Ecotoxicology of belgard EVR

Desalinatio~~. 30(1979)411424 OElsevierScientif~cPublishingCompany~ Am&dam-PdntedinTheNetherlands

ECOTOXICOLOGY

F.

KORTE

OF

(ref.

Institut

EV @

BELGARD

1)

fiir Chemie

der

und

Weihenstephan,

Technischen

Institut

fur

Universitit

bkologische

Miinchen,

Cbemie

der

Freising-

GSF,

Neuherberg

(G.F.R.)

DUring

the

last

only

in

occur

not

or

overregionally

in

unintended food

andeven all

to

the

- and

a test

and

the

in

the

ecosystem for

the

to

ecotoxicological

to

the-following possible

to

developed.

simulate

substance

an

select

follow

the

parameters ecological

to

ecotoxicological, in

the

still

ecosystem in

These

agreed subjected

area

of

Corresponding

are

parameters

assessment.

practical

be

in

test

the

ecotoxicological

in question

and

including

should

procedures

for

globally

unexpected

internationally

products

ecotoxicology

also

an

physico-chemical,

are

chemicals

everywhere,

it was

approaches to

first,

under

of

two

in

chemicals

Evaluation

area

but

results

- new

includes

industrial

application

Therefore,

new are

that

This

being

toxicology

secondly,

decided

their

and

the

or,

investigated We

which

namely,

investigate

time

questions.

There

procedures

body.

the

procedure

development_

of

environmental

human

physico-chemistry

and

of

for

toxicological

procedures

areas

shown

distribution.

presence

that

it was

decade,

as

such

stage

small

as

a simulated

which

can

parameters

of

screening

be

possible mini-

interpreted

should

then

be

conditions. second be

route

and

determined

conditions

have,

under

(ref_

2,

3,

therefore,

conditions

selected

as

close

as

4):

1) Persistence 2)

Dispersion

3) Conversion Apart ally

from it

these

on

under

use

biotic

parameters

is necessary

4) production 5)

tendency

for

level

an

and to

be

abiotic

conditions

determined

ecotoxicological

(including

the

experimentally, evaluation

composition

of

to

additionknow

technical

(ref.

pattern.

The

determination

of

persistence

the

degradability

of

a chemical 411

in

the

substance

environment in

results

ecosystems.

The

5)

product),

in

data

dis-

412

KORTE

persion like

tendency

biotic

water,

is

and and

soil,

conversion

with

of

screening,

reliable

any

environmental type

of

the

for

of

of

of

each

methods in

test model

these

or

is

of

as

air,

and the

abiotic

industrial A sound

would

in question.

investigation

need

substances

chemicals,that

biotic

parameters

chemical

for

factors in

significance.

reliability

systems

of

derivatives

environmental

limits

feasible

a test

been

system

developed

behaviour whole

and

for

of

6,

this

and

are

and

be

For

a

a

necessary

interpretability.

either

calibration

should

be

for

interpreted

a comparative

known as

evaluation

a

of

set

of

environmental is made

comprise

simulated

the

individual attempt

substances

tests

ecotoxicological in

no

designed

These

ted

but

is being

of

Profile

Analysis

screening tests

is

and

has the

assessed

as

a

7).

chemical

viour

Ecotoxicological

chemicals

scheme,

controlled tests

called

comparative

tested

(ref.

In

a)

for

feasible

data

determination on

includes

phenomena

chemicals.

Thus,

of

The

and

transport

determination

have

ranking

parameter

indications

research

however,

necessarily

Therefore,

chains.

gives

extensive

complex

accumulation,

a potential

scientifically

which

food

products

chemicals

subject

a rather

abiotic

to

(Fig.

aerobic

conditions simulate

information various

are

simulated

ecosystems. regarding

environmental

A series the

beha-

conditions.

1):

technological

sludge,

supply under

to

processes

degradation

(aerobic in

degradation

garbage

pits,

with

activa-

incineration

of

waste)

b)

simulated bolism,

cl

complete

simulated

be

relative the

solvent

acceptable:

suitable

classified

to

the

selection

substance

simulated

processes

distribution

choosing

can

under

transport

solubility,

By

(excretion,

biodegradation/meta-

atmospheric

conditions

9)

water/organic

ces

processes

degradation

a,

(ref.

d)

biological

retention/bioaccumulation)

of

will

standard

be

that

standard

Obviously, compounds

low

in

reference to

suitable

the

if

accumulating,

it

the

important real

is

medium

and

soils).

test-substanbehaviour criterion

behaviour.

still

water,

systems

environmental

most

their

and

standardized

compounds

their

is

soil

-water/soil

seepage

respect

considered means,

from

in standardized systems,

with

standard.

