ECCSEL – International Laboratory Infrastructure for CCS Research, Education and Innovation

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 7276 – 7294

GHGT-13

ECCSEL – International laboratory infrastructure for CCS research, education and innovation Sverre Qualea, Olav Bollanda*, Morten Grønlia , Volker Rohlinga a

The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

Abstract The transition to a carbon non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g. economically affordable. Fossil fuels, which are abundant, play an important role in this respect, provided that Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce significantly the emissions from energy intensive industries. Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform (ZEP) [3] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS (EERA-CCS) [4]. ECCSEL will provide funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation. This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities. As facilitator of world-class CCS research, ECCSEL will engage with the European research community and other knowledge providers, offering expertise, advanced laboratories and test sites. Thus, ECCSEL will help verify and validate conceptual studies and theories. Moreover, ECCSEL will facilitate fundamental and applied research leading eventually to commercial applications.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of GHGT. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GHGT-13. Keywords: CCS; ECCSEL; RI; Laboratories; Research Infrastructure; CO2; Carbon Capture; Carbon Storage; Carbon Transport

1

INTRODUCTION

Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) is an emerging technology of geopolitical importance. In order to meet the 2°C scenario of the IEA [1], CCS must be developed and deployed to become material within just one decade. In the recent roadmap, the IEA advises on how CCS should be applied in various regions throughout 2030 and 2050, emphasising the importance of employing CCS extensively in sectors of power generation and industry. In a European context, this means aggregated CO2 amounts of 1.8 Gt until 2030 and 12.2 Gt until 2050 need to be captured and stored, taking into account expected growing demands. According to the IEA, 40% of these emission cuts must take place in European industry. This represents an

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +47 73591604 E-mail address: [email protected]

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GHGT-13. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1859

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unprecedented challenge that calls for the highest political leverage to mobilise the required human and industrial capacities and financial resources. Immediate challenges of CCS are the high energy penalty and the higher cost of electricity (in the power sector) or additional cost in industry. Another concern is liability, as CO2 must be kept trapped for at least three thousand years in order to obviate climate change. Whereas CO2 capture is by far the costliest and most energy-intensive element of the CCS chain, the qualification and permitting of storage sites appear to constitute the critical path in terms of lead time for projects and for the deployment of CCS at large. These challenges and the corresponding need for research, innovation, technology development, testing and verification cannot be met by today’s individually-based research laboratories alone. For this reason ECCSEL [2] is being established/developed as a distributed pan-European Research Infrastructure, offering open access to the most advanced research laboratories devoted to CCS. This article describes the objectives of the European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure and the significant value that ECCSEL will add to CCS research in Europe. Extracted from the comprehensive project material of the preparatory and implementation phase (2011 – 2016). In this article, the term ECCSEL is to be interpreted as a partnership of European organisations aiming at entering into a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC).

2

VISION AND OBJECTIVES

ECCSEL shall establish, operate and provide access to a world-class distributed research infrastructure devoted to second and third generation CCS technologies in an efficient and structured way. ECCSEL is to be set up as a central hub responsible for the coordinated operation of several research facilities operating under a joint hallmark, ECCSEL ERIC with the following vision: Enabling low to zero CO2 emissions from industry and power generation. Subject to this vision, ECCSEL shall: x x

Facilitate development of CCS techniques compatible with the 2°C scenario Become the hallmark of experimental research pertaining to CO2 capture, transport and storage techniques (CCS)

ECCSEL shall coordinate the use of the research facilities in the distributed infrastructure and coordinate plans for their upgrade and new investments. ECCSEL shall assure the international open access to the infrastructure. ECCSEL shall furthermore, within its means and competence, support the owners of the research facilities in their endeavours to enhance the operations of their facilities and their endeavours to upgrade them and to create new facilities. ECCSEL shall achieve its principal task by pursuing a dual approach: 1) Consolidating, implementing, operating and developing distributed resources comprising existing and upgraded research facilities as well as new ones, 2) Facilitating superior experimental research on improved and new CCS techniques, envisaging commercial uptake by 2020-2030 and beyond 2030. Moreover, ECCSEL shall: x x x

Provide an inclusive environment enabling high-ranking engineers and scientists from Europe and third countries, to access state-of-the-art laboratories, Reserve 30% of the time available for accessing its research facilities for researchers from nations other than those involved in ECCSEL, selected on the basis of project descriptions and independent peer-review processes, Contribute to the mobility of ideas and researchers, thereby contributing to the intellectual potential, and sharing and making use of knowledge specific to CCS.

Consistent with the European Commission and the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI), ECCSEL shall, as a European Research Infrastructure, comprise facilities, resources or services of a unique nature that have been identified by pan-European scientific communities to conduct top-level research.

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ECCSEL shall make facilities required for conducting research in priority areas available for the international research community. By doing this ECCSEL will contribute to pushing the forefront of technological development beyond the current state-of-the-art, thereby accelerating the commercialisation and deployment of CCS. In this undertaking, ECCSEL shall address and nurture top-level research actions among scientists within the field of CCS and according to the priorities of ECCSEL. ECCSEL will establish an advanced inventory of unique research facilities and give the European CCS community (primarily), and non-European CCS communities access to these resources.

3

ECCSEL TIMELINE

ECCSEL’s history goes back to 2008 when it was put on the official Roadmap for European Research Infrastructures (ESFRI). After submitting the preparatory phase documentation according to plan, ECCSEL is now in the implementation phase, intending to become a legal entity as a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), approved by the European Commission.

Figure 1: ECCSEL Timeline Figure 1 shows the overall ECCSEL project plan with main events and corresponding funding sources/plans (Expressions: RCN – Research Council of Norway; PP1/2 - ECCSEL Preparatory Phase 1/2; Infadev-3 - Special Horizon 2020 program for Research Infrastructures; CLIMIT - CLIMIT is the Norwegian national programme that provides financial support for development of CCS technology - H2020 / FP7: EU’s EU Research and Innovation programme providing project funding).

