- Email: [email protected]
Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites R. Senthilraja a, R. Sarala a, A. Godwin Antony b, Seshadhri a a b
Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering & Technology, Karaikudi, India K. Ramakrishnan College of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trichy, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 June 2019 Accepted 30 June 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Palm fiber Natural composites Acetylation Vinyl ester Response surface Mathematical modelling
a b s t r a c t In natural fiber reinforced polymer (NFRP) composites, there is a lack of good inter-facial adhesion between the hydrophilic cellulose fibers due to their inherent incompatibility. High water and moisture absorption of the cellulose fibres causes swelling, dimensional instability, poor mechanical properties. This work focuses on eliminating the swelling effect of the palm fiber composite by Acetylation. This acetylated palm fiber composites reduce manufacturing cost of automobile interiors, door panels, etc. The chemical treatment improved the tensile strength till 6% concentration. The ANOVA study was carried out to reveal the effects of concentration and soaking period on strength of fiber composites. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
1. Introduction The damages caused to environment in preparation and disposal of artificial composites are noteworthy. Hence natural fiber composites with enhanced mechanical strength has received importance in this decade. The palm fiber was mixed with concrete crushed particles in proportions for studying the mechanical properties [1]. Density, flexural & compressive strength were improved by 0.8%, 13.4% & 16.1% respectively. A detailed review was presented on characterizing the sisal and bamboo reinforced composites along with various properties [2,3]. Another attempt was made in revealing the tensile strength enhancement of natural fiber composites by alkali treatments. Increasing the matrix-fiber interaction was established by these chemical treatments [4]. It is identified the decrease of strength for ABS composites reinforced with palm fiber through injection molding [5]. The increase in fiber causes for downfall of strength by 10% due to random orientation. A report on natural fiber composites stating the reduction of moisture resistance was produced [6]. Applications mainly focused on automobile interior design was clearly stated. Recycled HDPE composite with reinforcements of glass and oil palm fibers were evaluated [7]. Palm fiber showed good adhesion to HDPE resulting in strength of 50 MPa. Pineapple leaf fiber reinE-mail addresses: (R. Senthilraja)
[email protected],
[email protected]
forced composite was [8]. The flexural stiffness and strength are 2.76 GPa and 80.2 MPa respectively for 30% fiber presence in composite. Further improvement was observed while treating with silane A172. The effect of alkalization of kenaf & hemp bast fiber composites were evaluated [9]. The bulk density and storage modulus increased by 2.4% and 33.3% while treating hemp–polyester composites with 6% NaOH. Comparison of e-glass fiber composites with jute fabric fiber composites on damage tolerance basis was done [10]. The inter-laminar shear is quite good, though natural jute reinforcement is not equivalent to e-glass fiber in applications. The importance of chemical treatment to natural fibers was reported [11]. The results showed were increased mechanical properties with reduction in water absorption. A review of reinforced bio composites over the past decade was presented [12]. The various sources, techniques and factors affecting were also discussed. The mechanical behaviour and corrosion behaviour of alloys while the base matrix was influenced with chromium was presented [13,14]. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Palm tree interior trunk part were crushed into fibres. The obtained fibres will be consisting of starch. This starch has been removed by dipping in water. After 48 h, it is dried and heated in
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
Please cite this article as: R. Senthilraja, R. Sarala, A. G. Antony et al., Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729
2
R. Senthilraja et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
The mould pressure was maintained at 2.6 MPa. A total of 25 samples with 5 different values for concentration and soaking time is prepared. 2.3. Testing methods Tensile test was carried out with ASTM D-638 at room temperature. The test was carried out with 5 mm/sec of cross head with the load of 5 KN. The impact test were taken individually for all samples. Weathering test are also taken for all concentrations of palm fibres. The tests were taken by treating the specimens in acetyl chloride of various concentrations such as 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Each specimen were treated and tested and the effect of treatment were analysed in mechanical testing.
