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Effect of Antibiotic on the Rate of Passage of Feed Marker Through the Digestive Tract of the Chick
232
RESEARCH NOTES
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC ON THE RATE OF PASSAGE OF FEED MARKER THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE CHICK H. G. JUKES, D. C. HILL AND H. D. BRANION Department of Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural Collège, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Received for publication November 2, 1955)
Data reported below show that under différent expérimental conditions feeding antibiotic may decrease the time for the passage of feed marker through the digestive tract of the chicken. Birds were housed in a battery brooder containing 20 pens, each accommodating a single bird. Ten birds received the
TABLE 1.—Time of passage of feed marker through the digestive tract of chickens Experiment No.
Breed and sex
Age /j \ ( ^
Pe ™? on diets (days)
N H c?9
26
14
Antibiotic 1 (ppm.)
Marker
N H c?9
20
20
10 17
N H tf1
19
<0.3>0.2
35
<0.01
30
<0.01
13
<0.2>0.1
10
<0.6>0.5
10
<0.01
150 21 117 N H d1
150 23
10
120
0
78 NH
25 65
10 (aureomycin HC])
149
0 CR c?
25 139
10 0
118 CR(?ç
19
10 2
13
146
10
1
<0.6>0.5
133 N H c?"
Cr2Os
5 131
0
carminé
<0.01
136 NHcf
10
0
23 101
0
&
<0.1>0.05
124
0
0
11 107
10
carminé (in capsules)
Différence , • -, < mm -)
118
0
10
^ve' time (min.)
Procaine penicillin G except in experiment 7. Feed removed for 23 hours then given ad libitum for 10 min.
108
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Hillerman et al. (1953) found that penicillin in the feed, at a level of 50 p.p.m., produced a slight réduction in the rate of feed passage through chickens and turkeys. In thèse studies ferrie oxide administered in capsules was used as a feed marker and the birds were 4 months to 2 years of âge.
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 2.—Effect
Breed and sex
1
of switching diets on time of passage of carminé, through the digestive tract of chickens Level of procaine penicillin G (ppm.) Before switch
After switch
0
10
10
0
Average time (min.) 17 hrs. after
71 hrs. after
157**
161
128
120
142
139*
Before switch
21
Différences statistically significant at 5 % and 1% points respectively.
basai diet and 10 received the basai diet with added procaine penicillin G, with the exception of one experiment in which aureomycin HC1 was used. Within each experiment birds were of the same âge and were equally divided as to sex within each lot of 10. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The composition of the basai diet per 100 lbs. was as follows: ground wheat 32.75 lbs., ground barley 10.0 lbs., ground corn 12.5 lbs., ground oats 10.0 lbs., dehydrated grass 3.0 lbs., dried buttermilk 2.0 lbs., méat meal 6.0 lbs., soybean oil meal 20.0 lbs., ground limestone 1.0 lb., steamed bone meal 1.0 lb., iodized sait 0.5 lb., fish liver oil (2,250A, S30D) 0.25 lb., manganous sulfate (technical) 5.67 gms., riboflavin 5.67 gms., vitamin B12 0.15 mg.
In experiment 4 each bird received a No. 4 gelatin capsule containing approximately 0.5 mg. of carminé. In ail other experiments the marker was administered as a water suspension containing approximately 0.03 gm. carminé or 1.2 gms. chromic oxide per 30 mis. of suspension. A bulb pipette was used to force a dose of about 0.7 ml. of suspension into the crop of each bird. Observations were made at 5 minute intervais for the appearance of the marker in the fèces. Results are given in Tables 1 and 2. Not ail différences are statistically significant at the 5% probability level of significance.
