- Email: [email protected]
Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete Vladimir Gavrish a,⇑, Tatyana Chayka a, Georgy Baranov a, Svetlana Fedorova b, Olga Gavrish c a
Scientific-educational Center ‘‘Advanced Technologies and Materials”, Sevastopol State University, 33 Universitetskaya str, 299053 Sevastopol, Russian Federation Department of Chemical Technology and New Materials, Sevastopol State University, 33 Universitetskaya str, 299053 Sevastopol, Russian Federation c Department of Radioecology and Environmental Safety, Sevastopol State University, 33 Universitetskaya str, 299053 Sevastopol, Russian Federation b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 5 May 2019 Accepted 2 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Concrete Nanopowder Tungsten carbide Titanium carbide Tantalum carbide
a b s t r a c t We propose to use nanopowder obtained by recycling of hard-alloy waste consisting of mixtures of tungsten, titanium, tantalum carbides (WC, TiC, TaC) as an additional component of structural material for containers to store radioactive waste of medium and low activity. The results of experiments to test strength property and density are presented. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment 2019.
1. Introduction At the present stage of nuclear energy development with improved economic, technical and operational characteristics, radioactive waste disposal is one of the priority national tasks. Containers being a physical barrier play a main role to ensure safety of this process [1]. Containers used for radioactive waste storage should provide high radiation-protective and strength properties, as well as in emergency situations during transport and storage. [2]. In choosing construction material of containers (stainless steel, copper, silicon carbide, high-strength cast iron, carbon steel, concrete, fibrous concrete, polyethylene, etc. [3]), it is necessary to take into account optimal ‘‘protective propertiescost of containers” ratio for various categories of radioactive waste (ALARA principle) [4], as well as a number of other factors such as radiation resistance, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance as to waste and decontaminating compositions, chemical resistance, frost resistance, etc. These properties should remain valid throughout the whole container life. In most countries concrete-based composite materials to be structural materials have received the largest application in the practice to treat low-level and medium-level radioactive waste.
⇑ Corresponding author.
This is due to the fact that concrete being a relatively low cost material has properties that meet requirements to treat radioactive waste of this category [3]. One of the main properties of concrete that can resist radioactive radiation is high strength and maximum density. To get these properties heavy fillers are used. The choice of fillers depends on design and purpose of containers (magnetite, hematite, limonite, barite ore, cast iron, steel, lead fraction, metal scrap, etc.). The use of such fillers requires significant costs, which increases more the cost of concrete. Currently, numerous works [5,6] by Russian and foreign authors deal with producing various fillers and additives for concrete, aimed at enhancing existing properties or getting new ones, obtaining environmentally safe and economically profitable products. In recent years special attention is paid to nanotechnology [7,8]. It is known that radiation effects arising under ionizing radiation in nanostructures and materials based on them have a number of special properties in comparison with similar effects in those objects whose dimensions are in the micro- and macro-ranges. However, wide application of nanotechnology in construction materials for containers to store low-level and medium-level radioactive waste has significant limitations caused by high cost of nanopowders and lack of technology to produce them in quantity.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Gavrish). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment 2019.
Please cite this article as: V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, G. Baranov et al., Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051
2
V. Gavrish et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Previous studies have shown [9,10] availability to use nanomodifiers obtained of hard-alloy waste carbides by a unique technology [11], which makes it possible to produce different nanopowders in quantity and low-cost.
2. Materials and methods of the study The following raw materials were used to conduct experimental studies and prepare a pilot batch of concrete-nanomodifier mixtures: - Portland cement with mineral additives. - Fillers: fine aggregate - beach gray sand of 1.5–2 mm fraction, coarse aggregate - crushed stone of heavy rocks of 5–10, 10– 15 mm fraction. - Water. - Concrete modifier - powder obtained of recycling of hard-alloy waste (WC, TiC, TaC). To obtain concrete nanomodifiers we’ve used hard-alloy waste consisting of a mixture of tungsten, titanium, tantalum carbides and cobalt to be a feedstock. The technology to produce nanopowders of high-melting metals and their carbides [16,17] was used. This method is based on destruction of alloy matrix by special solutions with adapted microorganisms. During oxidation of binding components of this alloy, the matrix is destroyed and that resulted in change of mechanical properties of high-melting metals. All that favors grinding raw materials up to highly dispersed structure. The powders used as modifiers for concrete mixtures were examined by a PHENOM proX scanning electron microscope (Phenom – World B.V. (Netherlands) with an integrated system of energy dispersive analysis. Maximum magnification is 150000, resolution 10 nm, accelerating voltage 5, 10, 15 kV. Elemental analysis of the studied powders was made with the help of Phenom Element Identification program for a Phenom ProX electron microscope to analyze samples by energy dispersive spectroscopy method. ParticleMetric software was used to analyze size, shape and morphology of the particles. Fig. 1 shows micrographs of the particles (a mixture WC, TiC, TaC respectively, at different magnification). According to the results obtained using a Phenom ProX electron microscope, the powder consists of irregular-shaped particles less than 1 mm of size. In this case a surface area of the particles is larger and, as a result, interaction reaction goes more actively.