3. Results and discussion Fig. 1. Plates with different composition of Palm Fibers.
oven at 100 °C. The vinyl ester polymer was obtained from the local vendor. Vinyl ester was chosen as it has high corrosion resistance properties and higher elongation till failure. 2.2. Sample preparation The vinyl ester polymer impregnated with palm fibre was obtained by compression moulding. The palm fibres were added in 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% in vinyl ester and made different plates as seen in Fig. 1. The composites with various concentrations of fibre composites are cured at 80 °C by compression moulding.
Due to chemical treatment of the composites with acetyl chloride, the mechanical properties such as tensile, impact properties increases for certain hours of treatment at various concentrations of acetyl chloride. The Fig. 2 shows the comparative properties of the composites. For 2% palm fibre composites 48% soaking time shows higher tensile strength and good impact strength. In 4% composites the properties improves for 24 h of soaking. For 6% palm fibre composites the properties are improved for soaking it for 72 h and impact strength higher for 24 h. Thus for the palm fibre composites, the tensile strength increases for more hour of soaking time for higher concentration of palm fibre and impact test increases with decrease of soaking time. The weathering test was conducted for sample having 2% solution concentration and 48 h of soaking time. The natural weathering was conducted for various
Fig. 2. Experimental results of Tensile strength and Impact strength.
Table 1 ANOVA for the Responses. Source
Model A-Solution concentration B-Soaking time AB A2 B2 A2B AB2 A3 B3 Residual Cor Total
Tensile strength
Impact strength
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F-Value
p-value Prob > F
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F-Value
p-value Prob > F
1051.847 407.6122 254.3057 35.62765 341.3568 30.86419 – – – – 118.3418 1170.189
5 1 1 1 1 1 – – – – 19 24
210.36 407.61 254.31 35.627 341.356 30.864 – – – – 6.228516
33.775 65.443 40.829 5.7201 54.806 4.9553 – – – –
<0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0273 <0.0001 0.0383 – – – –
1120.461 3.058332 278.4636 5.318097 231.5475 256.2019 0.71843 12.48374 8.3232 138.2966 86.61752 1207.078
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 24
124.49 3.0583 278.46 5.3181 231.55 256.20 0.718 12.484 8.323 138.29 5.7745
21.55955 0.529627 48.22297 0.920962 40.09827 44.36779 0.124414 2.161873 1.441371 23.94953
<0.0001 0.4780 <0.0001 0.3524 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.7292 0.1621 0.2485 0.0002
Please cite this article as: R. Senthilraja, R. Sarala, A. G. Antony et al., Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729
R. Senthilraja et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 3. Effect of Solution concentration & soaking time on Tensile and Impact strength.
Fig. 4. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of Tensile and Impact strength.
periods of 120, 240, 360, 480 & 600 h yield tensile strength of 9.75, 10.89, 11.78, 12.85 & 14.68 MPa respectively. The ANOVA is a simple statistical tool used for understanding influence of various parameters on responses. In this study, variation in strength was studied on the basis of chemical concentration and soaking time as shown in Table 1. The concentration of solution plays a vital role in deciding the strength. However, even further improvement in strength is achieved from longer period of soaking.
ical models used for predicting the strengths is given in Eqs. (1) & (2) respectively. A comparison for validating the prediction by regressor is given in Fig. 4. 4. Conclusion
þ1:245683741 T þ 0:04089699 C T
The chemical treatment process gives the improvement until the concentration of 6% and reduces tensile strength with further increase. For tensile strength, maximum is attained at 6% concentration & increase in soaking time. The impact strength is maximum at 6% concentration and 33 h of soaking time. Natural weathering test was conducted for the best sample at 2% concentration over several hours. The tensile strength of weathered components increase proportionally with weathering period. The work revealed the improvement of mechanical behaviour and durability of the composites used for applications like door panels, automobile parts etc. This treatment reduces the moisture absorption and improves their life.