4

ECCSEL FUNCTIONAL ORGANISATION

The overarching functional organisation structure is shown in Figure 2 and further described in this section.

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Figure 2: ECCSEL functional organisation structure There will be a single entry point for users/applicants through a central hub, called Operations Centre (OC), with centralised and common evaluation and access procedures. In addition to the ECCSEL Research Infrastructure Coordination Committee (RICC) with national node members representing the facility operators, Advisory Committees/Boards will be established according to requirements in the ECCSEL ERIC Statutes and needs defined by the Consortium. 4.1

Research Facility Agreements

The OC, being the central hub of ECCSEL, will have a number of agreements and contracts with other legal entities. Two different standard model access agreements have been prepared: x x

4.2

Binding access agreement between ECCSEL OC and each owner/operator of research facilities which are included in the ECCSEL RI, one part being similar for everyone plus another individual part for local adaptions within the overall ECCSEL access policy. Access agreement between the facility operator and the user/researcher, with the objective of securing an access policy related to the access of visiting researchers/students to the common research facilities. The policy contains a set of rules and guidelines for both facility owners and visiting researchers for the different types of research (contract research, basic research, education and training), including the minimum requirements regarding HSE and documentation of test facilities. National Nodes

The Operations Centre will be supported by national nodes in member countries where laboratories forming the pan-European ECCSEL infrastructure will be operative. National nodes are being involved in the formal processes between ECCSEL and the Research Institutions (advise and get informed), the main function of the node however is a strategic one and not the performing of daily operational functions of ECCSEL. National node, facilities and ECCSEL are connected in the RICC. Each partner country will establish the national node themselves. During ECCSEL Infradev-3 implementation project (2015 – 2017), nodes for all partner countries have been established. It is up to the partner countries to decide whether their nodes shall have any national coordinating functions, and if so, what they should be. Each National Node will nominate a National Coordinator as the contact person for the Operations Centre and a National Representative in the RICC. The main task of these nodes will be to: • • •

•

Facilitate and Coordinate the development of the national node’s research infrastructure (follow up national CCS RI initiatives and/or roadmaps) in accordance with ECCSEL principles, plans and recommendations Communicate and promote ECCSEL objectives towards national authorities/ministries and funding agencies as well as national plans and objectives towards ECCSEL. As member of the ECCSEL RI Coordination Committee (RICC), oversee the coordination of the implementation of strategies approved by the General Assembly, in particular the coherence and consistency across ECCSEL and collaboration between the Members. The node shall ensure that a Member speaks with one voice in the RICC, but is not formally part of the ECCSEL ERIC legal entity. Bringing in new facilities (from their respective countries). The OC and GA will decide, based on predefined criteria, whether they will be taken into the ECCSEL RI.

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4.3

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Research Infrastructure Coordination Committee

The task of the Research Infrastructure Coordination committee is to strengthen the cooperation between the facilities and their contributions to experimental research. This will be done by overseeing the implementation of ECCSEL strategies and plans, by contributing to them, and by proposing measures that can enhance the functioning of ECCSEL. The Research Infrastructure Coordination Committee has a support and advisory function and shall consist of Node representatives (1 per country) and the Director who chairs the Committee. Thus, the RICC will report directly to the ECCSEL Director, who again is responsible for presenting it’s views and recommendations to the General Assembly. One to two meetings a year are expected to take place. Occasionally these meetings could be combined with a workshop together with the ECCSEL Scientific Advisory Board / Industry reference group and/or facility owners. The role of the Research Infrastructure Coordination Committee is: 1) Ensure that the facilities are being used and modernised as planned (upgrades will be planned according to specific needs and positioning subject to scientific and technological considerations) and help with the coordination between the facilities. 2) Review the RI’s activities at each facility, give advice on implementation and recommend improvements and innovation. 3) Make requests and proposals to the ECCSEL ERIC in order to ensure consistency, coherence and stability of its RI’s services. 4) Being involved in harmonization activities and in definition of common standards for the technical operation of the existing facilities to support the Transnational Access Programme. 5) Ensure that proficiency is adhered to in all instances in order to advance the scientific frontiers beyond the state-of-theart. Each facility will report through the Operations Centre to the Coordination Committee about the operation, suggestions/plans for improvements and innovations. The Coordination Committee will together with the OC develop assessment criteria and KPIs for evaluation of the performance of the facilities and its management. Based on the KPIs, suggestions about required corrective actions to improve performance will be proposed by the Coordination Committee to support the relevant facility owners. The Coordination Committee will keep the overview of the development of ECCSEL RI and align this with the strategic plans of ECCSEL and prioritization of upgrading and construction of new facilities. 4.4

ECCSEL Scientific Advisory Board (SAB)

The Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) is a permanent Committee that reports to the General Assembly (GA). Its main task is to provide input to the General Assembly through (solicited and unsolicited) advice on the scientific quality of the services offered by ECCSEL ERIC, the organisation´s scientific policies, procedures and future plans. The Director shall consult with the Scientific Advisory Board at least once a year on those issues. The Scientific Advisory Board shall annually submit a written report to the General Assembly, through the Director, on its activities. The Director shall pass the report on to the General Assembly together with the Director´s comments and possible recommendations. At its annual meeting, the SAB prepares an opinion to be presented to the General Assembly. The General Assembly shall appoint an independent Scientific Advisory Board of up to six eminent, independent and experienced scientists coming from countries worldwide. The appointment of the Scientific Advisory Board shall be based on suggestions from the Director, who shall seek advice from the Industry and from the Research Infrastructure Coordination Committee. The term of office of the Members of the Board is three years (re-electable once).

The General Assembly appoints a chair and a vice chair for the SAB. The SAB meets as often as deemed necessary by the chair, normally once per year.