(evaporation

A

environmentally

degradable,

and

for

413

KoR!rE

ecotoxicologically compounds, For

dichloro-biphenyl

instance,

ting,

while

Among

acceptable.

seems

dichloro-biphenyl

to satisfy

is easily

tetrachloro-biphenyl

accumulates

the widely

is much

used

organo-chlorine

the above

degraded

conditions.

and non-accumula-

less degradable

and already

in organisms.

Mammalian

Metabolism

Biodccuf lulation

stored

RATS

ALGAE

3 oral administrations

% and cont. in fish

constant

% and cont. in

0.05 mgll

equivalent

to lmglkg in diet

Atmospheric

sorbed

Fig.

1. Outline

In all these ces

are

range on

of

experiments,

of potential

the

pound

test,

and/or

radioactivity tained

the standard

Concentrations

occurrence,

released/excreted

that

unreacte

analysis

as well

of applied is ppb up

as the test-substan-

substances

to

a

few

are

ppm-

in the

Dependins

vs. the amount

of radioactivity

re-

are determined. degradation,

experimental and transport

metabolism

by rats,

upon waste

cornposting as well

with

profile

lf.

the data measured are radiolabelled C02. the parent comthe sum of conversion products. Ratios of the amount of

The standardized tion,

composting

-1. unreacted

ecotoxicological

l4 C-labelled.

=I= reacted

waste

Y. I unreactd

I-

camposting

IO mglkg standard

-‘orgonics

to silicar

incuboCon

sludge

Waste

Break-down

sunlight

accumulation

and activated

design

to provi de data

includes by

tests

for accumula-

for excretion

fish and by algae,

and

the conversion

as the determinate on of mineralization sludge.

414

KORTE of

Details

and

the

test

performance

have

been

reported

in

references

5

8. so

tests were use

far,

a set

with

additional

selected

for

homologous

The

scale

of

tested

up

to

the

acid

The

the

This

In order

to

products

in plant

residence

nificant In

summarized.

identical than

800

water

between

in

presented ducts

The

the in

(CO21

chemical under

2)

lower 4 and

different and

the

table an

its

also

low

4,

is

the

(table

impurity aryl

suc-

compound,

The

in

an

hour

results

as

The

at in

120°C. no

sig-

tests

are

compared

to

All

factor

for

accumulation and the

about whole

EV to

chemicals

of

some

the

5)

a good

200

is even by

times In

lower

1 and

(table

sludge

3)

degradation

test,

The

pro-

photoover

10%

conditions.

had

chemical

been to

designed

chemical

to

result

in order

to

in

significant

achieve

is

com-

mineralization

biomass.

in

golden

below

rats

EV is

accumulating

activated

in

Belgard factor

set.

known

fixation shows

determined.

acid.

Retention

formation

acid.

EV derived

conditions.

Belgard

standard

maleic

degradation

maleic

compared

The

be

presented

coumarin

of

to

130°C

accumulation fusca.

as

body.

and

set

products.

and

hexachlorobenzene.

shows

at

identical

chemical

low

the

major

active

about.half

1 week

monomer

compound

is

in

the Belgard

had

is

EV

under

apFreCiable

procedure from

for

accumulation

than

as

monomeric

of

decomposition

accumulating

included

acid

the

the

stability

Belgard

to

natural

of

of

plant

Chlorella

mineralization

test

and

chemicals

500 to 5000. The labelled product 14 the C-label in the 2.3-position of

accumulation

including

mammalian

and

weight

its

assessed

been

fumaric

15%

tables

9% which

standardized

differences

50

chemicals,

contains

of

identity

of

a medium

has

contains

volatile

algae

the

(table

pounds

of

been

highest

times

system

The

characteristics,

chemical

solution

results

these

have

to

the

orfes

mg/l

I-5

1 shows

fresh

of

the

is

has

effluents,

1.2

In

molecular

analysis

chemicals

Table the

in

completed.

product

anhydride,

the

EV

amounts

a desalination

formation

25 other

small

product

in

a

tables

in a test

technical

and

establish

time

Autoclaving

screened

classes

Belgard

The

overall

profile

monomer.

been almost

physico-chemical

agent

polymaleic

for

has are

different

of

preventive

acids.

used

covering

chemicals.

hydrolysed

chemicals chemicals

series.

