- Email: [email protected]
Editorial: Krill biology and ecology
ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 57 (2010) 494–495
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Deep-Sea Research II journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2
Editorial
Editorial: Krill biology and ecology
Introduction The significance of euphausiids (hereafter krill) has been recognized for centuries particularly because of their obvious importance in the diet of baleen whales and many fish and seabird species in the marine ecosystem around the globe, as well as being one of the main targets for commercial fisheries in the Southern Ocean. They are excellent experimental organisms because of their relatively large size, relatively short life cycles (less than one year in some temperate species) and high survival rate in captivity. They are also an ideal model organism for studying interactions between environmental and organismal variability at variety of scales ranging from short-term variation up to regime shifts (Mangel and Nicol, 2000). Recent advances in technology have increased the range of techniques that can be used for studies on krill biology and ecology, and the outcomes are now covering numerous research topics (Table 1). Three international symposiums/workshops dedicated to krill biology were held in the past, and their proceedings have all been published. The First International Symposium on Krill was held in 1982 (George, 1984), Second International Symposium on Krill was held in 1999 (Mangel and Nicol, 2000), and the international workshop on ‘‘Understanding living krill for improved management and stock assessment’’ was convened in 2002 (Kawaguchi and Nicol, 2003). There were also a few krill biology workshops/ seminars sponsored by BIOMASS (e.g. Clarke, 1987). This special volume was developed following the workshop on ‘‘krill research: current status and its future’’ held in Hiroshima Japan, as a part of the Fourth International Zooplankton Production Symposium on ‘‘Human and climate forcing of zooplankton populations’’ (28 May–1 June 2007) jointly sponsored by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), and Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC). A special volume for the main Symposium was published separately in ICES Journal of Marine Science (Dagg et al., 2008). The motivation for having such a workshop was to recruit a new generation of krill researchers, and also to further increase communication between the regional research communities around the world working in different regions and on different species of krill to share latest information on krill. A total of 17 papers as well as 24 posters from 14 countries were presented during the workshop. The workshop was followed by a group discussion which reviewed current knowledge of krill biology and ecology, highlighted gaps in our knowledge and future areas for research and collaboration, and the discussions further explored
how the study of a range of species of krill can further address general problems in krill biology and ecology. This volume consists of 17 anonymously peer-reviewed papers that were accepted for publication out of contributions from the workshop, compiling latest studies on krill. It opens with a scenesetting paper outlining some of the approaches that might enable us to make progress in understanding krill at multiple spatial and temporal scales. This is followed by a research paper dealing with swarm structure using latest acoustic techniques, and by two papers using modelling approach to describe variability of the krill system. There are 10 papers dealing with distribution, biology and ecology of euphausiids based on field studies of various regions, from Southern Ocean to tropics covering more Table 1 Comparison of topics and approaches in the past krill symposia/workshop. (Source: 1982 and 1999 symposia, Mangel and Nicol, 2000; 2002 workshop, National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries and Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 2002; 2007 workshop, PICES, 2007).
Oceanography Acoustics Demography/distribution Schooling/swarming Feeding Respiration/excretion/metabolism Energetics/physiology Genetics Development/growth Vertical distribution Lipids Enzymes Parasites Behaviour Swimming Aging Life history Modelling Reproduction UV Larvae Krill science/management Husbandry Sensory Krill production Krill flux Climate change/variability GIS/remote sensing Krill as food source Hydrochemistry
0967-0645/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright & 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.10.001
1982
1999
2 1 2 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 1
11 4 6 5 7 4 3 7 5 8 3 2 2 1
1 1 1 4 1 2
2002
2007 1 4 6
1 1
5 1 1 1 1
3 1 3 4 1
2 1
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3
1 1 3 1 2 1
ARTICLE IN PRESS Editorial / Deep-Sea Research II 57 (2010) 494–495
than seven krill species. The collection concludes with three experimental research papers dealing with aging, growth, and behaviour. Without the enthusiasm of the contributors to the workshop and this volume, neither would ever have materialized. Thorough, constructive and helpful comments by the reviewers have improved the quality of manuscripts. Further, this publication could not have been established without encouragement and understanding of the organizers of the Fourth International Zooplankton Production Symposium, namely Prof. Shin-Ichi Uye, to hold a krill dedicated workshop and publication of its proceedings. We hereby thank them all for their support.
Mangel, M., Nicol, S., 2000. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Krill. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (Suppl. 3), 1–202. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries and Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 2002 International Workshop on Understanding Living Krill for Improved Management and Stock Assessment. Nagoya Japan. Abstract. PICES, 2007. Fourth International Zooplankton Production Symposium. Hiroshima, Japan. Abstract.
So Kawaguchi n Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia E-mail address: [email protected]
William T. Peterson Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
References Clarke, A., 1987. Report of the BIOMASS workshop on krill physiology. Biomass Report Series no. 51. Dagg, M., Harris, R., Uye, S-I., Valde´z, L., 2008. Fourth International Zooplankton Production Symposium: Human and Climate Forcing of Zooplankton Populations. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, 277–495. George, R.Y., 1984. The biology of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superb. Journal of Crustacean Biology 4 (1), 1–337. Kawaguchi, S., Nicol, S., 2003. Understanding living krill for improved management and stock assessment. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 36 (4), 189–319.
495
Topical issue on ‘‘Krill Biology and Ecology.’’ The issue is compiled and guest-edited by the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), and Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) project.