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ECCSEL OPERATIONS CENTRE

Whereas the operations of the research laboratories and facilities will be decentralised, a joint superstructure – the ECCSEL Operations Centre – will form the hub of the distributed facilities and resources. The Operations Centre will become the statutory seat of the legal entity of ECCSEL and it will be responsible for coordinating the overall actions within the distributed research infrastructure. The authority is vested in the ECCSEL Operations Centre, which will duly report to and take directions from the Board of Directors. 5.1

Mandate, responsibilities, duties and sanctions of the Operations Centre

The Operations Centre shall have the responsibility to coordinate the infrastructure at the European level. The Operations Centre shall also ensure that the planning processes are consistent with the scientific and technological objectives of ECCSEL. Moreover, the Operations Centre shall coordinate and facilitate the required extension of the research infrastructure in support of the scientific and technological objectives of ECCSEL. The Operations Centre shall pay efforts to the general identity of ECCSEL, thus securing that ECCSEL, as a distributed research infrastructure, will operate as a strong and productive actor both at the European level and globally. Moreover, the Operations Centre will facilitate outreach, training and mobility for its members, users and internal operators. The Operations Centre will be directed by the ECCSEL Executive Director who will be responsible for the required support, preparation and follow-up actions in meetings to be held by the General Assembly, the Board of Directors and advisory committees. In order to undertake these purposes efficiently, the Operations Centre will have to employ sufficient staff. 5.2

Formal structure

The functional organisational structure of the ECCSEL Operations Centre is shown in Figure 3, which identifies the overall duties and tasks to be managed by the Operations Centre. The General Assembly will appoint the Director who is responsible for the day-to-day management of ECCSEL. As appropriate, the structure and size of the Operations Centre will adapt to the current needs of ECCSEL.

Figure 3: ECCSEL Operations Centre functional organisation 5.3

Location of the Operations Centre

The Operations Centre will be hosted by Norway, located at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology campus in Trondheim. The human resources and employment policies of the Operations Centre will follow the legislation of the host country.

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6

INVENTORY OF ECCSEL INFRASTRUCTURE

Remaining at the forefront of research and technological development of CCS, implies complex and costly laboratories, test sites and pilots. In this respect, ECCSEL is considering investments and possible funding schemes to provide research facilities either by i) cost sharing or ii) coordination of investments by ECCSEL members to avoid unnecessary duplication. By strengthening the development of viable CCS concepts and closer integration and leveraging of national efforts, ECCSEL will bring expertise and advanced research facilities together efficiently in the interests of European and national CCS communities. In the planning of ECCSEL, gap analyses were performed and CCS technologies were reviewed to underpin and illustrate the experimental setup. Over the first 10 years, investments in the range €80-120 million may be required for upgrading pre-existing laboratories and for setting up entirely new research facilities to meet specific needs and close identified knowledge gaps. These investments will be further substantiated and prioritised before approval by the members of the ECCSEL ERIC. ECCSEL will place its distributed resources into a common pool as follows: 1) Making use of existing facilities without modification (CAT-1) 2) Modifying (upgrading) existing facilities (CAT-2) 3) Planning and building entirely new advanced facilities (CAT-3) It should be emphasised that priorities may change as a result of future development and strategic decisions by the ECCSEL ERIC members. Facilities need to be planned in detail before investments approved by the General Assembly are referred to the ECCSEL members for financial decision. In order to submit a request to invest, the following should be justified: The need for the research facility, its objectives, conceptual design studies (detailed level), timeline, uniqueness (state-of-the-art), relevance, reference to possible competing facilities (within or outside Europe, if any), detailed cost estimate, location and any other relevant characteristics of each case. 6.1

Existing research facilities

CAT-1 facilities will be made available for ECCSEL, and be operated by the existing responsible national institutions. In principle, these research facilities will not need significant investment at the point of entry. Some CAT-2 facilities will be finalised and made available from the time ECCSEL ERIC is foreseen to be operative. All of them considered for inclusion according to the following selection criteria: x x x x x

Uniqueness and relevance Innovation potential Future capabilities User accessibility Possible duplication and/or competing facilities

Ownership of existing and upgraded facilities with related tangible and intangible assets will remain with their respective host institutions. This is also foreseen to be the case for new advanced research facilities to be constructed, however with an option for joint (ECCSEL ERIC) ownership as considered appropriate by the Consortium. Process & Criteria for including research facilities x x

The nodes will be responsible for bringing in new facilities (from their respective countries). There will be communication between the national node and the national GA representative (acceptance) before submitting a facility to the Research Infrastructure Coordination Committee for initial assessment x The assessment with recommendation related to the prioritised facilities will be presented to the ECCSEL Director x The OC and GA will then decide, based on predefined criteria, whether the facility will be taken into the RI. x

In order to submit a request to include a facility the following should be considered: 9 Need for the research facility (capacity / research gaps identified)

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9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Uniqueness (state-of-the-art) vs. complementarity Relevance (scientific) & design (Potential for technical innovations i.e. moving the CCS technology frontier) Objectives of the facility (& current / future focus of ECCSEL) Availability / Capacity Facility part of national CCS infrastructure plan (& future investment willingness) Reference to possible competing facilities (within or outside Europe, if any) Location and other relevant characteristics typical for each case

Figure 4: Institutes and universities with facilities forming the initial ECCSEL RI Close to 70 facilities that are expected to be part of the ECCSEL ERIC RI from the start, are listed in table 1. Table 1: Proposed Research facilities forming the ECCSEL ERIC RI from the start Co unͲ try

NO

InstiͲ tution

7283

CCS Research Category

ShortName

Capture

MEML

Capture

ABSL

NTNU

LongName Membranelaboratoriesinclude: MEMͲFABFacilitiestofabricatepolymerͲbasedmembranes x x MEMͲPERM Facilities to test membrane gas permeation performance x Extension of polymer membrane lab (Task 2.3 NORWAY CCS RI Phase1) Absorptionlaboratoriesinclude: ABSKINAbsorptionKineticStudies x x ABSDEGSolventdegradationlaboratory