7% maleic

cinic

50

a variety

patterns,

some

of

a ranking.

KoKrE

415

Table

1:

Accumulation

in algae

(Chlorella

chemical

fusca)

% in algae

% in water

=24

Hexachlorohenzene

60

Hexadecanol

95

10

18 Ooo

2,4,6,2',4'-Pentachlorobiphenyl

79

15.5

11 SW

2,5,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl

67

17.5

7 700

Dodecane

69 70

17 24

8000

Aldrin

58

21

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Pentachloronitrobenzene

67 37/43

2,2'-Dichlorobiphenyl

5

24 000

5 800 5 400

38 31123

3 600 2 4w/3

700

Pentachlorophenol

35

57

1 240

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

31

54

1 140

2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol

61

24

800

Biphenyl

14

53

540

6.5

93

140

6.5

93

140

5.8

85

135

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

7

92

116

p-Chlorobenzoic

Belgard

ES

Coumarin n-Dodecylbenzenesulfonate

(Na)

acid

3

100

63

Hydroquinone

3

99

.63

p-tert-Butylphenol

1.7

99

35

Nitrobenzene

0.9

74

24

Monolinuron

1.0

97

15

Maleic acid p-Nitrophenol

0.7

99

14

o-5

99

11

Aniline

o-4

94-s

8

0.3

99

6

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic

Amount

of algae: chemical

f24

acid

0,l g/l dry weight concentration

= 0,5 g/l fresh

in algae pg/g

fresh

= final

chemical

concentration

in water

weight

weight

@g/ml)

after

24 h

416 Table

2:

Accumulation

in fish within

3 days

chemical

average exposure

f24

(pg/l) Hexachlorobenzene

39

400

Hexadecanol

48

18

2,4,6,2*,4'-Pentachlorobiphenyl

34

770

2,5,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl

36

850

Dodecane

37

17

Aldrin

30/2

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Pentachloronitrobenzene

680/1180

20

85

33/6/0.4

250/320/380

2,2'-Dichlorobiphenyl

50

830

Pentachlorophenol

42

350

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

48

308

2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol

37

230

Biphenyl Belgard EV

33

110

Coumarin

46

45

n-Dodecylbenzenesulfonate

(Na)

0.5 c

0.1

48

43

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

30

80

p-Chlorobenzoic

53

acid

Hydroguinone

1.1

80

33

p-tert-Butylphenol

46

39

Nitrobenzene Monolinuron

50

Maleic

45

acid

31

0.8 -cl0

1.4

p-Nitrophenol

50

Aniline

55

1.7

50

2

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic chemical f24 =

cont.

3 x average

acid

in whole

chemical

fish

cont.

+g/g)

in water

@g/ml)

19

417

KoKrE

Table

3:

Excretion and retention applied doses)

of chemicals

chemical

by rats

total excretion

(%I

(in % of

total

storage (%I

Hexachlorobenzene

30.6

57.2

Hexadecanol

27.2

65.4

37.4

40.7

2,4,6,2',4'-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,5,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl

107.9

Dodecane Aldrin Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

19.0

12.7

68.2

29.1

100.4

7.1

Pentachloronitrobenzene

98.6

2,2'-Dichlorobiphenyl

99-I

0.2

Pentachlorophenol

87.5

1.6

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

96.1

'2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol Biphenyl Belgard

EZV

83.3

2.9

78.4

0.4

86.9

9.1

114.9

Coumarin n-Dodecylbenzenesulfonate

(Na)

85.3

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol p-Chlorobenzoic

acid

0.6

n.d.

104.5

7.8

89.2

0.1

Hydroquinone

100.0

0.4

p-tert-Butylphenol

112.3

0.1

Nitrobenzene

74.7

2.3

Monolinuron Maleic acid

98.2 25-O

6.7

p-Nitrophenol

76.5

0.4

Aniline

83.3

0.5

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic

n-d.

= =

not detectable not analysed

acid

(CO.01

102.5

%)

l-1

418

KORTE

Table

4:

Mineralization, accumulation of

chemical cone,: 50 pg/l

degradation, chemicals by

volatilization and activated sludge within

volatilization

minerafization

%

%

% degradation products in sludge

3.0

Hexachlorohenzene

Accumulation

/ water

n-d.