Four of the 9 différences in Table 1 are significant and one approaches significance. However, without exception, when antibiotic was fed, less time was required for the marker to appear in the fèces. In experiment 6 feed was withheld for 23 hours and then offered ad libitum for 10 minutes. During the 10 minute period the" birds stopped eating only to drink water. It was believed that this procédure essentially eliminated a possible effect on rate of marker passage from différent amounts of feed residue in the digestive tract at the time the marker was fed. Since in a few of the experiments the 20 chicks had received antibiotic supplemented diets prior to the time they were placed on the expérimental diets it appeared that the effect of antibiotic on the time of passage of marker did not persist for an extended period after the antibiotic was removed from the diet. Data in Table 2, obtained by switching diets for the two groups, support this hypothesis. It is apparent that the passage time was affected by the antibiotic within 17 to 71 hours from the time it was fed. It is well known that many drugs can affect the motility of the intestinal tract, usually inhibiting peristalsis to some degree (Busse, 1952; Busse and Spiess, 1952; Schaumann et al., 1952). However, Nakatsuka et al. (1952) showed that penicillin or aureomycin in concentrations of 1:10,000 to 1:5,000 stimulated con-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 8, 2015
Black Australorps and Barred Rocks cT
Age (days)
233
234
RESEARCH NOTES
traction of isolated frog intestine. It is possible that the observations recorded above might be related to an effect of this kind. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Busse, W., 1952. The effect of chloramphenical on intestinal molitity. Naunyn—Schmiedeberg's
STUDIES ON THE AMINO ACID AND VITAMIN COMPOSITION OF FEATHER MEAL B. R. GREGORY, O. H. M. WILDER AND P. C. OSTBY
Division of Animal Feeds, American Méat Institute Foundation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Received for publication November 2,1955)
Considérable interest has developed in the use of chicken feather meal as a potential source of protein for feed use. Binkley and Vasak (1950), and Mayer (1955) hâve described a method for the production of a friable feather meal in a dry-rendering type cooker. This type of process is now in gênerai use for the production of feather meal, and samples of such material hâve been used by Wilder, Ostby and Gregory (1955) in expérimental chick rations. Thèse feeding tests hâve indicated that feather meal is a valuable supplément when used with méat and bone scrap in a practical type ration. Since the feather meal in itself did not appear to be a complète protein for feed use, it was of importance to détermine its amino acid Journal Paper No. 128 American Méat Institute Foundation.
and vitamin composition. Analysis of feather protein was reportée! by Block (1939), and by Graham, Waitkoff and Hier (1949). Thèse analyses were, however, made on the unprocessed feathers and no data hâve been available on the material processed under steam pressure and used in feeds as feather meal. Five samples of the feather meals previously used by Wilder et al. (1955) hâve now been analyzed for 13 amino acids and 4 vitamins that are of significance in nutrition. METHOD
For ail amino acids except cystine and tryptophan, the samples were hydrolyzed by autoclaving for 16 hours with 3 N hydrochloric acid. For cystine the method was the same, but the time of autoclaving was reduced to 3 hours to avoid destruc-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 8, 2015
The authors wish to thank Merck and Co., Ltd., Montréal, Canada, for the riboflavin, vitamin B12 and penicillin, and Fine Chemicals Division, American Cyanamid Co., Inc., Pearl River, N.Y., for the aureomycin used in thèse experiments.
Arch. Exptl. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 216: 331343. Busse, W., and H. Spiess, 1952. Animal experiments on the inhibitory effects of chloromycetin on the motility of the small intestine. Klin. Wochschr. 30: 333-334. Hillerman, J. P., F. H. Kratzer and W. O. Wilson, 1953. Food passage through chickens and turkeys and some regulating factors. Poultry Sci. 32: 332-335. Nakatsuka, M., J. Matsumoto, H. Yamamoto and G. Masuda, 1952. Pharmacological studies concerning a few antibacterial substances. II. Influence on isolated frog intestine. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 1:55-78. Schaumann, O., M. Giovannini and K. Jochum, 1952. The effect of analgésies and drugs that act like morphine on intestinal motility. Naunym— Schmiedeberg's Arch. Exptl. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 215: 460-468.
RESEARCH NOTES
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC ON THE RATE OF PASSAGE OF FEED MARKER THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE CHICK H. G. JUKES, D. C. HILL AND H. D. BRANION Department of Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural Collège, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Received for publication November 2, 1955)
Data reported below show that under différent expérimental conditions feeding antibiotic may decrease the time for the passage of feed marker through the digestive tract of the chicken. Birds were housed in a battery brooder containing 20 pens, each accommodating a single bird. Ten birds received the
TABLE 1.—Time of passage of feed marker through the digestive tract of chickens Experiment No.
Breed and sex
Age /j \ ( ^
Pe ™? on diets (days)
N H c?9
26
14
Antibiotic 1 (ppm.)
Marker
N H c?9
20
20
10 17
N H tf1
19
<0.3>0.2
35
<0.01
30
<0.01
13
<0.2>0.1
10
<0.6>0.5
10
<0.01
150 21 117 N H d1
150 23
10
120
0
78 NH
25 65
10 (aureomycin HC])
149
0 CR c?
25 139
10 0
118 CR(?ç
19
10 2
13
146
10
1
<0.6>0.5
133 N H c?"
Cr2Os
5 131
0
carminé
<0.01
136 NHcf
10
0
23 101
0
&
<0.1>0.05
124
0
0
11 107
10
carminé (in capsules)
Différence , • -, < mm -)
118
0
10
^ve' time (min.)
Procaine penicillin G except in experiment 7. Feed removed for 23 hours then given ad libitum for 10 min.