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x x

NL

TNO

BGS/ NERC

UK UKCCS Research CentreͲ PACT

NO

ES

PL

Capture

MiniPlant

ABSEQThermodynamicstudiespackage Extension of lab scale absorption equipment (Task 2.1 NORWAY CCSRIPhase1) x Extensionofabsorptionpilot(Task2.2NORWAYCCSRIPhase1) MiniPlantforsolventpreparation&testing

Capture

Qscan

QSCANsolventteststreet

Capture

CLC

CLCfixedbedfacility

Capture

HighͲPabs&des

Highpressureabsorptionanddesorptionpilot

Capture

C2

TNOMaasvlaktepilotplant

Storage



MobileSeismicArray

Capture

C1

TNOGasTreatmentlaboratory

Storage

TPRL

TRANSPORTPROPERTIESRESEARCHLABORATORY

Storage

RMPL

RockMechanicsandPhysicsLaboratory

Storage

HTL

HYDROTHERMALLABORATORY

Storage

GasMon

NEARSURFACEGASMONITORINGFACILITY

Storage

S18

BGSAnalyticalGeochemistryFacility

Storage

S16

BGSGeomicrobiologyLaboratory

Capture



PACT25kWAirͲOxyCombustionPlant(25kWPFrig)

Capture



PACT250kWAirCombustionPlant(ACP)

Capture

PC17

PACT250kWOxyfuelCombustionPlant(OCP)

Capture



PACTGasMixingFacility(GMF)

Capture



PACTGasTurbine(GT)

Capture

PC19

Capture

SINTEFS/CHLab

Capture

SINTEFPPLab

Capture

SINTEFMlab

Capture

SINTEFSDR

Capture

SINTEFTiller Pilot

Transport

Giskås

Pipelinecrackarresttest

Storage

PISCO2

PilotforInjectioninSoilswithCO2

Transport

TransportRig

Storage

HontominTDP

TransportTestRigates.CO2TechnologyDevelopmentCentreforCO2 Capture TechnologyDevelopmentPlant)forCO2Storage

Capture

C41

TechnologyDevelopmentCenter:PlantforCO2Capture(es.CO2)

Storage

PETROͲLab

Toolstoassesslithology,mineralogyandelementalaswellisotopic

SINTEF (MC)

CIUDEN

PGIͲNRI

PACTSolventͲbasedCarbonCapturePlant(SCCP) SorbentlaboratoriesSLabforCCSincludes: x Highthroughputpreparationandtestinglaboratoryformaterialsin CCSrelatedtechnologies(C30ͲM) x SorbentbasedandChemicalloopinglaboratories(CY4ͲH) x Sulphurlaboratoryformaterialandcomponenttesting(C37ͲH–see below) x ExtensionofsolidsorbentlabCY4(Task2.5NORWAYCCSRIPhase 1) x CHLab:InsitucharacterizationofsolidmaterialsforCCS PowderprocessinglaboratoriesforCCSincludes: x Pellet/particleformulationofsolids(C26ͲM) MembranelaboratoriesforCCSincludes: x CeramicͲandmetallicbasedmembraneslaboratoriesforH2,O2and CO2separation(CY3ͲH) x Sulphurlaboratoryformaterialandcomponenttesting(C37ͲH–see above) x Extension of high temperature membrane lab (Task 2.4 NORWAY CCSRIPhase1) SolventDegradationRig TillerPilotPlantͲTillerPostCombustionLabpilot(C36)

Sverre Quale et al. / Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 7276 – 7294 compositionofrocksamples

IT

NO

GR

OGS

SINTEF ENERGY RESEARCH

CERTH

Storage

GEOPHͲLab

Storage

DeepLab

Storage

Aircraft

Storage

BioMarineLab

ToolsformonitoringofshallowsubsurfaceaswellasgroundwaterͲsoil system DeepLabSeaFloorLandersformeteooceanographicphysicaland geochemicaldatacollection ResearchaircraftequippedwithhighͲtechremotesensinginstruments Ecologicallaboratoryformesocosmexperiments

Storage

PanareaNatLab

PanareaNaturalLaboratory LateraNaturallaboratory

Storage

LateraNatLabͲ Newbuiltoper. end2016

Capture

CLCHotRig

Capture

COMBLAB

Capture

BIOLAB

Capture

SEPPIL

Transport

CO2Mix–VLE

Transport

DEPRESS

Transport

VISCͲDENS CERTHCLC

Storage

CERTHStorage facilities

CO2Storagefacilities COHYGEN(CoaltoHydrogenGeneration)pilotplant Carbontonewfuelspilotplant(CO2recovery)

Capture

COHYGEN Newbuiltoper. 3/2016 Newbuiltoper. 12/2016 Newbuiltoper. 6/2016 Newbuiltoper. 2/2016 ETHͲBAL

Capture

ETHͲPSA

TwocolumnlabPSAsetup

Capture

ETHMinͲCarb

Mineralcarbonation:fluegasmineralizationunit

Capture SOTAͲ CARBO

Capture Capture Storage

CH

PL

ETH Zürich

GIG

NO

BRGM

Photoelectrochemicalreductionlaboratory(CO2recovery) Advancedautomaticuniaxialandtriaxialtestlaboratory(rocktesting) AdsorptionEquilibriumMeasurementBalance