5 days

n-d.

f5 32

000

28.5

28.0

30

3

170

2,4,6,2’

1.2

0.2

1

27

800

2,5,4 '-Trichlorobiphenyl

0.5

n-d.

32

000

18

Hexadecanol ,4*-Pentachlorobiphenyl

71.4

38.0

Dodecane

37.0

1 300

18-8

Aldrin

1.5

11.1

n-d.

Di(Z-ethylhexyl) phthalate

1 .o

1

n-d_

Pentachloronitrobenzene

7-O

2,2'-Dichlorobiphenyl

6.6

39.2 0.1

0.8

2.3

000

3 000 4

500

6

300

Pentachlorophenol

0.5

10.6

5

7

700

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

2.0

49

26.4

2

350

2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol

7-7

1.1

29.8

15.1

2

600

Biphenyl

9.1

8.5

7.8

8.5

Belgard

EV

Coumarin n-Dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Na)

3.1 29.5

3.5

3.0

1

29

1

260 400 140

n.d.

40

55

5.1

5.4

acid

n.d.

3.7

0.1

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol p-Chlorobenzoic

3-3 30.0

430

n-d.

170

Hydroguinone

7.6

7.5

19.7

24.4

520

p-tert-Butylphenol

4.9

0.2

3.7

n-d.

240

Nitrobenzene

1.7

0.4

n-d.

n-d.

40

Monolinuron

0.5

n.d.

8

70

acid

26.9

26.3

p-Nitrophenol

1.4

1-l

0.5

34.7

37.0

37.0

21.4

11.7

Maleic

Aniline

0.1

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid chemical f5

n.d.

cont.

in

2

41

0.14

sludge

(r_lg/gdry

weight)

=

final

chemical

not

detectable

cont.

in

(CO,l%)

aqueous

after

phase

(pg/ml)

-

not

=

30 1 030

n-d.

=

analyzed

800

5 days

77

K0Rl-E

Table

419 5:

Photomineralization

chemical

of org.

chemicals

concentration of chemical (rig/g silica gel)

Hexachlorobenzene 2,4,6,2*,4*-Pentachlorobiphenyl Dodecane Aldrin

organic fragments in % of applied org. carbon

17 h

CO2 in % of possible upon grant. mineralization

0.1

1.5

1 680

0.5

3.1

60

0.1

5.2

125

Hexadecanol

within

240

0.7

2.9

45

0.1

8.8

0.1

1.6

Pentachloronitrobenzene

40

0.1

43.0

Di(2-ethylhexyljphthalate 2,2'-Dichlorobiphenyl

77

o-1

Pentachlorophenol

80

0.1

3-5 62.0

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

64

0.1

46.0

2.6-Di-tert-butylphenol

30

0.7

29.5

Biphenyl

80

0.1

2 500

0.1

12.1

250

0.1

97

0.1

59-2 3.2

Belgard

HV

Coumarin n-Dcdecylbenzenesulfonate (Na)

9.5

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

80

0.1

65.8

p-Chlorobenzoic

30

0.1

6.3

62

0.1

57.4

100

0.1

46.8

acid

Hydroquinone p-text-Butylphenol Nitrobenzene

60

0.1

Monolinuron

65

0.1

38.3

165

0.1

17.0

p-Nitrophenol

80

0.2

39.1

Aniline

39

0.8

46.5

115

0.1

26.2

Maleic

acid

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

6.7

420

KORTE

Nevertheless, same

rank

The

several

since

fact

partly

that

differs

perties

or

dures.

in

this

set to

to

from

of

this of

are

to

environmental

of

chemicals

where

lable

for

ding

to

correct. the

the

the

environment

Theseare test

final

system.

final

in

The

production

level,

the

general

of

ihe

experimental

obtain

controlling

dustrial

e.g.

lease

10 -

coastal There

30 tons

is only

- thus

fore,

the

With

14%

an

need

for

not

the

priority

with

system

the

the

to

positions are

ranking

relative

test

posi-

the

the

are

and this

profile

avaiaccor-

ranking

is

predictive

allow

to

the

pathways

additional and

information, Belgard

EV

there of

of

the

To

of

the

the

individual

into

a the

chemical

knowledge

taking

and

achieve

especially

additional

seawater

standard

a reliable

chemicals_

reasonable

in

for

analysis

is necessary,

capacity

year

a

that

experiments

the

of

Provided

negligible

in-

results

assessment.

and

more

account

its

use

in

in-

desalination

and

exten-

would be no sewage treatment, 3 drinking water will rem

5000

chemically

unchanged

product

into

data

overall

evapcrate.

