperative hypoxia, with OR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.05; P = 0.03, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 42%, P = 0.16) (Fig. 8). Four trials reported the details of length of surgery. The results showed that EFF was related to a greater increase in length of surgery,
with WMD = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.25; P b 0.00001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.61) (Fig. 9). Six studies of 354 patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries reported the ICU days and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF, with WMD = −1.37 95% CI -3.15 to 0.41, P = 0.13, with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 79%, P = 0.0003) (Fig. 10). Five studies reported the hospital days and the results showed that and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF, with WMD = −2.23, 95% CI-5.15 to 0.70, P = 0.14, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.43) (Fig. 11). Six studies reported the neurologic complications and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF, with OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.35, P = 0.34, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 30%, P = 0.21) (Fig. 12). Seven studies reported the non-neurologic complications and showed EFF was related to a greater increase in non-neurologic complications, with OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.98; P = 0.04, without significant heterogeneity (I 2 = 30%, P = 0.21) (Fig. 13).
Fig. 5. Forest plot of comparison: intraoperative blood infusion (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 6. Forest plot of comparison: infusing intraoperative Crystalloid (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 7. Forest plot of comparison: intraoperative hypotension (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
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Fig. 8. Forest plot of comparison: intraoperative hypoxia (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 9. Forest plot of comparison: length of surgery (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 10. Forest plot of comparison: ICU days (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 11. Forest plot of comparison: hospital days (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Eleven studies reported the mortality and showed EFF was related to a greater increase in mortality, with OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.73; P b 0.0001, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.81) (Fig. 14). Seven studies reported the GCS on discharge scores and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF, with WMD = −0.03, 95% CI -0.50 to 0.44, P = 0.91, without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.50) (Fig. 15).
4. Discussion Early fracture fixation reduces the noxious stimuli from the fracture site [14]. This is advocated to have a positive effect on the patient's metabolism, muscle tone, body temperature, and thereby cerebral function [18].Furthermore, unstabilized fractures lead to deterioration of the general status of the patient by means of greater soft tissue damage
Fig. 12. Forest plot of comparison: neurologic complications (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
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Fig. 13. Forest plot of comparison: non-neurologic complications (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
and greater risk for fat embolism, and making nursing care less efficient [19]. These can lead to respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary complications [21] and add to the length of hospital stay [18]. Other authors [22-24] reported that a period of observation after the acute phase of head injury (usually 7 to 10 days) was necessary before operating fracture fixation and could be considered a justifiable surgical risk, and the risks associated with anesthesia, blood loss and other influence factors are minimized and that this was the safest period for internal fixation of fractures [25-28]. The most important finding of the meta-analysis was that compared with EFF, LFF in patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries could prevent incidence of mortality and non-neurologic complications and improve clinical outcome in blood loss, intraoperative blood infusion, crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxia and length of surgery. LFF was a safe procedure with no significant complications and was highly recommended in patients with severe head and
orthopedic injuries to reduce the incidence of perioperative and postoperative complications. A number of studies about the relationship between EFF, LFF, perioperative, postoperative complications has been published. The commonest time limit for EFF was 24 h [21-24,29]. However, Townsend et al. [30] subdivided their patient group into those operated on in 0 to 2 h, 2 to 12 h, and 12 to 24 h. Bone et al. [2] chose 48 h as the upper limit of the EFF group. It is of note that in two of the studies time limits are not clearly reported [25,26]. During fracture fixation, a risk period for blood loss, intraoperative blood infusion, crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxemia, length of surgery, and this will be detrimental to cerebral perfusion and would be an additional insult to the already injured brain, thus outweighing the benefits of EFF and increased incidence of mortality. But both EFF and LFF were well perfused and oxygenated, and there was a similar incidence of intraoperative neurologic complications.
Fig. 14. Forest plot of comparison: mortality (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Fig. 15. Forest plot of comparison: GCS on discharge scores (EFF; High LFF; CI confidence interval, df degrees of freedom).
Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067
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This was achieved by a significant increase in crystalloid and blood infusion in EFF and end organ monitoring of pressure and perfusion [31-33]. These findings suggest that patients undergoing EFF with head injury mandate a management scheme that takes into account blood loss, organ perfusion, pressure and intravascular fluid status to meet specific cerebral organs. Furthermore, patients with combined severe head and orthopedic injuries will require length of surgery during early fracture fixation. Also traumatic brain injury is classified as either primary or secondary [34]. Primary injury occurs at the time of the accident whereas secondary injury occurs subsequently and is the result of other factors [35]. Head injury is evaluated clinically by the Glasgow Coma Score, which is also predictive of the Variations in the timing of surgery. This study reported the GCS on discharge scores and showed no significant difference between EFF and LFF. Therefore the basic tenet of monitoring cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and maintaining intravascular fluid status should be continued throughout perioperative, postoperative course [34,35]. Velmahos et al. [32] report a 30% total incidence of pulmonary complications (pneumonia was the commonest followed by ARDS) but found no difference between EFF and LFF. An incidence of 57.7% for the late and 42.2% for the early fixation groups was found by Poole et al. [24] (pneumonia was again the commonest complication but there was no statistical difference). Starr et al. [29] found a 45 times higher risk of pulmonary complications with delays in fracture fixation (the delayed fixation was a stronger predictor of pulmonary complications than chest injury). During the advancements in surgical instruments and techniques in combination with the progress in perioperative and postoperative critical care has allowed surgeons to repair fractures early. The presumed benefit relied on prevention of respiratory complications due to early mobilization and more effective pulmonary toilet and nursing care. The timing of fixation is still under debate for patients with severe associated injuries and head trauma in particular. Although intraoperative crystalloid and blood transfusion requirements were increased in the EFF, the intraoperative volume of fluid and overall volume of blood administered during the entire hospital stay was not different. There was no difference in outcome variables between the two groups in ICU days, hospital days, neurologic complications and GCS on discharge were essentially the same between the two groups. This is a systemic study to report the serious effect of timing of fixation and perioperative and postoperative complications of early fracture fixation and late fracture fixation for patients with severe head and orthopedic injuries. The most important finding was the clear difference about complications between EFF and LFF. The patients of EFF showed more complications in blood loss, intraoperative blood infusion, crystalloid, hypotension, hypoxemia, length of surgery and mortality than the LFF patients. Also it appears reasonable that the patient with LFF at least benefits from a thorough analysis of existing comorbidity and optimization of his or her medical condition, and further higher-quality multicenter prospective studies with good design, large number of participants and long-term follow-up RCTs are necessary to confirm on this topic.
Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical review committee statement The study was approved by the institutional review board of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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A statement of the location The work was performed in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital.
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Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, et al, Early vs late fracture fixation in severe head and orthopedic injuries, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.067