1:179294736 C 2 0:027194126 T 2 ð2Þ 0:000808315 C 2 T
References
Tensile strength ¼ 4:574311416 þ 7:324368062 C þ 0:182938252 T þ 0:01347025 C T 0:552071429 C 2 0:001471859 T 2 ð1Þ impact strength ¼ 2:338902833 þ 8:440705275 C
0:000330953 C T
2
þ0:0425 C 3 þ 0:000151066 T 3 The response surfaces were generated for understanding the combined effect of chosen variables as seen in Fig. 3. Tensile strength is impacted by both the chosen parameters as their pvalue is lesser than 0.05. Similarly, the influential parameter for impact strength is the period of soaking. Increased soaking time improves the impact strength by enhancing the fibre-matrix bonding and reducing amount of voids inside the composite. The empir-
[1] Eethar Dawood, Mahyuddin Ramli, Study the effects of using palm fiber on the properties of high strength flowable mortar, in: 34th Conference on our World in Concrete & Structures, 2009. [2] Thingujam Jackson Singh, Sutanu Samanta, Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites-bamboo and sisal: a review, Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 03 (Special Issue: 07) (2014). [3] U.S. Bongarde, V.D. Shinde, Review on natural fiber reinforcement polymer composites, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Innovative Technol. (IJESIT) (3) (2014) 2. [4] Harry Ku, Hao Wang, N. Pattarachaiyakoop, Mohan Trada, A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, Compos. Part B: Eng. 42 (2011) 856–873, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb. 2011.01.010.
Please cite this article as: R. Senthilraja, R. Sarala, A. G. Antony et al., Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729
4
R. Senthilraja et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
[5] B. Neher, M.M. Bhuiyan, H. Kabir, M.R. Qadir, M.A. Gafur, F. Ahmed, Study of mechanical and physical properties of palm fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composite, Mater. Sci. Appl. 5 (2014) 39–45, https://doi.org/ 10.4236/msa.2014.51006. [6] D. Nabi Saheb, J.P. Jog, Natural fiber polymer composites: a review, Adv. Polym. Technol. 18 (4) (1999). [7] B. Aldousiri, M. Alajmi, A. Shalwan, Mechanical properties of palm fibre reinforced recycled hdpe, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. (2013), https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2013/508179. [8] L. Uma Devi, S. Bhagawan, Sabu Thomas, Mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber-reinforced polyester composites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 64 (1997) 1739– 1748, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970531)64:9<1739:: AIDAPP10>3.0.CO;2-T. [9] H. Aziz, P. Sharifah, Martin Ansell, The effect of alkalization and fibre alignment on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp bast fibre composites, Part 1. Polyester resin matrix, Compos. Sci. Technol. 64 (2004) 1219–1230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.10.001.
[10] Carlo Santulli, Mechanical and impact properties of untreated jute fabric reinforced polyester laminates compared with different Ε-glass fibre reinforced laminates, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 9 (2000), https://doi.org/ 10.1515/SECM.2000.9.4.177. [11] Xue Li, Lope Tabil, Satyanarayan Panigrahi, Chemical treatments of natural fiber for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites: a review, J. Polym. Environ. 15 (2007) 25–33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-006-0042-3. [12] Omar Faruk, Andrzej Bledzki, Hans-Peter Fink, Mohini Sain, Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010, Prog. Polym. Sci. 37 (2012) 1552– 1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003. [13] P. Parameswaran, A.G. Antony, S. Dinesh, K. Radhakrishnan, Experimental study on mechanical and corrosion characteristics of NAB alloy with the addition of chromium, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2) (2018) 8089–8094. [14] P. Parameswaran, A.M. Rameshbabu, G.N. Krishnan, R. Yogeshwaran, Study of the corrosion properties in a hot forged Cu-Al-Ni alloy with added Cr, J. Mech. Behav. Mater. 27 (3–4) (2018).