The

EV

standard acid

transfer

exposure which

of

the

of mammals are

product

into

results

favourable,

from

are

drinking its

use_

sufficient

for

Therethe

3).

Photochemical

maleic

Belgard

per

direct

(table

not

water.

no

standard

screening

(97%)_

With

deposition

a daily

do

knowledge

complete

Systems.

with

in

listing

pattern,

used

scale

fact

of

that

proproce-

water.

water

does

were

Cooling

a plant

more

that

The

compared

found

substance

compound

experimental

concluded

experimental

alone

system

this

procedures

for

the

additional use

the

sense.

of

environment.

one

Furthermore,

obtained

significance

the

to

sive

a relative

of

the

opportunity

were

data

results

is

by

sophisticated

it was

experiments

listing

To

and the

environmental

reasonable

from

3) have

different

possible_

an

(table

position that

factors.

problem

system,

Consequently,

is

data

respective

test

the

it is

test

different

test

excreted.

addressed

experience

evaluate those

rat

reveals

chemicals

test

the

tests

test

factors

ranklng

differ

in

quantitatively

test

biological

and

tions

are

from

According

listing

chemicals

they

molecular

Furthermore, reactions system

in the

is really

weight

product

500

to

incineration occur

showed

mineralized.

of

in

the

5000 is

water

the

almost

confirmation

is

itself

quantitative

surface

a photomineralization

some

product

or of

in

sea-

12%_

With

necessary

whether

KORTE

421

Confirmatory with

experiments

tropospheric

tions

of

BV up

demonstrated TABLE

and

Belgard

mineralization

(table

in

the

52%.

aqueous

'hemical

elgard

Analysis

Concentration carrier EV

show

concentra-

tropospheric

mineralization

could

,X nm

The

also

be

>290

the

>290

17

4

165 rig/g Silica gel (standard)

>290

17

16.5

80 rig/g Silica gel

>290

88

71

which

was

Belgard

the

which

is,

of

degrading

to

in

added

this

substantiated

was

the may

the

with salt an

the

content

intentional

when same

within

fresh

experiment

great

3 and high of

sludge

from

implant

17 days

binding

the

to

chemical

freshwater

a desalination in

inoculum,

no mineralization

sludge

were from

2.5

test, plant

resulting

products

46 days_

as

elimination

seawater

is of

in desalination

between

as well

activated

degradation

However,

product

occur

varied

context, to

normal

to

they

exposure

using

volatile

incubation.

as

mineralization

carried-out

Without

10) was

for

Additionally

diluted

formation

be

7),

definite

were

EV_

of

potential

concentrations

in

water.

experiments

7.3

52

(table

biomass

__-_-------__--_ 72

67

in

EV

12.1

>290

effluents

the

17

-G90

Belgard

% co2

60

Using

resulted

Irradiation time in h

72

microbial

and

of

>230

portance-

could

different

gel,

- Photomineralization

and

2,500 rig/g Silica gel (standard) _---.-----1 mg/g Silica gel

aleic cid

(ref.

irradiation

solution.

Profile

450 ng/ml aqueous solution

days

and

silica

Additionally,

4,950 rig/g Silica gel

or

sunlight

absorber

long-term

6

Ecotoxicological

from

including

stratospheric

on

to

61,

found the

a degradation

mg/l

within North to

35 Sea

about

20%

422

TABLE

7

Ecotoxicological

b:y Aquatic

Profile

- Mineralization

Analysis

Test duration days

I noculum Concentration ug/lit& sludge 990 970 1150 990

Accum. biomass

1

fish

TABLE

n-d.

system

was

(table

does

not

include

on

the

bioaccumulation

included

8).

that

20

-

knowledge

From

there

and

the

is

1 67.1

46

standard

concluded

2480 2780

38

broader species

1260

17

Staawater from dcasalination + sludge P lant 2500 L

varied

Ev

4 3.3

1400

5’ 13

from S eawater dlesalination P lant 2500

The

Belgard

% co2

in

A ctivated

obtain

of

Microorganisms

exposure

marine

no

as

factors

bioaccumulation

In

test

f3d

=

to

seawater

duration

obtained

(PCP,

order

a

potential,

as well

concentration

organisms.

it

were

can

be

1,100).

