Eco-efficiency Evaluation of Modular Design Smartphones

Available Available online online at at www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Available online atonline www.sciencedirect.com Available at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect ScienceDirect

Procedia Procedia CIRP CIRP 00 00 (2019) (2019) 000–000 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

ProcediaProcedia CIRP 00CIRP (2017) 84000–000 (2019) 1054–1058 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

29th 29th CIRP CIRP Design Design 2019 2019 (CIRP (CIRP Design Design 2019) 2019)

Eco-efficiency Evaluation of Modular Smartphones 28th CIRP Design Conference, May 2018,Design Nantes, France ** Kenta Nozomu A new methodology to analyze the functional and physical architecture of Kenta Hirose, Hirose, Nozomu Mishima Mishima University Akita University existing products for an assemblyAkita oriented product family identification * Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-18-889-2978; fax: +81-18-889-0405. E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-18-889-2978; fax: +81-18-889-0405. E-mail address: [email protected]

Paul Stief *, Jean-Yves Dantan, Alain Etienne, Ali Siadat Abstract Abstract École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LCFC EA 4495, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, Metz 57078, France design which enables or upgrade of failed Modular designauthor. whichTel.: enables exchange or E-mail upgrade of only [email protected] failed components components or or components components with with insufficient insufficient performance, performance, is is aa traditional traditional idea idea *Modular Corresponding +33 3exchange 87 37 54 30; address:

to to increase increase eco-efficiency eco-efficiency of of products products and and to to enhance enhance sustainability sustainability of of production. production. Although Although some some products products are are moving moving towards towards the the opposite opposite strategy strategy to to enclose enclose all all the the product product lifecycle lifecycle and and exclude exclude the the possibility possibility of of repair repair and and upgrade upgrade id id individual individual users, users, some some product product concepts concepts are are still still alive and making efforts to realize the modular concepts. This paper focuses on a such modular design concept of smartphones and proposes alive and making efforts to realize the modular concepts. This paper focuses on a such modular design concept of smartphones and proposes aa eco-efficiency Abstract eco-efficiency index index that that considers considers users users preference preference on on the the upgradability upgradability of of functions functions and and environmental environmental impact impact of of upgradable upgradable components components which which correspond to to the the functions. functions. Through Through this this effort, effort, the the paper paper clarified clarified which which of of the the smartphone smartphone components components are are suitable suitable for for parts parts exchange exchange and and correspond the of the paper concluded that the proposed helpful determining suitable design Inupgrade, today’s in business environment, the trendFinally, towards product variety to this development, the need of upgrade, in the aspect aspect of eco-efficiency. eco-efficiency. Finally, themore paper concluded thatand thecustomization proposed index indexis is isunbroken. helpful in inDue determining suitable modular modular design concepts of products. products. production systems emerged to cope with various products and product families. To design and optimize production agile and reconfigurable concepts of © 2017 2017 as The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. matches, product analysis methods are needed. Indeed, most of the known methods aim to systems well as to choose theby optimal product © The Authors. Published Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. Published by B.V. Peer-review under responsibility ofElsevier the on scientific committee of the 24th 24thproduct CIRP Conference Conference on Life Life Cycle Engineering. analyze a product orresponsibility one product family the physical level.of Different families, however, may differ largely in terms of the number and Peer-review under of the scientific committee the on Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CIRPCIRP Design Conference 2019.Cycle Engineering. nature of components. This fact impedes an efficient comparison and choice of appropriate product family combinations for the production Keywords: Eco-efficiency; user’s preference; TMR; value deterioration; modular design system. A new methodology is proposed analyze products in view of their functional and physical architecture. The aim is to cluster Keywords: Eco-efficiency; user’s preference;to TMR; valueexisting deterioration; modular design these products in new assembly oriented product families for the optimization of existing assembly lines and the creation of future reconfigurable assembly systems. Based on Datum Flow Chain, the physical structure of the products is analyzed. Functional subassemblies are identified, and Introduction some products have been [4] and 1.functional Introduction some productsgraph have (HyFPAG) been actually actually developed [4] depicts and some some a1. analysis is performed. Moreover, a hybrid functional and physical architecture is thedeveloped output which the are under development [5]. similarity between product families by providing design support to both, production planners[5]. and product designers. An illustrative are undersystem development Eco-efficiency has been focused on, order This focuses on the design concept example of a nail-clipper[1] is used explain the proposed An industrial casepaper studyalso on two product of steering columns of Eco-efficiency [1] has to been focused on, in in methodology. order to to This paper also focuses onfamilies the modular modular design concept fulfill two different requirements on the nowadays product and tries to evaluate virtually modularized design by using thyssenkrupp Presta France is then carried out to give a first industrial evaluation of the proposed approach. fulfill two different requirements on the nowadays product and tries to evaluate virtually modularized design by using ©designs. 2017 The Although Authors. Published Elsevier B.V. wants users have strong smartphones designs. Although users by have strong wants on on the the smartphones for for aa case case study. study. By By evaluating evaluating the the ecoecoPeer-review under of the scientificofcommittee of the 28th CIRP efficiencies Design Conference 2018. patterns of component replacement, functionality of responsibility the products, reduction environmental of different