Table 1 The powder – modifier’s elemental composition. Element Symbol
Atomic Conc.
Weight Conc.
W Ta Ti C
83.58 3.70 5.48 7.24
93.78 4.09 1.60 0.53
Elemental composition and spectra of the powders under study are presented in Table 1 and Fig. 2. As can be seen the powder obtained as a result of processing hard-alloy products and waste is a WC, TiC, TaC mixture. The diagrams of particles being concrete nanomodifiers (distributed in size) are shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen from the diagram, most of the particles are less than 500 nm. Presence of agglomerates (being a group of a large number of small particles) is a reason to find some particles more than 500 nm. We’ve prepared solutions with different modifier’s content (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% of astringent output) whereas the process solution ratio was the following: Cement: Sand: Crushed stone: Water = 1: 2.4: 4.3: 0.6. Samples were prepared using standard forms. The compressive strength test of the samples under study was carried out at 28 days’ calculated age using a hydraulic press. 3. Results and analysis The results of a compressive strength test are presented in Table 2 and in Fig. 4. Analyzing the results of the study as to changes in compression strength in the samples (Table 1), it can be seen that compression strength of the concrete mixture increases (at 28 days’ calculated age) as follows: adding 2% WC – TaC – TiC nanopowder of more than 50% cement mass and further increase in concentration (3, 4%) we observe strength decrease; adding 5% we have a jump in strength by almost twice as much compared with a check sample. The studied characteristics of concrete homogeneity (Table 2) showed that intra-serial coefficient of variation, in almost all cases, corresponds to coefficient of variation of concrete compression strength for structures of the highest quality category (not more than: 9% for heavy concrete of all classes or grades). Thus, the quality of production and test of the samples can be considered to be satisfactory. A little increase in coefficient of variation (at 2% WC–TaC–TiC) compared with the other samples is probably due
Fig. 1. Photo of the powder obtained from hard-alloy products and waste at different magnification: a – 5000; b – 10,500.
Please cite this article as: V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, G. Baranov et al., Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051
V. Gavrish et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 2. Spectra composition of the powder under study.
Fig. 3. Powder particles of a WC, TiC, TaC distributed in size.
Table 2 - Results of a compressive strength test of the concrete samples modified by WC – TaC – TiC nanopowder. Mixture content WC–TaC–TiC, %
Average density, kg/m3
Average strength, MPa
Average strength, kgf/cm3
0 1 2 3 4 5
2395,5 2417 2423,5 2432,5 2443 2457
10,29659 13,325 14,99063 11,50796 11,35654 19,68467
104,006 125,419 151,4205 116,242 114,7125 198,835
to imperfect and unstable compaction of concrete mixtures during preparation of the samples. As can be seen from the results (Table 2), WC – TaC – TiC nanopowder added in 1% of astringent mass leads to strength increase by 2 stages. Maximum strength increase (by 7 stages) is observed when 5% nanopowder is added. To estimate effectiveness of the modifier, effectiveness criterion was compared with strength of the sample under study and check mixtures.
Fig. 4. Strength change (%) in the concrete samples modified by WC – TaC – TiC nanopowder (relative to a check sample).
Table 3 shows the results of estimation of nanomodifiers’ effectiveness. Thus, the results of the study proved that nanomodifiers obtained from hard-alloy products and waste had a positive effect
Please cite this article as: V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, G. Baranov et al., Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051
4
V. Gavrish et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 3 Results of estimation of nanomodifiers’ effectiveness to increase concrete strength properties. Nanomodifier
WC–TaC–TiC
The results obtained can be used hereafter to develop new structural material for containers to store radioactive waste of medium and low activity.
Content of nanomodifier,% 1
2
3
4
5
29,41181
45,58829
11,76475
10,29416
91,17654
on strength properties of concrete mixtures at relatively low dosages. 4. Conclusion Within the bounds of the study based on the received results, we can conclude the following: - Regular size of hard-alloy metal powder particles being a modifier of concrete is less than 500 nm. - Increase in strength properties of concrete was revealed because of nanodispersed powders added to the mixtures. These powders are made of high-melting metals obtained from hard-alloy products and WC–TaC–TiC waste. Maximum effect – increase of strength properties twice as much was observed when nanopowders of WC-TaC–TiC mixtures were used in 5% of astringent mass. It should be noted that to get more detailed data on the effect of nanomodifiers on performance properties of concrete mixtures, it is necessary to realize a series of studies aimed at different properties of mixtures (radiation properties, water absorption, frost resistance, etc.).