Storage

ETHConfͲPerm

Highpressurehydrostaticflowcell

GIGͲHPTGA

Highpressurethermogravimetricanalyzer

Capture

GIGͲFBR

Fixedbedreactor

Capture

GIGͲMBR

PilotͲscalemovingbedreactor

Storage

SINTEFPR– SCAL

CoreFlood(SCAL)laboratory

Storage Storage Storage

FR

CO2capturelaboratory

Capture

Storage SINTEF PETROͲ LEUM

CombustionLabFacility(C15) HighpressureOxyͲFuelCombustionFacilityͲHIPROX HighpressureOxyͲGasTurbine(Task2.6NORWAYCCSRIPhase1) Torrefaction Reactor (C21 Ͳ production of torrefied biomass at controlledconditions) x Multifuelreactorsetup(C22) Lowtemperatureseparationpilot(C9fromNORWAYCCSRIPhase2)Ͳ Newbuiltoper.2017 FacilityforaccuratephaseequilibriummeasurementsofCO2Ͳrich mixtures Depressurizationfacility(Task2.7NORWAYCCSRIPhase1)ͲNewbuilt oper.2017 Viscosityanddensityapparatus(Task2.8NORWAYCCSRIPhase1)Ͳ Newbuiltoper.2017 ChemicalLoopingCombustionfacility

Capture

Capture

IT

ChemicalLoopingCombustionRig x x x x

Storage

SINTEFPR–pVT

Fluid(pVT)laboratory

SINTEFPRͲ RESLab SINTEFPRͲ WILab SINTEFPRͲ FPLab

SINTEFͲNTNUReservoirlaboratory,includingμͲCT

BIOREP

SINTEFͲNTNUWellIntegritylaboratory SINTEFFormationPhysicslaboratory Monitoringofmicrobiologicalandgeochemicalprocessesinhigh pressureanddynamicconditions

7285

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Andra

Storage



LSͲAndraͲMeuse/HauteͲMarneUndergroundLaboratory

INERIS

Storage



CatenoySiteinOise

CNRS

Storage



LSBBͲLowͲNoiseUndergroundLaboratory

EDF

Capture



CO2CapturePilot

INERIS

Capture



CO2Transportresearch:MontlaVilleSiteinOise

Historical investments/value of existing facilities expected to be part of ECCSEL RI, are difficult to quantify. Upgrades of NTNU/SINTEF ECCSEL labs only, the last 5 years, are in the range of €35-40 million, whilst the investments in TCM Mongstad and CIUDEN Ponferrada facilities alone adds up to almost €1 billion. As ECCSEL expects to start up with around 4060 facilities, the total historical investment in ECCSEL Research Infrastructure will be at least €1billion, excluding TCM Mongstad. 6.2

Upgrades of existing research facilities and construction of new ones

For the initial phase (begins 2016), some key facilities will be upgraded in order to comply with the requirements of ECCSEL. Investments in the range of €32-43 million have been estimated the first 10 years for upgrading the highest prioritized facilities related to CO2 capture techniques, transport and storage. The landscape was mapped in 2013/2014 and will be constantly updated in order to consider emerging, potentially, valuable new components of ECCSEL. New advanced CCS facilities (unique laboratories, pilots or test sites) will also be planned for inclusion in ECCSEL. Research facilities outside Europe will be considered, if it is justified that their involvement will add value through synergy. Hence, the planning, construction and operation of new facilities will be based on commercial as well as technological and scientific criteria, and in accordance with current European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) thinking. By 2025 ECCSEL will need further investments in the range of €52-81 million to set up entirely new research facilities. Beyond the initial phase (3-5 years), ECCSEL will solicit joint funding for these investments, most likely owned and operated by national institutions, but with an opening for ECCSEL ERIC ownership as considered appropriate/beneficial by the Consortium. A potential joint ownership is not described any further at this stage, since it is the ECCSEL ERIC General Assembly that may see a need for and come up with a model for such an investment in the future. General funding mechanisms are further described in section 8. Table 2: Highly prioritised upgrades and new facilities the first 10 years

Item

1

2

3

4 5

Plans for upgraded and new capture facilities Experimental facility for development and testing of H2-rich fuels in gas turbine burners and combustor systems, as well as testing of systems with CO2 enrichment, oxy-combustion, or enriched air combustion. Oxy-combustion industrial pilot scale; enabled for various solids fuels. Upgrading for operation periods >1000h. Modifications of existing pilot plant for testing and verification of conceptual capture techniques using solvents with flexible combustion system in order to enable a broad range of fuels, and to also mimic industrial gases in systems using post and pre-combustion techniques. Facility for emission reducing technologies, solvent technology, Post and Pre-combustion, Reactor set up testing facility for low Temperature adsorption processes at realistic operating conditions, Post-

Priority

Category

Budgeted investment cost in million €

High

Upgrade existing

5-8

High

Upgrade existing

16-17

High

Upgrade existing

4.4

High High

Upgrade existing Upgrade existing

0.6 1-3

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6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

and Pre- combustion. Facility for preparation and testing of up-scaled polymeric and hybrid membranes Facilities for testing of lab scale inorganic membranes in realistic gas composition including H2S Semi pilot scale inorganic membrane fabrication Mobile unit (container size) for testing of CO2 capture from flue gases by absorption/desorption (§1000 m3/h) Facility for testing (pilot scale, 1-10 m2) of inorganic membranes and modules for oxy- and Pre-combustion applications Experimental facility (small pilot) suitable for CO2 purification of gas mixtures originating from oxy-combustion processes as well as CO2 / H2 separation, for pressures up to 110 bar and temperatures -70 Ԩ - +50Ԩ. The test rig should be highly instrumented to monitor the operation of heat exchangers and non-equilibria operations, and be built to handle the HSE requirements of H2. Aerosol counter measure development facility: demonstration of suitable countermeasures for aerosol formation during post-combustion capture at different scales. Lab pilot: special demisters, wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP), impactor. Pilot scale (real flue gas): wet electrostatic precipitator. High pressure combustion facility – NO Oxy-fuel turbine facility – NO Upgrade powder processing laboratory – NO High P Solvent degradation rig – NO Flexible Flue gas source for CO2 capture pilot facility – NO Lab Scale moving bed temperature swing adsorption – NO Low Temperature membranes for CO2 capture – NO High temperature membranes for CCS – NO Low temperature separation pilot – listed under CAT 1 due to completion early 2017 – NO Cryogenic distillation and flash separation columns - NO Integration of the existing COHYGEN plant with a new column for CO2 capture with liquid solvents – IT CO2-to-liquids pilot plant – IT Bench-scale plant foe CO2 separation by membranes – IT