Please cite this article as: R. Senthilraja, R. Sarala, A. G. Antony et al., Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites R. Senthilraja a, R. Sarala a, A. Godwin Antony b, Seshadhri a a b
Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering & Technology, Karaikudi, India K. Ramakrishnan College of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trichy, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 June 2019 Accepted 30 June 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Palm fiber Natural composites Acetylation Vinyl ester Response surface Mathematical modelling
a b s t r a c t In natural fiber reinforced polymer (NFRP) composites, there is a lack of good inter-facial adhesion between the hydrophilic cellulose fibers due to their inherent incompatibility. High water and moisture absorption of the cellulose fibres causes swelling, dimensional instability, poor mechanical properties. This work focuses on eliminating the swelling effect of the palm fiber composite by Acetylation. This acetylated palm fiber composites reduce manufacturing cost of automobile interiors, door panels, etc. The chemical treatment improved the tensile strength till 6% concentration. The ANOVA study was carried out to reveal the effects of concentration and soaking period on strength of fiber composites. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
1. Introduction The damages caused to environment in preparation and disposal of artificial composites are noteworthy. Hence natural fiber composites with enhanced mechanical strength has received importance in this decade. The palm fiber was mixed with concrete crushed particles in proportions for studying the mechanical properties [1]. Density, flexural & compressive strength were improved by 0.8%, 13.4% & 16.1% respectively. A detailed review was presented on characterizing the sisal and bamboo reinforced composites along with various properties [2,3]. Another attempt was made in revealing the tensile strength enhancement of natural fiber composites by alkali treatments. Increasing the matrix-fiber interaction was established by these chemical treatments [4]. It is identified the decrease of strength for ABS composites reinforced with palm fiber through injection molding [5]. The increase in fiber causes for downfall of strength by 10% due to random orientation. A report on natural fiber composites stating the reduction of moisture resistance was produced [6]. Applications mainly focused on automobile interior design was clearly stated. Recycled HDPE composite with reinforcements of glass and oil palm fibers were evaluated [7]. Palm fiber showed good adhesion to HDPE resulting in strength of 50 MPa. Pineapple leaf fiber reinE-mail addresses: (R. Senthilraja)
[email protected],
[email protected]
forced composite was [8]. The flexural stiffness and strength are 2.76 GPa and 80.2 MPa respectively for 30% fiber presence in composite. Further improvement was observed while treating with silane A172. The effect of alkalization of kenaf & hemp bast fiber composites were evaluated [9]. The bulk density and storage modulus increased by 2.4% and 33.3% while treating hemp–polyester composites with 6% NaOH. Comparison of e-glass fiber composites with jute fabric fiber composites on damage tolerance basis was done [10]. The inter-laminar shear is quite good, though natural jute reinforcement is not equivalent to e-glass fiber in applications. The importance of chemical treatment to natural fibers was reported [11]. The results showed were increased mechanical properties with reduction in water absorption. A review of reinforced bio composites over the past decade was presented [12]. The various sources, techniques and factors affecting were also discussed. The mechanical behaviour and corrosion behaviour of alloys while the base matrix was influenced with chromium was presented [13,14]. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Palm tree interior trunk part were crushed into fibres. The obtained fibres will be consisting of starch. This starch has been removed by dipping in water. After 48 h, it is dried and heated in
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
Please cite this article as: R. Senthilraja, R. Sarala, A. G. Antony et al., Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729
2
R. Senthilraja et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
The mould pressure was maintained at 2.6 MPa. A total of 25 samples with 5 different values for concentration and soaking time is prepared. 2.3. Testing methods Tensile test was carried out with ASTM D-638 at room temperature. The test was carried out with 5 mm/sec of cross head with the load of 5 KN. The impact test were taken individually for all samples. Weathering test are also taken for all concentrations of palm fibres. The tests were taken by treating the specimens in acetyl chloride of various concentrations such as 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Each specimen were treated and tested and the effect of treatment were analysed in mechanical testing.