Acknowledgement This work was performed with the assistance of Russian Fund for Basic Research (grant number 18-43-920001\18). References [1] Recommendations to the Establishment of Acceptance Criteria for Storage and Disposal of the Conditioned Radioactive Waste, (RB-023-02), 1, 2002. [2] Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009), 2009, p. 87. [3] D. Pavlov, V. Sorokin, R. Gataullin, R. Sharafoutdinov, The state and main directions of creating a fleet of containers for conditioning and disposal of radioactive waste, Nucl. Radiat. Safety 3 (81) (2016) 18–29. [4] Technological and Organizational Aspects of Radioactive Waste, IAEA-TCS-27, 2005. [5] P. Yukhnevskiy, Influence of the chemical nature of additives on the properties of concrete, Minsk, BNTU, 2013, p. 310. [6] L. Akimov, N. Ilenko, R. Mizharev et al. Concrete Modifier CM 02-10 and its impact on the Strength Characteristics of Concrete, MATEC Web of Conferences. 53, 2016, p. 8. [7] O. Artamonova, O. Sergutkina, Construction nanomaterials: trends and prospects, J. Build. Construct. Archit. 6 (2013) 13–23. [8] H. Tekin, M. Sayyed, A. Shams, Gamma radiation shielding properties of the hematite-serpentine concrete blended with WO3 and Bi2O3 micro and nano particles using MCNPX code, J. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 150 (2018) 95–100 (in Russian). [9] V. Gavrish, G. Baranov, N. Derbasova, T. Chayka, Radioprotective materials with tungsten nanopowder additives //, IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 168 (2017) 1–6. [10] N. Cherkashina, V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, Experiment – calculated investigation of composite materials for protection against radiation, Mater. Today Proc. 11 (2019) 554–560. [11] EP 3 138 932 A1, 2014.
Please cite this article as: V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, G. Baranov et al., Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete Vladimir Gavrish a,⇑, Tatyana Chayka a, Georgy Baranov a, Svetlana Fedorova b, Olga Gavrish c a
Scientific-educational Center ‘‘Advanced Technologies and Materials”, Sevastopol State University, 33 Universitetskaya str, 299053 Sevastopol, Russian Federation Department of Chemical Technology and New Materials, Sevastopol State University, 33 Universitetskaya str, 299053 Sevastopol, Russian Federation c Department of Radioecology and Environmental Safety, Sevastopol State University, 33 Universitetskaya str, 299053 Sevastopol, Russian Federation b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 5 May 2019 Accepted 2 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Concrete Nanopowder Tungsten carbide Titanium carbide Tantalum carbide
a b s t r a c t We propose to use nanopowder obtained by recycling of hard-alloy waste consisting of mixtures of tungsten, titanium, tantalum carbides (WC, TiC, TaC) as an additional component of structural material for containers to store radioactive waste of medium and low activity. The results of experiments to test strength property and density are presented. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment 2019.
1. Introduction At the present stage of nuclear energy development with improved economic, technical and operational characteristics, radioactive waste disposal is one of the priority national tasks. Containers being a physical barrier play a main role to ensure safety of this process [1]. Containers used for radioactive waste storage should provide high radiation-protective and strength properties, as well as in emergency situations during transport and storage. [2]. In choosing construction material of containers (stainless steel, copper, silicon carbide, high-strength cast iron, carbon steel, concrete, fibrous concrete, polyethylene, etc. [3]), it is necessary to take into account optimal ‘‘protective propertiescost of containers” ratio for various categories of radioactive waste (ALARA principle) [4], as well as a number of other factors such as radiation resistance, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance as to waste and decontaminating compositions, chemical resistance, frost resistance, etc. These properties should remain valid throughout the whole container life. In most countries concrete-based composite materials to be structural materials have received the largest application in the practice to treat low-level and medium-level radioactive waste.
⇑ Corresponding author.