High High High

Upgrade existing Upgrade existing Upgrade existing

0.8 0.5 0.5

High

New

3-5

High

New

3-4

High

New

3-4

High

New

2-3

Approved Approved Planned Planned Approved Approved Approved Approved Approved

New Upgrade Upgrade New Upgrade New New Upgrade

1.05 1.37 0.23 0.42 1.89 0.56 0.75 1.05

New

1.30

Partially Approved / Planned Under Construction Under Construction Under Construction

Upgrade Upgrade New New

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Item

1

2

3 4 5 6

Item

1

2

3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Plans for upgraded and new transport facilities

Industrial dynamic CO2 transport development Experimental facility to test various properties of CO2 and mixtures with CO2: phase behaviour including hydrate formation, liquid phase density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, speed of sound in liquid phase, surface tension, diffusion coefficients and heat capacity. Large span of temperature and pressure. COOTRANS Transport Loop,– currently in design stage – FR Combined site for testing of crack arrest and gas release from CO2 pipeline – NO High pressure phase equilibria apparatus – NO Test rig for solid phase low-temperature equilibria – NO

Plans for upgraded and new storage facilities A nature-based laboratory for assessing fracture controlled migration. Objective is to assess reservoir and caprock geomechanical responses at a small field scale. ÎMont Terri (Switzerland) is a possible candidate site. Storage pilots to investigate injection strategies to meet likely CO2 supplies in a range of storage types. ÎHontomin and Svalbard could be potential candidates. A pilot scale research facility for injection into a fracture to study migration and attenuation processes during migration through the overburden. Challenges could be site identification and permitting. ÎHontomin (Spain), Sulcis (Italy) and Svalbard (Norway) may be possible candidates. Facility to simulate leakage for developing models and integrated monitoring technologies for offshore storage. ÎNo storage site needed. Experimental Geochemistry – UK AUV-based atmospheric detection of CO2 - UK GeoEnergy Test Bed – UK Laterna Natural Lab- under development – listed under CAT 1 due to completion end 2016 – IT Geochemical High PT batch reaction facility- S36 – NL Storage pilots that allow research to be conducted on optimisation of injectivity – UK Fluid-flow tank facility – UK Instrumented reservoir labs – UK Test facilities for developing new subsurface inreservoir and in-overburden mitigation and remediation

Cat ego ry

Priority

Budgeted investment cost in million €

High

Upgrade existing

0.25

High

New

5-8

Planned Planned

New New

8.97

Approved Partially Approved / Planned

New New

1.27 0.84 0.63

Priority

Category

Budgeted investment cost in million €

High

Upgrade existing

3-5

High (main priority)

Upgrade existing

2-3

High

New or upgrade existing

3-8

High

New

3-8

Planned Planned Planned Under Construction Under Construction Planned

Upgrade Upgrade Upgrade Upgrade

Planned Planned Planned

New New New

Upgrade New

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technologies to control geologically-mediated migration – UK Caprock integrity facilities for in situ low-permeability monitoring and geomechanics testing and valuation downhole – UK Offshore leakage simulator – UK Facilities for downhole wellbore monitoring – UK A new CO2 storage pilot – early plans are being prepared in France combining CO2 storage with renewables (biomass energy & geothermal heat extraction) – FR Bench-scale plant for Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 – IT Rock mechanical analysis laboratory – IT

14 15 16 17 18 19

Test rig for high pressure phase equilibrium measurements – NO Upgrading of the CO2 Field Laboratory at Svelvik – NO Test tank for CO2 monitoring studies – NO Well integrity lab facilities – NO Storage integrity laboratories - Acoustic emission for geo-mechanical microseismicity testing – NO Geochemistry Labs at IFE – NO CO2 Flow labs upgrade NTNU / SINTEF (Reservoir Lab) – NO Test tank for trapping mechanisms – NO

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

7

Planned

New

Planned Planned Design Stage funding approved

New New New

Under Construction Under Construction Approved, in design phase Approved Approved Approved Planned

New

Upgrade New New

1.08 0.81 0.81

Approved Approved

Upgrade

0.73

Upgrade

1.45

Approved

New

0.32

20-60

New New

FUNDING POLICY

Contrary to conventional research projects and research programmes functioning over a limited time period, ECCSEL investments will essentially be unconstrained by time. This means that ECCSEL, over the foreseeable future, will keep focus on its principal task. The expectations of ECCSEL are considerable, and the increasing operations are estimated to take the form of high capital and operational expenses for new and/or upgraded laboratories and equipment. In this context, ECCSEL will: x x

Allow for resources and budgets to be pooled in order to meet higher costs while gaining from higher revenues and reduced risk. The sharing of risk, cost and revenues among operators of ECCSEL facilities may allow for reduced individual contributions. Provide a mechanism to create research facilities that would otherwise be unaffordable to any single institution, increasing the breadth and depth of research that can be performed.

As stated earlier, investments in the range of €80-120 million have been assumed for the first ten years, in order for ECCSEL to achieve its goals. Funding is to be provided mainly by European Union, its Member States, associated countries and third countries, industry as well as regional and national agencies. Investments in ECCSEL research facilities are already integrated in national strategies on CCS research, of which several upgrades are currently being executed. Operational costs will be remunerated by the users of the facilities of ECCSEL, subject to funding via research projects, grants and industry.