3. Results and discussion Fig. 1. Plates with different composition of Palm Fibers.
oven at 100 °C. The vinyl ester polymer was obtained from the local vendor. Vinyl ester was chosen as it has high corrosion resistance properties and higher elongation till failure. 2.2. Sample preparation The vinyl ester polymer impregnated with palm fibre was obtained by compression moulding. The palm fibres were added in 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% in vinyl ester and made different plates as seen in Fig. 1. The composites with various concentrations of fibre composites are cured at 80 °C by compression moulding.
Due to chemical treatment of the composites with acetyl chloride, the mechanical properties such as tensile, impact properties increases for certain hours of treatment at various concentrations of acetyl chloride. The Fig. 2 shows the comparative properties of the composites. For 2% palm fibre composites 48% soaking time shows higher tensile strength and good impact strength. In 4% composites the properties improves for 24 h of soaking. For 6% palm fibre composites the properties are improved for soaking it for 72 h and impact strength higher for 24 h. Thus for the palm fibre composites, the tensile strength increases for more hour of soaking time for higher concentration of palm fibre and impact test increases with decrease of soaking time. The weathering test was conducted for sample having 2% solution concentration and 48 h of soaking time. The natural weathering was conducted for various
Fig. 2. Experimental results of Tensile strength and Impact strength.
Table 1 ANOVA for the Responses. Source
Model A-Solution concentration B-Soaking time AB A2 B2 A2B AB2 A3 B3 Residual Cor Total
Tensile strength
Impact strength
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F-Value
p-value Prob > F
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F-Value
p-value Prob > F
1051.847 407.6122 254.3057 35.62765 341.3568 30.86419 – – – – 118.3418 1170.189
5 1 1 1 1 1 – – – – 19 24
210.36 407.61 254.31 35.627 341.356 30.864 – – – – 6.228516
33.775 65.443 40.829 5.7201 54.806 4.9553 – – – –
<0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0273 <0.0001 0.0383 – – – –
1120.461 3.058332 278.4636 5.318097 231.5475 256.2019 0.71843 12.48374 8.3232 138.2966 86.61752 1207.078
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 24
124.49 3.0583 278.46 5.3181 231.55 256.20 0.718 12.484 8.323 138.29 5.7745
21.55955 0.529627 48.22297 0.920962 40.09827 44.36779 0.124414 2.161873 1.441371 23.94953
<0.0001 0.4780 <0.0001 0.3524 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.7292 0.1621 0.2485 0.0002
Please cite this article as: R. Senthilraja, R. Sarala, A. G. Antony et al., Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729
R. Senthilraja et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 3. Effect of Solution concentration & soaking time on Tensile and Impact strength.
Fig. 4. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of Tensile and Impact strength.
periods of 120, 240, 360, 480 & 600 h yield tensile strength of 9.75, 10.89, 11.78, 12.85 & 14.68 MPa respectively. The ANOVA is a simple statistical tool used for understanding influence of various parameters on responses. In this study, variation in strength was studied on the basis of chemical concentration and soaking time as shown in Table 1. The concentration of solution plays a vital role in deciding the strength. However, even further improvement in strength is achieved from longer period of soaking.
ical models used for predicting the strengths is given in Eqs. (1) & (2) respectively. A comparison for validating the prediction by regressor is given in Fig. 4. 4. Conclusion
þ1:245683741 T þ 0:04089699 C T
The chemical treatment process gives the improvement until the concentration of 6% and reduces tensile strength with further increase. For tensile strength, maximum is attained at 6% concentration & increase in soaking time. The impact strength is maximum at 6% concentration and 33 h of soaking time. Natural weathering test was conducted for the best sample at 2% concentration over several hours. The tensile strength of weathered components increase proportionally with weathering period. The work revealed the improvement of mechanical behaviour and durability of the composites used for applications like door panels, automobile parts etc. This treatment reduces the moisture absorption and improves their life.