This is due to the fact that concrete being a relatively low cost material has properties that meet requirements to treat radioactive waste of this category [3]. One of the main properties of concrete that can resist radioactive radiation is high strength and maximum density. To get these properties heavy fillers are used. The choice of fillers depends on design and purpose of containers (magnetite, hematite, limonite, barite ore, cast iron, steel, lead fraction, metal scrap, etc.). The use of such fillers requires significant costs, which increases more the cost of concrete. Currently, numerous works [5,6] by Russian and foreign authors deal with producing various fillers and additives for concrete, aimed at enhancing existing properties or getting new ones, obtaining environmentally safe and economically profitable products. In recent years special attention is paid to nanotechnology [7,8]. It is known that radiation effects arising under ionizing radiation in nanostructures and materials based on them have a number of special properties in comparison with similar effects in those objects whose dimensions are in the micro- and macro-ranges. However, wide application of nanotechnology in construction materials for containers to store low-level and medium-level radioactive waste has significant limitations caused by high cost of nanopowders and lack of technology to produce them in quantity.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Gavrish). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment 2019.
Please cite this article as: V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, G. Baranov et al., Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051
2
V. Gavrish et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Previous studies have shown [9,10] availability to use nanomodifiers obtained of hard-alloy waste carbides by a unique technology [11], which makes it possible to produce different nanopowders in quantity and low-cost.
2. Materials and methods of the study The following raw materials were used to conduct experimental studies and prepare a pilot batch of concrete-nanomodifier mixtures: - Portland cement with mineral additives. - Fillers: fine aggregate - beach gray sand of 1.5–2 mm fraction, coarse aggregate - crushed stone of heavy rocks of 5–10, 10– 15 mm fraction. - Water. - Concrete modifier - powder obtained of recycling of hard-alloy waste (WC, TiC, TaC). To obtain concrete nanomodifiers we’ve used hard-alloy waste consisting of a mixture of tungsten, titanium, tantalum carbides and cobalt to be a feedstock. The technology to produce nanopowders of high-melting metals and their carbides [16,17] was used. This method is based on destruction of alloy matrix by special solutions with adapted microorganisms. During oxidation of binding components of this alloy, the matrix is destroyed and that resulted in change of mechanical properties of high-melting metals. All that favors grinding raw materials up to highly dispersed structure. The powders used as modifiers for concrete mixtures were examined by a PHENOM proX scanning electron microscope (Phenom – World B.V. (Netherlands) with an integrated system of energy dispersive analysis. Maximum magnification is 150000, resolution 10 nm, accelerating voltage 5, 10, 15 kV. Elemental analysis of the studied powders was made with the help of Phenom Element Identification program for a Phenom ProX electron microscope to analyze samples by energy dispersive spectroscopy method. ParticleMetric software was used to analyze size, shape and morphology of the particles. Fig. 1 shows micrographs of the particles (a mixture WC, TiC, TaC respectively, at different magnification). According to the results obtained using a Phenom ProX electron microscope, the powder consists of irregular-shaped particles less than 1 mm of size. In this case a surface area of the particles is larger and, as a result, interaction reaction goes more actively.
Table 1 The powder – modifier’s elemental composition. Element Symbol
Atomic Conc.
Weight Conc.
W Ta Ti C
83.58 3.70 5.48 7.24
93.78 4.09 1.60 0.53
Elemental composition and spectra of the powders under study are presented in Table 1 and Fig. 2. As can be seen the powder obtained as a result of processing hard-alloy products and waste is a WC, TiC, TaC mixture. The diagrams of particles being concrete nanomodifiers (distributed in size) are shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen from the diagram, most of the particles are less than 500 nm. Presence of agglomerates (being a group of a large number of small particles) is a reason to find some particles more than 500 nm. We’ve prepared solutions with different modifier’s content (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% of astringent output) whereas the process solution ratio was the following: Cement: Sand: Crushed stone: Water = 1: 2.4: 4.3: 0.6. Samples were prepared using standard forms. The compressive strength test of the samples under study was carried out at 28 days’ calculated age using a hydraulic press. 3. Results and analysis The results of a compressive strength test are presented in Table 2 and in Fig. 4. Analyzing the results of the study as to changes in compression strength in the samples (Table 1), it can be seen that compression strength of the concrete mixture increases (at 28 days’ calculated age) as follows: adding 2% WC – TaC – TiC nanopowder of more than 50% cement mass and further increase in concentration (3, 4%) we observe strength decrease; adding 5% we have a jump in strength by almost twice as much compared with a check sample. The studied characteristics of concrete homogeneity (Table 2) showed that intra-serial coefficient of variation, in almost all cases, corresponds to coefficient of variation of concrete compression strength for structures of the highest quality category (not more than: 9% for heavy concrete of all classes or grades). Thus, the quality of production and test of the samples can be considered to be satisfactory. A little increase in coefficient of variation (at 2% WC–TaC–TiC) compared with the other samples is probably due
Fig. 1. Photo of the powder obtained from hard-alloy products and waste at different magnification: a – 5000; b – 10,500.