8

Ecotoxicological

Profile

I Fish golden

Exposure pg/liter

:

orfes

Analysis

- Accumulation

f3d

f13d

45 1080

1.6 3.3

2.5

50 1000

3-l O-4

l-4

of

Belgard

Ev

in Fish

I dascyllus I Analogous algae and

(table

two

marine

concentration after

24

hours

confirmatory 9).

Algal

species in

algae

the

experiments concentration were is

and

included.

reached

concentration

were

For

already declines

made

for

exposure this after again-

accumulation

levels

product

varied

a steady

5 hours The

were

in

state

exposure

factors

shown

and

KmrE

423

seem to demonstrate real bioaccumulation. However,-data, especially_ -. In this test, strongly depend on the experimental conditions. Adsorbed amounts

cannot

the cells

be differentiated

in nutrient

L between

significantly

TakLng

conditions.

medium,

this

algae

is as by fish,

TABLE

9

Ecotoxicological

from

a factor

in the cells.

concentration

of S to 200 depending

into account,

that means

Profile

those

the product

accumulation

Upon washing

is reduced on washing

of Belgard

EV by

insignificant_

- Accumulation

Analysis

of Belgard

EV in Algae

I

Exposure ug/liter Freshwater Chlorella O-1 g/l 1 g/l 0.1 g/l 1 g/J

fld dry weight

66: 1020 1300

Seawater Dunaniella 0.1 g/l

700 3960 1500 3200

140 790 300 650

800 330

160 66

877:

Seawater from desalination plant Dunaniella 0.1 g/l

2500

420 250

Tetraselmis 0.1 g/l

2500

690 543

+

=

washed There

- e.g.

twice

via

irrigation

systems.

the product firmation in a much

water

is retained showing

higher

that

138

110+

waste

test on uptake under

could

be exposed

the product

composting

in the matrix

that

uptake

soil

containing

The standard

an additional

out,

84 50+

seawater

is some possibility

cooling

carried

with

fld fresh weight

and not highly by plants

conditions

than

in nature

in soil and not significantly

taken-up

from

test had

this

which

industrial shown

mobile.

(table

that For con-

10) was

definitively

product

by plants.

to the product

is mainly

result fixed

424

KORTB

TABLE

10

Ecotoxicological from

Profile

- Uptake

Analysis

of

Belgard

EV

by

plants

soil

Duration days

Exposure

Soil 0.16

Uptake barley %

Non-extractable from soil %

0.17

81

13

pg/g

.

+ From

the

discussed

investigations Belgard

it can

EV will

be

ecotoxicologically In

this

general,

used priate

for

ranking

for

whole be

example of

data

from

that

no

in organisms

according

shows

chen;icals,

confirmatory

of

concluded

present safe

set

to

that can

the

the easily

standard

effective

and

that

it

presently

special

levels

Of

is, used

test-system, be

and

extended

consequently, concepts.

originally where

appro-

evaluation.

REFERENCES The investigations reported in this paper have been carried out in collaboration with D_ Freitag, S. Gab, H. Geyer, W. Klein, R. Kloskowski, D. Kotzias, A. Rraus, and E. S. Lahaniatis, F. Korte, OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 4 (1972) 27. F. Korte, W. Klein, and B. Drefahl, Naturw. Rdsch., 23, 11 (1970) 445-457. W. G. Appleby, IUCN 11th Techn. Mtg., New Delhi, 1969, 1, Morgues, Switzerland, 1970. in F. Coulston and F. Korte (Eds), Environmental N. A. Iliff, Quality and Safety, Vol. 2, Global Aspects of Chemistry, Toxicology and Technology as Applied to the Environment, Georg Thieme Publ., Stuttgart, 1973, pp. 64-71. F_ Korte, D. Freitag, H. Geyer, W. Klein, A-G. Kraus, and E_ Lahaniatis, Chemosphere, 1 (1978) 79-102. F. Korte, in W-J_ Hunter and J.G.P.M. Smeets (Eds.), Proceedings of the Int. Colloquium The Evaluation of Toxicological Data for the Protection of Public Health, Luxembourg, December 1976, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977, pp. 235-246. hb, SJ.Schmitzer, H-W. Thamm, H. Parlar and F. Korte, Nature, 270 (1977) 331-333. D. Kotzias, W. Klein, F. Lotz, S. Nitz and F. Korte, Chemosphere, 5 (1979) 301-304. 10 The collection and supply of sludge by Dr. Ernst, Institut fiir Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, is acknowledged_