1:179294736 C 2 0:027194126 T 2 ð2Þ 0:000808315 C 2 T
References
Tensile strength ¼ 4:574311416 þ 7:324368062 C þ 0:182938252 T þ 0:01347025 C T 0:552071429 C 2 0:001471859 T 2 ð1Þ impact strength ¼ 2:338902833 þ 8:440705275 C
0:000330953 C T
2
þ0:0425 C 3 þ 0:000151066 T 3 The response surfaces were generated for understanding the combined effect of chosen variables as seen in Fig. 3. Tensile strength is impacted by both the chosen parameters as their pvalue is lesser than 0.05. Similarly, the influential parameter for impact strength is the period of soaking. Increased soaking time improves the impact strength by enhancing the fibre-matrix bonding and reducing amount of voids inside the composite. The empir-
[1] Eethar Dawood, Mahyuddin Ramli, Study the effects of using palm fiber on the properties of high strength flowable mortar, in: 34th Conference on our World in Concrete & Structures, 2009. [2] Thingujam Jackson Singh, Sutanu Samanta, Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites-bamboo and sisal: a review, Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 03 (Special Issue: 07) (2014). [3] U.S. Bongarde, V.D. Shinde, Review on natural fiber reinforcement polymer composites, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Innovative Technol. (IJESIT) (3) (2014) 2. [4] Harry Ku, Hao Wang, N. Pattarachaiyakoop, Mohan Trada, A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, Compos. Part B: Eng. 42 (2011) 856–873, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb. 2011.01.010.
Please cite this article as: R. Senthilraja, R. Sarala, A. G. Antony et al., Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729
4
R. Senthilraja et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
[5] B. Neher, M.M. Bhuiyan, H. Kabir, M.R. Qadir, M.A. Gafur, F. Ahmed, Study of mechanical and physical properties of palm fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composite, Mater. Sci. Appl. 5 (2014) 39–45, https://doi.org/ 10.4236/msa.2014.51006. [6] D. Nabi Saheb, J.P. Jog, Natural fiber polymer composites: a review, Adv. Polym. Technol. 18 (4) (1999). [7] B. Aldousiri, M. Alajmi, A. Shalwan, Mechanical properties of palm fibre reinforced recycled hdpe, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. (2013), https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2013/508179. [8] L. Uma Devi, S. Bhagawan, Sabu Thomas, Mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber-reinforced polyester composites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 64 (1997) 1739– 1748, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970531)64:9<1739:: AIDAPP10>3.0.CO;2-T. [9] H. Aziz, P. Sharifah, Martin Ansell, The effect of alkalization and fibre alignment on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp bast fibre composites, Part 1. Polyester resin matrix, Compos. Sci. Technol. 64 (2004) 1219–1230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.10.001.
[10] Carlo Santulli, Mechanical and impact properties of untreated jute fabric reinforced polyester laminates compared with different Ε-glass fibre reinforced laminates, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 9 (2000), https://doi.org/ 10.1515/SECM.2000.9.4.177. [11] Xue Li, Lope Tabil, Satyanarayan Panigrahi, Chemical treatments of natural fiber for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites: a review, J. Polym. Environ. 15 (2007) 25–33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-006-0042-3. [12] Omar Faruk, Andrzej Bledzki, Hans-Peter Fink, Mohini Sain, Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010, Prog. Polym. Sci. 37 (2012) 1552– 1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003. [13] P. Parameswaran, A.G. Antony, S. Dinesh, K. Radhakrishnan, Experimental study on mechanical and corrosion characteristics of NAB alloy with the addition of chromium, Mater. Today: Proc. 5 (2) (2018) 8089–8094. [14] P. Parameswaran, A.M. Rameshbabu, G.N. Krishnan, R. Yogeshwaran, Study of the corrosion properties in a hot forged Cu-Al-Ni alloy with added Cr, J. Mech. Behav. Mater. 27 (3–4) (2018).
Please cite this article as: R. Senthilraja, R. Sarala, A. G. Antony et al., Effect of acetylation technique on mechanical behavior and durability of palm fibre vinyl-ester composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.729