Please cite this article as: V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, G. Baranov et al., Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051
V. Gavrish et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 2. Spectra composition of the powder under study.
Fig. 3. Powder particles of a WC, TiC, TaC distributed in size.
Table 2 - Results of a compressive strength test of the concrete samples modified by WC – TaC – TiC nanopowder. Mixture content WC–TaC–TiC, %
Average density, kg/m3
Average strength, MPa
Average strength, kgf/cm3
0 1 2 3 4 5
2395,5 2417 2423,5 2432,5 2443 2457
10,29659 13,325 14,99063 11,50796 11,35654 19,68467
104,006 125,419 151,4205 116,242 114,7125 198,835
to imperfect and unstable compaction of concrete mixtures during preparation of the samples. As can be seen from the results (Table 2), WC – TaC – TiC nanopowder added in 1% of astringent mass leads to strength increase by 2 stages. Maximum strength increase (by 7 stages) is observed when 5% nanopowder is added. To estimate effectiveness of the modifier, effectiveness criterion was compared with strength of the sample under study and check mixtures.
Fig. 4. Strength change (%) in the concrete samples modified by WC – TaC – TiC nanopowder (relative to a check sample).
Table 3 shows the results of estimation of nanomodifiers’ effectiveness. Thus, the results of the study proved that nanomodifiers obtained from hard-alloy products and waste had a positive effect
Please cite this article as: V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, G. Baranov et al., Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051
4
V. Gavrish et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 3 Results of estimation of nanomodifiers’ effectiveness to increase concrete strength properties. Nanomodifier
WC–TaC–TiC
The results obtained can be used hereafter to develop new structural material for containers to store radioactive waste of medium and low activity.
Content of nanomodifier,% 1
2
3
4
5
29,41181
45,58829
11,76475
10,29416
91,17654
on strength properties of concrete mixtures at relatively low dosages. 4. Conclusion Within the bounds of the study based on the received results, we can conclude the following: - Regular size of hard-alloy metal powder particles being a modifier of concrete is less than 500 nm. - Increase in strength properties of concrete was revealed because of nanodispersed powders added to the mixtures. These powders are made of high-melting metals obtained from hard-alloy products and WC–TaC–TiC waste. Maximum effect – increase of strength properties twice as much was observed when nanopowders of WC-TaC–TiC mixtures were used in 5% of astringent mass. It should be noted that to get more detailed data on the effect of nanomodifiers on performance properties of concrete mixtures, it is necessary to realize a series of studies aimed at different properties of mixtures (radiation properties, water absorption, frost resistance, etc.).
Acknowledgement This work was performed with the assistance of Russian Fund for Basic Research (grant number 18-43-920001\18). References [1] Recommendations to the Establishment of Acceptance Criteria for Storage and Disposal of the Conditioned Radioactive Waste, (RB-023-02), 1, 2002. [2] Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009), 2009, p. 87. [3] D. Pavlov, V. Sorokin, R. Gataullin, R. Sharafoutdinov, The state and main directions of creating a fleet of containers for conditioning and disposal of radioactive waste, Nucl. Radiat. Safety 3 (81) (2016) 18–29. [4] Technological and Organizational Aspects of Radioactive Waste, IAEA-TCS-27, 2005. [5] P. Yukhnevskiy, Influence of the chemical nature of additives on the properties of concrete, Minsk, BNTU, 2013, p. 310. [6] L. Akimov, N. Ilenko, R. Mizharev et al. Concrete Modifier CM 02-10 and its impact on the Strength Characteristics of Concrete, MATEC Web of Conferences. 53, 2016, p. 8. [7] O. Artamonova, O. Sergutkina, Construction nanomaterials: trends and prospects, J. Build. Construct. Archit. 6 (2013) 13–23. [8] H. Tekin, M. Sayyed, A. Shams, Gamma radiation shielding properties of the hematite-serpentine concrete blended with WO3 and Bi2O3 micro and nano particles using MCNPX code, J. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 150 (2018) 95–100 (in Russian). [9] V. Gavrish, G. Baranov, N. Derbasova, T. Chayka, Radioprotective materials with tungsten nanopowder additives //, IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 168 (2017) 1–6. [10] N. Cherkashina, V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, Experiment – calculated investigation of composite materials for protection against radiation, Mater. Today Proc. 11 (2019) 554–560. [11] EP 3 138 932 A1, 2014.
Please cite this article as: V. Gavrish, T. Chayka, G. Baranov et al., Effect of additives being WC, TiC, TaC nanopowder mixtures on strength property of concrete, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.051