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Editorial for the special issue on routing in smart grid communication networks
Ad Hoc Networks 22 (2014) 1–2
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ad Hoc Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/adhoc
Editorial
Editorial for the special issue on routing in smart grid communication networks
Power companies are actively upgrading their existing power grid to a Smart Grid. The smart grid thus consists of a large number of devices and is supporting different applications with diversified quality of service (QoS) requirements. Because of the unique environment of the smart grid, many new problems arise, as reflected by some articles in this special issue. The article by Hong et al. points out that existing algorithms that find multiple node-disjoint paths are not sufficient for smart grids because they do not consider interdependent node failures, which may occur in smart grids. They thus define a new routing problem called min–max non-disrupting k path computation problem (M2NKPCP) and prove it is NP-hard. Two heuristic algorithms are developed and evaluated. A new multicast problem is studied in the article from Hou et al. The paper studies the multicast problem for distributing command and control messages in a smart grid connected by a wireless mesh network. Because of interference, computing the end-to-end transmission delay of a multicast tree is not trivial. The authors develop an integer linear programming formulation to compute the delay of a tree. They also develop a tree delay estimation method and a routing mechanism to find a tree. As it is anticipated that massive of sensors will be installed to monitor the grid, studies on smart grid sensor networks are important. The article by Uzun et al. studies the tradeoff of scalability and lifetime maximization when routing through a smart grid wireless sensor network. When routes are localized, it is more scalable but may use up more energy. A Mixed Integer Programming framework is used to model the energy dissipation to study the tradeoff in three localized routing regimes. The numerical results show that route localization must lead to reduction of lifetime, but it may not be very severe.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2014.07.002 1570-8705/Ó 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
The article by Sahin et al. studies QoS routing of the smart grid wireless sensor networks. The challenges of WSN-based smart grid applications are analyzed, and some existing routing protocols are surveyed. To further understand the behavior of a routing algorithm under a harsh environment, the authors perform extensive simulations on two QoS-based soft real-time routing protocols. It is concluded that multi-path routing can support service differentiation in terms of reliability and delay. The quality of a communication link definitely affects the performance of a system. Some of the articles included in this issue focus on this aspect. The article by Z. Li et al. studies the energy performance when WiFi Direct is used in the smart grid Home Area Networks (HANs) to connect devices without a wireless access point. Power saving and communication reliability are studied through mathematical analysis. The numerical results show that WiFi Direct is efficient in both energy saving and enhancing communication link reliability. The article from Chai et al. studies the impacts of jamming attacks when the communication between the consumers and the power provider in the demand response management (DRM) system is through the wireless medium. Jamming leads to packet losses, and the power provider may not get the actual demand but use an estimated value to compute price. The degradation on DRM performance due to estimation error is analyzed. The authors then propose a regret matching based antijamming algorithm to enhance communication quality to solve the problem. The article of Erol-Kantarci et al. investigates how the energy management system communicates between the energy consumer and mobile energy storage (batteries in electric vehicle) to facilitate stable energy flows. A four-way handshake protocol is developed for the
2
Editorial / Ad Hoc Networks 22 (2014) 1–2
communication, and a token-based system is used to regulate energy distribution. The performance of the framework is analyzed through queuing theory. Finally, the article by S. Li et al. considers the privacy issue in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). The authors propose to connect the smart meters using logical rings. A novel scheme called ‘‘Ortho Code’’ is developed to encrypt the data collected along a ring so that the privacies of customers are protected. The mechanism is shown to be secure against various security attacks, while simulation results demonstrate its energy and computational efficiency.