8

TRANSNATIONAL ACCESS FUNDED BY HORIZON 2020

The European Union’s HORIZON 2020 funding programme, supporting the current implementation of ECCSEL, also finances Transnational Access to the ECCSEL RI. The ‘Transnational Access’ grant allows researchers to access free of charge the

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available ECCSEL facilities (a selection of 43 facilities across Europe) included in this program, including free travel and lodging. Alternatively, it is also possible to apply for self-funded access to any of the facilities which are part of the ECCSEL RI. How to get access 1) Go to the ECCSEL website (www.eccsel.org). There is a list of the available facilities and a link to an application form. 2) The applications submitted will be pre-screened by the facility (additional information might be requested) 3) Applications will be reviewed by an internal and independent external panel (peer review) to select those which will be given access 4) Successful applicants will visit the facility, get ad hoc training, support and a health and safety introduction and complete their research Research topics Any researcher with a research project related to CO2 capture, storage or transport (CCS) can apply. Financing A Research Infrastructure grant offers free access to the Infrastructure including logistical, technological and scientific support. You will get local training on how to use the facility and a health and safety briefing. Funding is also available for lodging and daily subsistence as well as international travel expenses (up to the limit as described on the ECCSEL website [2]). Eligibility The scheme is open for researchers primarily from institutes located in an EU or associated country (EU States and Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Israel, Moldova, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey and Ukraine). Some access is also available to applicants from other countries. All researcher groups must disseminate the results they have generated under this transnational access action. This call is primarily for researchers from institutions other than the ECCSEL partner institutions. Applying for access Applicants are asked to complete the online proposal form on the ECCSEL website and submit it prior to the application deadlines. An independent panel will evaluate the proposed project on the basis of scientific merit as well as other criteria. The second call is open for applications until 27th September 2016, and a subsequent call will be published in December 2016 on the ECCSEL website: www.eccsel.org.

9

RESEARCH, EDUCATION, INNOVATION AND RISKS

ECCSEL emphasises quality, capability and capacity of its research facilities and related services giving rise to breaking ideas via joint research actions and open access across nations. On this basis, ECCSEL aims at gaining recognition as a world-class research infrastructure, based on a distributed network of resources. 9.1

Research agenda

On a regular basis, ECCSEL will strategically review its research agenda and portfolio. This agenda must be ambitious and challenge the access criteria and the prioritisation of investments, either to improve or reshape its portfolio of research facilities. In this respect, ECCSEL will extend actions towards national key research laboratories outside Europe to help create synergy, combining networking effort, open access policies and topical research agendas. Concerted actions, pursuant to the knowledge triangle ( Figure 5), will complement research with education and innovation. ECCSEL will give priority in two directions: i) academic needs (fundamental research and education) and ii) innovation (applied research). Projects belonging to the latter will be ranked according to their potential, and also for ramping up the speed and capacity needed for CCS to become material. In this endeavour, experimental verification, validation and calibration of emerging CCS techniques will constitute focal areas, implicit with various concepts, models and modelling, theories, thermo-physical phenomena, methods and specific computer code, requiring closer cooperation between academia, industry and society.

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Figure 5: The knowledge triangle 9.2

Capacity building and common standards

Capacity Building focuses on developing a training strategy and providing training to prospective users. This is a key element for successful operation of a Research Infrastructure, especially when strongly characterized by a pan-European dimension, such as ECCSEL. One of the pillars of capacity building is the definition of good practices, assuring a high standard of operation and the sharing of knowledge. Spreading of good practices and common standards will be assured for ECCSEL through different means, including the exchange of personnel of ECCSEL partners, thus guaranteeing improvements in the use of every facility and of the entire infrastructure. The need for a defined and shared training strategy and standards is then one of the priorities of the entire ECCSEL community. Since training plays a key role guaranteeing the scientific quality of research developed under the ECCSEL hallmark, ECCSEL will provide training courses focused on the use of the research infrastructure. 9.3

Innovation

Innovation shall apply to the planning, structuring and handling of ECCSEL as a remote and distributed research infrastructure characterised by widespread internal and external interactions. x x

Emphasis will be placed on continual improvements of the research infrastructure and the related services in order to provide innovative advantage. Innovation shall be planned in consideration of CCS research challenges such as techniques and their integration in the CCS chain, and in combining technologies into systems likely to become more efficient and less costly than hitherto.

An appropriate innovation management tool will be implemented to increase the potential of innovation. The envisaged stagegate process entails four stages in which the technology development will take place. Every stage has specific toll gate items to comply to and will specify particular technology targets for the next stages. Key performance indicators of ECCSEL will be addressed in this yearly cycle. Table 3 indicate already identified preliminary/draft KPIs from the outset.

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Table 3: Preliminary ECCSEL Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Topic Creationofnew concepts

Description Introductionofnewunique technologiesrelatedtofacilities

StrategyplanningofECCSELIR

KPI Numberofnewagreedfacilities Numberofnewfacilities Numberofinternalstrategythememeetings Externalscientificparticipantsinvolvementin workshops

Developing technology

20%ofthetotalnumberofparticipants

4 3

1

4

Technologycoordinationinternal

3

5

Researchgapsfilled Technologyscientificexcellencedocumentation

2

5

Evaluationofresearch infrastructureupgradesandneeds

Researchgapsfilled

Strengthenbusinesspartner involvement

Numberofagreedupgrade Numberofupgrades Numberpilotplant(industrial)projectslaunched inECCSEL

Industrialsectorsinvolvementand Registrationofsectorsoftheindustry branchesorganisations Managingknowledge PerformanceandbenefitanalysesofReplyonperformance andtechnology ECCSELRI PerformanceandbenefitanalysesofSatisfactoryscore ECCSELRI 

NumberReferencestoECCSELprojectsrelated publications

Useoffacilitiesandresources

NumberofuseECCSELresearchfacilities GeographicalspreadoftheUseofECCSEL infrastructure NumberofresourceexchangewithinECCSEL ThetotaluseofECCSELfacilities

9.4

1

3 2

Workshop

Numberofindustrialusers/fundersinvolved

Othertopics

longterm(10years)10

PRIORITY

Technologyscientificexcellence documentation

ECCSELResearchinfrastructure improvements Deploymentand demonstration

targetvalue shortterm(5years)5

1

3

2

5

shortterm(5years)10

4 4

longterm(10years)20 longterm(10years)5 longterm(10years)10 monitorinvolvement 60% Scale(0Ͳ5)3 monitorprogress 40timesperyear monitorprogress monitorprogress

2 4 4 5 5 2 5 4 4

monitorprogress

5

Technologyworkshops

Numberofworkshops

1

4



NumberofOCͲNodemeetings

4

5

Capacitybuilding

Numberofcapacitybuildingevents

1

5

monitorprogress

4 4

IPmanagement Numberofagreements EnlargementofECCSELmembership Numberofagreements andcollaboration

monitorprogress

Risks and mitigation measures

In this context, risks and contingency plans apply to the implementation and initial operation of the ECCSEL research infrastructure. Thus, a summary of a thorough risk assessment is given in Table 4.