functionality of the products, reduction of environmental impacts also in production. impacts is is also required requiredmethod; in nowadays nowadays production. To To fulfill fulfill Keywords: Assembly; Design Family identification these contradictive requirements at the same time and these contradictive requirements at the same time and find find aa good good balance balance between between the the two two items, items, eco-efficiency eco-efficiency is is an an important concept. Another factor of this study is modular important concept. Another factor of this study is modular concept. design concept. While While the the concepts concepts itself itself is is aa traditional traditional idea idea 1.design Introduction to avoid unnecessary production by replacing to avoid unnecessary production by replacing failed failed components of concept components only, instead of the the whole whole product. product. The conceptof Due to only, the instead fast development in the The domain can be also applied to component upgrade when some can be also applied component when some of of the the communication andtoan ongoing upgrade trend of digitization and product functions are in deteriorations. However, in practical product functions are in deteriorations. in practical digitalization, manufacturing enterprisesHowever, are facing important products, concept has applied limited products, the the concept market has been beenenvironments: applied to to only only limited challenges in today’s a continuing number of products. Different production strategy which number of products. Different production strategy which is tendency towards reduction of product development times is and to all life and course, to enclose encloseproduct all the the product product lifeIncycle cycle and control control it.anOf Ofincreasing course, shortened lifecycles. addition, there isit. this concept can be countermeasure for this enclosure enclosure concept [2] [2] being can also also be aasame countermeasure for demand of customization, at the time in a global environmental issues, by increasing the return rate and environmental by increasing return This rate trend, and competition withissues, competitors all over the world. material or products for material recycling rate, or using using the the collected collected products for which is recycling inducing rate, the development from macro to micro spare parts. But, as the Circular Economy initiative [3] says, spare parts. But, in as the Circular Economy [3] says, markets, results diminished lot sizes initiative due to augmenting reuse components without aa better reuse of ofvarieties components without materialization materialization isproduction) better way way product (high-volume to low-volumeis [1]. of product circulation. Based on the modular design of product circulation. Based on the modular concept, To cope with this augmenting variety as welldesign as to concept, be able to identify possible optimization potentials in the existing 2212-8271 2017 Published Elsevier B.V. production is important a precise 2212-8271 © ©system, 2017 The The itAuthors. Authors. Publishedtoby byhave Elsevier B.V. knowledge