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: + 61 3 62 323216; fax: + 61 3 62 323351.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Deep-Sea Research II journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2
Editorial
Editorial: Krill biology and ecology
Introduction The significance of euphausiids (hereafter krill) has been recognized for centuries particularly because of their obvious importance in the diet of baleen whales and many fish and seabird species in the marine ecosystem around the globe, as well as being one of the main targets for commercial fisheries in the Southern Ocean. They are excellent experimental organisms because of their relatively large size, relatively short life cycles (less than one year in some temperate species) and high survival rate in captivity. They are also an ideal model organism for studying interactions between environmental and organismal variability at variety of scales ranging from short-term variation up to regime shifts (Mangel and Nicol, 2000). Recent advances in technology have increased the range of techniques that can be used for studies on krill biology and ecology, and the outcomes are now covering numerous research topics (Table 1). Three international symposiums/workshops dedicated to krill biology were held in the past, and their proceedings have all been published. The First International Symposium on Krill was held in 1982 (George, 1984), Second International Symposium on Krill was held in 1999 (Mangel and Nicol, 2000), and the international workshop on ‘‘Understanding living krill for improved management and stock assessment’’ was convened in 2002 (Kawaguchi and Nicol, 2003). There were also a few krill biology workshops/ seminars sponsored by BIOMASS (e.g. Clarke, 1987). This special volume was developed following the workshop on ‘‘krill research: current status and its future’’ held in Hiroshima Japan, as a part of the Fourth International Zooplankton Production Symposium on ‘‘Human and climate forcing of zooplankton populations’’ (28 May–1 June 2007) jointly sponsored by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), and Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC). A special volume for the main Symposium was published separately in ICES Journal of Marine Science (Dagg et al., 2008). The motivation for having such a workshop was to recruit a new generation of krill researchers, and also to further increase communication between the regional research communities around the world working in different regions and on different species of krill to share latest information on krill. A total of 17 papers as well as 24 posters from 14 countries were presented during the workshop. The workshop was followed by a group discussion which reviewed current knowledge of krill biology and ecology, highlighted gaps in our knowledge and future areas for research and collaboration, and the discussions further explored
how the study of a range of species of krill can further address general problems in krill biology and ecology. This volume consists of 17 anonymously peer-reviewed papers that were accepted for publication out of contributions from the workshop, compiling latest studies on krill. It opens with a scenesetting paper outlining some of the approaches that might enable us to make progress in understanding krill at multiple spatial and temporal scales. This is followed by a research paper dealing with swarm structure using latest acoustic techniques, and by two papers using modelling approach to describe variability of the krill system. There are 10 papers dealing with distribution, biology and ecology of euphausiids based on field studies of various regions, from Southern Ocean to tropics covering more Table 1 Comparison of topics and approaches in the past krill symposia/workshop. (Source: 1982 and 1999 symposia, Mangel and Nicol, 2000; 2002 workshop, National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries and Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 2002; 2007 workshop, PICES, 2007).
Oceanography Acoustics Demography/distribution Schooling/swarming Feeding Respiration/excretion/metabolism Energetics/physiology Genetics Development/growth Vertical distribution Lipids Enzymes Parasites Behaviour Swimming Aging Life history Modelling Reproduction UV Larvae Krill science/management Husbandry Sensory Krill production Krill flux Climate change/variability GIS/remote sensing Krill as food source Hydrochemistry
0967-0645/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright & 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.10.001
1982
1999
2 1 2 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 1
11 4 6 5 7 4 3 7 5 8 3 2 2 1
1 1 1 4 1 2
2002
2007 1 4 6
1 1
5 1 1 1 1
3 1 3 4 1
2 1
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3
1 1 3 1 2 1
ARTICLE IN PRESS Editorial / Deep-Sea Research II 57 (2010) 494–495
than seven krill species. The collection concludes with three experimental research papers dealing with aging, growth, and behaviour. Without the enthusiasm of the contributors to the workshop and this volume, neither would ever have materialized. Thorough, constructive and helpful comments by the reviewers have improved the quality of manuscripts. Further, this publication could not have been established without encouragement and understanding of the organizers of the Fourth International Zooplankton Production Symposium, namely Prof. Shin-Ichi Uye, to hold a krill dedicated workshop and publication of its proceedings. We hereby thank them all for their support.
Mangel, M., Nicol, S., 2000. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Krill. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (Suppl. 3), 1–202. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries and Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 2002 International Workshop on Understanding Living Krill for Improved Management and Stock Assessment. Nagoya Japan. Abstract. PICES, 2007. Fourth International Zooplankton Production Symposium. Hiroshima, Japan. Abstract.
So Kawaguchi n Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia E-mail address: [email protected]
William T. Peterson Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
References Clarke, A., 1987. Report of the BIOMASS workshop on krill physiology. Biomass Report Series no. 51. Dagg, M., Harris, R., Uye, S-I., Valde´z, L., 2008. Fourth International Zooplankton Production Symposium: Human and Climate Forcing of Zooplankton Populations. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, 277–495. George, R.Y., 1984. The biology of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superb. Journal of Crustacean Biology 4 (1), 1–337. Kawaguchi, S., Nicol, S., 2003. Understanding living krill for improved management and stock assessment. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 36 (4), 189–319.
495
Topical issue on ‘‘Krill Biology and Ecology.’’ The issue is compiled and guest-edited by the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), and Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) project.
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: + 61 3 62 323216; fax: + 61 3 62 323351.