Visiting Associate Professor Suleyman Uludag Department of Computer Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey 06560 E-mail address: [email protected]
Associate Professor Kemal Akkaya Department of Computer Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 E-mail address: [email protected]
Associate Professor King-Shan Lui Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong E-mail address: [email protected]
Associate Professor Xiuzhen Cheng Department of Computer Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 E-mail address: [email protected]
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ad Hoc Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/adhoc
Editorial
Editorial for the special issue on routing in smart grid communication networks
Power companies are actively upgrading their existing power grid to a Smart Grid. The smart grid thus consists of a large number of devices and is supporting different applications with diversified quality of service (QoS) requirements. Because of the unique environment of the smart grid, many new problems arise, as reflected by some articles in this special issue. The article by Hong et al. points out that existing algorithms that find multiple node-disjoint paths are not sufficient for smart grids because they do not consider interdependent node failures, which may occur in smart grids. They thus define a new routing problem called min–max non-disrupting k path computation problem (M2NKPCP) and prove it is NP-hard. Two heuristic algorithms are developed and evaluated. A new multicast problem is studied in the article from Hou et al. The paper studies the multicast problem for distributing command and control messages in a smart grid connected by a wireless mesh network. Because of interference, computing the end-to-end transmission delay of a multicast tree is not trivial. The authors develop an integer linear programming formulation to compute the delay of a tree. They also develop a tree delay estimation method and a routing mechanism to find a tree. As it is anticipated that massive of sensors will be installed to monitor the grid, studies on smart grid sensor networks are important. The article by Uzun et al. studies the tradeoff of scalability and lifetime maximization when routing through a smart grid wireless sensor network. When routes are localized, it is more scalable but may use up more energy. A Mixed Integer Programming framework is used to model the energy dissipation to study the tradeoff in three localized routing regimes. The numerical results show that route localization must lead to reduction of lifetime, but it may not be very severe.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2014.07.002 1570-8705/Ó 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
The article by Sahin et al. studies QoS routing of the smart grid wireless sensor networks. The challenges of WSN-based smart grid applications are analyzed, and some existing routing protocols are surveyed. To further understand the behavior of a routing algorithm under a harsh environment, the authors perform extensive simulations on two QoS-based soft real-time routing protocols. It is concluded that multi-path routing can support service differentiation in terms of reliability and delay. The quality of a communication link definitely affects the performance of a system. Some of the articles included in this issue focus on this aspect. The article by Z. Li et al. studies the energy performance when WiFi Direct is used in the smart grid Home Area Networks (HANs) to connect devices without a wireless access point. Power saving and communication reliability are studied through mathematical analysis. The numerical results show that WiFi Direct is efficient in both energy saving and enhancing communication link reliability. The article from Chai et al. studies the impacts of jamming attacks when the communication between the consumers and the power provider in the demand response management (DRM) system is through the wireless medium. Jamming leads to packet losses, and the power provider may not get the actual demand but use an estimated value to compute price. The degradation on DRM performance due to estimation error is analyzed. The authors then propose a regret matching based antijamming algorithm to enhance communication quality to solve the problem. The article of Erol-Kantarci et al. investigates how the energy management system communicates between the energy consumer and mobile energy storage (batteries in electric vehicle) to facilitate stable energy flows. A four-way handshake protocol is developed for the
2
Editorial / Ad Hoc Networks 22 (2014) 1–2
communication, and a token-based system is used to regulate energy distribution. The performance of the framework is analyzed through queuing theory. Finally, the article by S. Li et al. considers the privacy issue in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). The authors propose to connect the smart meters using logical rings. A novel scheme called ‘‘Ortho Code’’ is developed to encrypt the data collected along a ring so that the privacies of customers are protected. The mechanism is shown to be secure against various security attacks, while simulation results demonstrate its energy and computational efficiency.
Visiting Associate Professor Suleyman Uludag Department of Computer Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey 06560 E-mail address: [email protected]
Associate Professor Kemal Akkaya Department of Computer Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 E-mail address: [email protected]
Associate Professor King-Shan Lui Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong E-mail address: [email protected]
Associate Professor Xiuzhen Cheng Department of Computer Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 E-mail address: [email protected]