efficiencies of different patterns of component replacement, using using aa newly newly proposed proposed index index considering considering users’ users’ preferences preferences and value change of the product caused and value change of the product caused by by performance performance deteriorations deteriorations [6] [6] of of several several functions functions of of smartphones. smartphones. The The goal of this study is to propose a practical goal of this study is to propose a practical index index to to evaluate evaluate eco-efficiency of using phone aa case real eco-efficiency of products products using smart smart phone as as and/or case of real the product range and characteristics manufactured study. study. in this system. In this context, the main challenge in assembled modelling and analysis is now not only to cope with single 2. factor analysis of 2. Waste Waste factor product analysisrange of smartphones smartphones products, a limited or existing product families, but also to be able to analyze and to compare products to define As aa product with functions and As for for product with several different functions and new product families. It can be several observeddifferent that classical existing relatively complex social, technological, or personal factors, relatively complex social, technological, or personal factors, product families are regrouped in function of clients or features. waste are not simple. The carried a waste factors factors areoriented not so so product simple. families The paper paper carriedtoout out However, assembly are hardly find.a questionnaire to university students regarding the reasons to questionnaire to university students regarding the reasons to On the product family level, products differofmainly in two stop the “waste stop the usage, usage, so-called so-called “wasteoffactors” factors” of smartphones. smartphones. main characteristics: (i) the number components and (ii) the Table 1 in next is of Table 1 shown shown (e.g. in the the next page page is aa sample sample of the the type of components mechanical, electrical, electronical). questionnaire. The respondents answered the questionnaire questionnaire. The respondents answered the questionnaire Classical methodologies considering mainly single products by by choosing choosing the the most most important important waste waste factor factor for for oneself, oneself, then then or second, solitary,and already existing product families analyze the till the fifth reason. second, and till the fifth reason. product structure on a physical level (components level) which causes difficulties regarding an efficient definition and comparison of different product families. Addressing this

Peer-review Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the the scientific scientific committee committee of of the the 24th 24th CIRP CIRP Conference Conference on on Life Life Cycle Cycle Engineering. Engineering.

2212-8271©©2017 2019The The Authors. Published by Elsevier 2212-8271 Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of scientific the scientific committee theCIRP CIRP Design Conference 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the committee of the of 28th Design Conference 2018. 10.1016/j.procir.2019.04.189

2

Kenta Hirose et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 1054–1058 Kenta Hirose/ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

1055

Table 1. Questionnaire for waste factor survey Wanted to change display size Quality of the display was insufficient Wanted to update the Operation System Storage size was insufficient Too slow Lack of functions (online payment etc.) Quality of the camera was not enough Motion of the camera was slow Zoom amplitude of the camera was unsatisfactory Other factions of the camera were insufficient Battery capacity was insufficient Design was not attractive Became tired of the deign Waterproof, dustproof capability was not enough Low durability Contract period had finished Practical malfunctions (main board, LCD, battery, camera, body, etc.) Contract change Misc.

3. Weighting of the functions based on the user’s preference 3.1. Relating the components to the waste factors Based on the result of the survey by the questionnaire, each answer was categorized and related to the smartphone components. In this study, focused components are these five components; LCD, main board, camera, battery, and housing and others. All the choices except “Contract period had finished,” “Contract change” and “Misc.” in the aforementioned Table 1 were bound with the five components. First two choices, “Wanted to change display size” and Quality of the display was insufficient” were bound with LCD. The next four choices, “Wanted to update the Operation System,” “Storage size was insufficient,” “Too slow” and “Lack of functions (online payment etc.)” were categorized to main board. The next four factors, “Quality of the camera was not enough,” “Motion of the camera was slow,” “Zoom amplitude of the camera was unsatisfactory” and “Other factions of the camera were insufficient” were to camera, of course. Further next one was related to battery. And, final four factors, “Design was not attractive,” “Became tired of the deign,” “Waterproof, dustproof capability was not enough” and “Low durability” were bound with housing. Plus, the choice “practical malfunction” was related to the corresponding component where the failure occurred. Since the other choices are some economical reasons, such answers were eliminated from the survey. 3.2. Calculation of relative importance of the components Result of the questionnaire of each respondent was counted by scoring the most important factor as 5, the second one as 4 and so on. By counting all the answers, raw score of the importance of five components was clarified as Table 2. By normalizing the result as relative weight, Fig.1 was illustrated.