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Table 4: Risks and mitigation measures

Description of risk

Proposed risk-mitigation measures

Technical Failure ; failing to meet the stated objectives

x Close coordination and proper reporting procedures x Quality management and risk analysis feedback

Enlargement of membership; failing to obtain new commitments

x Improve communication strategy, core message and actions thereof x Proper lobbying to convey the message

Commitments; withdrawal of a member or inadequate financial commitment

x Withdrawal of members up to certain number without any risk for its implementation can be accepted. Currently nine countries are committed to ECCSEL and new members and institutes are expected to join to remediate this potential risk. x A prolongation of the initial operation phase may be sought to allow consolidation of further member commitments x Alignment with industrial needs and opportunities through interaction with industrial stakeholders x Target specific communication and networking x Key performance Indicators, quality management and risk assessment tool established and adapted will identify any shortcomings and debottleneck the implementation procedure x Feedback from users will be sought by requesting them to fill a questioner to assess the quality of services x Improve, enhance outreach activities, establish strong links with pan European coordinating bodies e.g. EERA x Revise/Expand the provisional list of installations. x Update the prioritization of facilities/research topics. x A user training programme is developed and will have an expected positive impact on the size and diversity of the user community

Poor industrial engagement

Infrastructure Implementation fails to achieve a common standard and low quality services offered Operation – lower expectation of Users for the Transnational Access Programme

10

CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g. economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to play in this respect, provided that CCS is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce emissions from energy intensive industries. Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform (ZEP) [3] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS (EERA-CCS) [4]. ECCSEL will provide funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation. This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities. As facilitator of world-class CCS research, ECCSEL will engage with the European research community and other knowledge providers, offering expertise, advanced laboratories and test sites. Thus, ECCSEL will help verify and validate conceptual studies and theories. Moreover, ECCSEL will facilitate fundamental and applied research leading eventually to commercial applications. In this way, ECCSEL will enable its users to act commercially in the knowledge market in various ways: x x x

Engineering companies and technology providers may promote their newest ideas and solutions based on research at the forefront of technological development (innovation). Plant owners and industries may better know how to invest in state-of-the-art technologies. Governments may better execute their critical role of shaping the future (IEA, 2011) [5].

Research ventures, such as joint research actions and research projects proposed by visiting scientists, will be ranked and prioritised according to scientific quality, relevance and topical approach. Emphasis will be placed on experimental verification, validation and calibration of emerging CCS techniques, concepts, theories, physiochemical phenomena, methods and specific

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computer code. Related services will be extended to support research activities as appropriate. Likewise, innovative schemes will be applied to the CCS chain, including the valorisation of (obtaining maximum benefit from) CO2 at the tail-end (CCUS). ECCSEL will provide an inclusive environment enabling high-ranking researchers and scientists from all regions of Europe, and from third countries, to get access to its advanced research laboratories to conduct research. Intentionally, this will encourage the European research community to become the most competitive and dynamic CCS knowledge provider in the world. The objective is to help researchers access the best available research facilities of crucial importance to their work. Access to ECCSEL facilities and related services will be granted on competitive terms and conditions. To attract the best researchers from across the world, ECCSEL is determined to create generous opportunities to carry out advanced research. This includes a commitment to grant effective access pursuant to a sub-set of pre-defined criteria. Effective access means that a significant part of the access and/or available time (30%) will be kept open to researchers from other nations than those involved in ECCSEL. Hence, open access will be offered to users on the basis of scientific excellence and other specific criteria, recommended by an independent peer review process coordinated by the ECCSEL Operations Centre. Priority will be given to research projects according to: x x x

Scientific quality Relevance to ECCSEL’s objectives Uniqueness

These aspects are required in order to ensure the capability of moving technological frontiers, and to avoid unnecessary replication of research actions. It is foreseen that user access to ECCSEL research facilities shall be granted either on the basis of open calls, or on availability for a specific facility. The specific selection criteria will need to be updated by ECCSEL on a regular basis. The procedure for granting access is: 1) A scientific/peer committee will evaluate proposals for user access projects according to pre-defined selection criteria. 2) Evaluation of the funding plan for the proposals (performed by the ECCSEL Operations Centre and the relevant research facility). 3) Final evaluation based on availability of the specific research facility. ECCSEL will become instrumental in facilitating knowledge sharing and exchange of knowledge and experience within the CCS community. This includes organising events, workshops and conferences, as well as engagement in the training of highly qualified students and engineers. ECCSEL will also offer expertise in the planning of technology transfer with industries or third parties, especially in terms of innovation and improving the efficacy of prevalent CCS technologies. ECCSEL will furthermore address societal issues, especially how safety and environmental integrity can be ensured along the CCS chain. The challenges of climate change and the corresponding need for CCS research, innovation, technology development, testing and verification cannot be met by today’s individually based research laboratories alone. For this reason, ECCSEL is being established/developed as a pan-European distributed Research Infrastructure, offering open access to the most advanced research laboratories devoted to CCS. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

IEA Blue Map, consistent with the 2°C target by 2050 www.eccsel.org www.zeroemissionsplatform.eu www.sintef.no/eera-ccs IEA World Energy Outlook, 2011