Housing, 0,135

Camera, 0,032

Main board, 0,436

LCD, 0,152

Battery, 0,244 Fig.1. Relative importance of components

4. Eco-efficiency index proposal 4.1. Basic equation for eco-efficiency In order to evaluate eco-efficiency of modular design products, the paper proposes a new eco-efficiency index. Before proposing the index, the paper went back to the original meaning of eco-efficiency index which is defined as following. Eco-efficiency=( Value/Environmental Impact) (1) By rewriting the equation to more practical expression, an equation has been obtained. In the equation, numerator can be calculated as the weighed sum of product functions as eq.(2), while denominator is simplified to TMR [7] amount of the product. Finally, the total eco-efficiency. 𝒏𝒏

𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = ∑ ( 𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏

𝑺𝑺𝒊𝒊 𝑾𝑾 ) 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒊𝒊

(2)

Si : specification of component i, Ssi : reference specification of component i, Wi : relative importance of component i

TMR(total material requirement) is considered as the total amount of tailings, surface soil, unnecessary part of the ore, and so on. The next table is some of the TMR value for some of the major metal elements. The basic equation to evaluate ecoefficiency can be expressed as eq.(3). Table 2. Some of the practical value of TMR Elements

TMR number

Al

48

Cu

360

Ag

4,800

Au

1,100,000

Ti

36

Kenta Hirose et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 1054–1058 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2017) 000–000

1056

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 =

3

5. Measurement of component-base TMR

𝑺𝑺 ∑𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏 ( 𝒊𝒊 𝑾𝑾𝒊𝒊 ) 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 ∑𝒏𝒏𝒋𝒋=𝟏𝟏 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑗𝑗 . 𝑤𝑤𝑗𝑗

(3)

TMRj: TMR number of element j, wj: weight of element j TMRj: TMR number of element j, wj: weight of element j EE: Eco-efficiency:of the product 4.2. Value deterioration model 4.3. Eco-efficiency of component upgrade

Above-mentioned equation shows the instant value of eco-efficiency. The next step is to consider value deterioration along with the time. Since the electronics like smartphones have relatively rapid technological progress, value deterioration is important in quantifying the product values. Time integral of the equation was considered for the purpose. Based on the survey [8], average product life of smartphones are 4.4 years. Based on this data, the paper assumes the length of one generation of smartphone usage as 4 years, and modular design enables some of the components to use two generations. Fig.2 shows the value change model of upgraded components for two generations. As it is shown in the figure, decision for upgrade will be made at the midterm (4 years). Fig.2 can be expressed by eq. (4).

In order to calculate the actual eco-efficiency value regulated by Eq. (6), it is necessary to quantify the numerator and denominator both. The amount of metal elements concluded in smartphone components were investigated by XRF analysis [9]. Table 3 shows a part of the componentbase measured data in mass percentages. Some common metals and industrially important metals that are often called critical metals [10,11] are listed in the table. By multiplying the average mass percentages of 6 samples and average weight of each component, average amount of elements in the components were calculated. Then, by multiplying the TMR number of each element (partially shown in Table 2, amount of TMR of components of smartphones were quantified. Table 4 shows the average of 6 samples for each component. Since the battery cannot be crushed in the lab, the material composition of batteries was separately decided based on a survey [12], as Table 5. Table 3. Density of elements in smartphone components (in mass%) Smartphone model A Elements

Value

Year

LCD unit

Main board

Housing

Camera unit

Al

0.760

1.744

2.938

0.965

Ti

0.065

0.091

0.072

0.784

Fe

0.225

0.695

0.072

0.784

Ni

0.031

0.347

0.076

0.359

Cu

0.034

2.915

0.183

1.294

Zn

0.003

0.213

0.175

0.120

Pd

0.015

0.003

0.017

0.012

Ag

0

0.035

0

0

Sn

0.011

0.295

0.004

0.05

Nd

0

0

0

0.277

Au

0

0.004

0

0

Pb

0

0.011

0.008

0.002

Table 4. Amount of component-base TMR of smartphones [kg] Fig.2. Value deterioration model of two generation 𝒏𝒏

𝐀𝐀 = ∑ ( 𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏

𝑺𝑺𝒊𝒊 𝑾𝑾 ) 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒊𝒊

𝑺𝑺𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝐁𝐁 = ∑ ( 𝑾𝑾𝒊𝒊 ) 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺

Component

(𝟒𝟒)

𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏

𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝒖𝒖 =

𝟐𝟐 ∑𝒊𝒊 {

𝑺𝑺𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝟐𝟐(𝑺𝑺𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 + 𝑺𝑺𝒊𝒊 ) 𝑾𝑾𝒊𝒊 } + ∑𝒋𝒋 (𝟖𝟖 𝑾𝑾 ) 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒋𝒋 ∑𝒌𝒌(𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝒌𝒌 ) + ∑𝒍𝒍(𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝒍𝒍 )

(6)

Average TMR

(5)

LCD unit

Main board

3.216

1.467

Housing 5.039

Camera unit 0.160

Table 5. Material composition of batteries Element Li

Mass % 4.3

Al

7.2

Fe

0.03

Ni

0.67

Cu

12.4

Total 9.883

4

Kenta Hirose et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 1054–1058 Kenta Hirose/ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

6. Survey on value deterioration

1057

Table 8. Eco-efficiencies of 6 different smartphone models in case on one component exchange

Actual value of eco-efficiency index proposed in Eq. (6) also depends on the value deterioration through 4 years usage. Table 6 shows value index for 4 major components and battery in 2018, as an average of 6 different smartphone models. Same investigation was carried out for 2014models those are 6 previous models of the 2018 version. Table 7 shows the investigation results. Table 6. Performance index of smartphones in 2018 Component

LCD unit

Main board

Housing

Camera unit

Battery

Index

Pixel per inch

ROM

-

million pixels

mAh

Value

466

116GB

-

1752

3038

Smartph one model

Component

LCD unit

Main board

Housing

Camera unit

Battery

Index

Pixel per inch

ROM

-

million pixels

mAh

Value

392

57GB

-

1313

2754

Using the data shown in Table 7 and 8, it is possible to calculate the value deterioration based on Eq. (6). If the performance index in 2018 is the same as that of 2014, it means that there is no value deterioration. If the performance index of 2018 model is twice of that of 2014 model, we defined that the value has become half during 4 years. TMR value shown in Table 5 and 6, and performance index shown in Table 7 and 8, eco-efficiency values of smartphone can be calculated. 7. Eco-efficiency calculation of different component exchange patterns But, the actual values of eco-efficiencies are different corresponding to the component exchange strategies. If a user chooses to exchange all the 4 major components except housing, it is equivalent to purchase a new smartphone. If a user chooses to exchange only one component, it means that the other 3 components are to be reused. Therefore, the ecoefficiency value depends on the balance of increasing numerator because of the renewed performance and increasing denominator because of the new production of exchanged components. Table 8 to 10 are the eco-efficiency values of 6 different smartphone models throughout 2 generations of product life. Table 8 is for the cases when one component is exchanged. Table 9 and 10 are those of 2 components exchange and 3 components exchange correspondingly.

Component to be exchanged LCD unit

Main board

Camera unit

Battery

Type A

324

277

619

316

206

Type B

280

232

496

257

176

Type C

144

179

220

200

156

Type D

141

161

207

181

132

Type E

144

144

223

186

141

Type F

172

172

313

210

128

Table 9. Eco-efficiencies of 6 different smartphone models in case on two components exchange Smart phone model

Table 7. Performance index of smartphones in 2014

Replacement

Two components to be exchanged Main board, batter y

Main board, LCD

Main board, camer a

LCD , camer a

LCD, batery

Cam era, batte ry

TypeA

392

545

620

280

193

208

TypeB

326

449

497

235

167

178

TypeC

172

198

220

179

145

156

TypeD

155

193

216

169

127

138

TypeE

166

205

224

172

135

142

TypeF

195

276

329

183

118

137

Table 10: Eco-efficiencies of 6 different smartphone models in case on three components exchange Smartphone model

Three components to be exchanged LCD, main board, camera

Type A

550

LCD, battery, camera 195

Main board, camera, battery 394

Type B

453

169

327

Type C

199

145

170

Type D

202

133

161

Type E

207

136

167

Type F

292

127

204

8. Discussions on modular design concept The calculation results shown in the former section suggest some interesting facts. Shadowed sections in the tables indicate that eco-efficiency of the component exchange is lower than that of the whole product replacement. For example, Table 8 suggests that exchange of main board is an eco-efficient strategy in any case. Contrarily, exchange of battery does not seem to be an ecoefficient choice. Therefore, when a user chooses one component to be exchanged in the mid-term of usage period, main board should be the first choice. Table 9 suggests that the combinations of exchange parts including main board are always eco-efficient than the whole replacement. Table 10 is

1058

Kenta Hirose et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 1054–1058 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2017) 000–000

also indicating main board must be upgraded in considering component exchange for renewal. 9. Conclusion This paper focuses on analysis of eco-efficiency of modularized product and some different strategies on component exchange. As an eco-efficiency index, the paper proposed an equation which has the value total of 2 generations of the smartphone for numerator. The values are quantified for each component based on the users’ weight on the component extracted from a questionnaire. Then, taking the difference of the speed of value deterioration of each component, values of the components were quantified. On the other hand, the environmental impact of each components was measured as the sum of TMR (total mater requirement) of materials used in each component. In order to quantify the actual value of eco-efficiency, component upgrade strategy should be determined. Thus, the paper calculated and compared different component upgrade pattern for “one component exchange,” “two components exchange” and “three components exchange” separately. The result suggested that component exchange pattern including main board is always more eco-efficient than the replacement of the whole product. This is because, compared to the weight of environmental impact of main board measured by TMR is relatively smaller than that of the value of the main board investigated through user’s survey. Throughout the study, it has been suggested that by using this type of an eco-efficiency index, it is possible to determine proper strategies of component modularization aiming good combinations of component upgrade and reuse. However, there are some remaining problems to be solved. The measurement accuracy of material composition should be examined, since it directly affects the value of the index. Economical and technological feasibility of modularization should be also considered. And of course, it is unsure whether the component modularization analyzed in this paper is suitable, or not.

5

References [1] Desimone, L., Popoff. L.: Eco-efficiency-the Bussiness Link to Sustainable Development-Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (1997) [2] Apple Inc., Environmental Responsibility Report, https://www.apple.com/jp/environment/pdf/Apple_Environmental_Respon sibility_Report_2018.pdf [3] https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/08/annex-g-7leaders-declaration. [4] https://www.fairphone.com/en/ [5] Schishke, K., Proske. M., Ballester. M., Reinhold. J., Max,K.,: Regenfelder Strategies for more circularity in the life cycle of mobile information technology. Proceeding of CARE electronics 2019. [6] Total performance analysis of product life cycle considering the deterioration and obsolescence of product value. Shinsuke Kondoh, Keijiro Masui, Mitsuro Hattori, Nozomu Mishima, Mitsutaka Matsumoto, International Journal of Product Development, Vol.6, No.3, 2008. [7] Nakajima, K., Yamamoto, K., Nakano, K., Kuro-da K., Halada, K., Nagasaka, T., Recycle-Flow Analysis of Used Cellular Phone Based on Total Materials Requirement, Journal of Life Cycle Assessment Japan, Vol.2. No.4, 341-346 (2006) (In Japanese) [8] https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&toukei=00100405& tstat=000001014549 [9] Beckhopff, B., Kanngießer, B., Lnghoff, N., Weddell, R., Wolff, H.: Handbook of Practical X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis, Springer Science & Business Media (2007). [10] Nishiyama, T., Adachi, T.: Resource depletion calculated by the ratio of the reserve plus cu-mulative consumption to the crustal abun-dance for gold, Journal of Nonrenewable re-sources, Volume 4, Issue 3 (1995) pp 253-261 [11] Halada, K., Shimada, M., Iijima, K.: Decou-pling status of metal consumption from eco-nomic growth, Matererial Transactions, Vol.49, No.3 (2008) pp.411-418. [12] Oomuraa,Y., Kawai, H., Murayama, N., Shibata, H.: Analysis of Composition of Lithium Ion Battery used in a PC, J. Japan Inst. Metals, Vol.74, No.10 (2010) pp.677-681 (In Japanese)