108
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 8, 2015
Hillerman et al. (1953) found that penicillin in the feed, at a level of 50 p.p.m., produced a slight réduction in the rate of feed passage through chickens and turkeys. In thèse studies ferrie oxide administered in capsules was used as a feed marker and the birds were 4 months to 2 years of âge.
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 2.—Effect
Breed and sex
1
of switching diets on time of passage of carminé, through the digestive tract of chickens Level of procaine penicillin G (ppm.) Before switch
After switch
0
10
10
0
Average time (min.) 17 hrs. after
71 hrs. after
157**
161
128
120
142
139*
Before switch
21
Différences statistically significant at 5 % and 1% points respectively.
basai diet and 10 received the basai diet with added procaine penicillin G, with the exception of one experiment in which aureomycin HC1 was used. Within each experiment birds were of the same âge and were equally divided as to sex within each lot of 10. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The composition of the basai diet per 100 lbs. was as follows: ground wheat 32.75 lbs., ground barley 10.0 lbs., ground corn 12.5 lbs., ground oats 10.0 lbs., dehydrated grass 3.0 lbs., dried buttermilk 2.0 lbs., méat meal 6.0 lbs., soybean oil meal 20.0 lbs., ground limestone 1.0 lb., steamed bone meal 1.0 lb., iodized sait 0.5 lb., fish liver oil (2,250A, S30D) 0.25 lb., manganous sulfate (technical) 5.67 gms., riboflavin 5.67 gms., vitamin B12 0.15 mg.
In experiment 4 each bird received a No. 4 gelatin capsule containing approximately 0.5 mg. of carminé. In ail other experiments the marker was administered as a water suspension containing approximately 0.03 gm. carminé or 1.2 gms. chromic oxide per 30 mis. of suspension. A bulb pipette was used to force a dose of about 0.7 ml. of suspension into the crop of each bird. Observations were made at 5 minute intervais for the appearance of the marker in the fèces. Results are given in Tables 1 and 2. Not ail différences are statistically significant at the 5% probability level of significance.
Four of the 9 différences in Table 1 are significant and one approaches significance. However, without exception, when antibiotic was fed, less time was required for the marker to appear in the fèces. In experiment 6 feed was withheld for 23 hours and then offered ad libitum for 10 minutes. During the 10 minute period the" birds stopped eating only to drink water. It was believed that this procédure essentially eliminated a possible effect on rate of marker passage from différent amounts of feed residue in the digestive tract at the time the marker was fed. Since in a few of the experiments the 20 chicks had received antibiotic supplemented diets prior to the time they were placed on the expérimental diets it appeared that the effect of antibiotic on the time of passage of marker did not persist for an extended period after the antibiotic was removed from the diet. Data in Table 2, obtained by switching diets for the two groups, support this hypothesis. It is apparent that the passage time was affected by the antibiotic within 17 to 71 hours from the time it was fed. It is well known that many drugs can affect the motility of the intestinal tract, usually inhibiting peristalsis to some degree (Busse, 1952; Busse and Spiess, 1952; Schaumann et al., 1952). However, Nakatsuka et al. (1952) showed that penicillin or aureomycin in concentrations of 1:10,000 to 1:5,000 stimulated con-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 8, 2015
Black Australorps and Barred Rocks cT
Age (days)
233
234
RESEARCH NOTES
traction of isolated frog intestine. It is possible that the observations recorded above might be related to an effect of this kind. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Busse, W., 1952. The effect of chloramphenical on intestinal molitity. Naunyn—Schmiedeberg's
STUDIES ON THE AMINO ACID AND VITAMIN COMPOSITION OF FEATHER MEAL B. R. GREGORY, O. H. M. WILDER AND P. C. OSTBY
Division of Animal Feeds, American Méat Institute Foundation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Received for publication November 2,1955)
Considérable interest has developed in the use of chicken feather meal as a potential source of protein for feed use. Binkley and Vasak (1950), and Mayer (1955) hâve described a method for the production of a friable feather meal in a dry-rendering type cooker. This type of process is now in gênerai use for the production of feather meal, and samples of such material hâve been used by Wilder, Ostby and Gregory (1955) in expérimental chick rations. Thèse feeding tests hâve indicated that feather meal is a valuable supplément when used with méat and bone scrap in a practical type ration. Since the feather meal in itself did not appear to be a complète protein for feed use, it was of importance to détermine its amino acid Journal Paper No. 128 American Méat Institute Foundation.
and vitamin composition. Analysis of feather protein was reportée! by Block (1939), and by Graham, Waitkoff and Hier (1949). Thèse analyses were, however, made on the unprocessed feathers and no data hâve been available on the material processed under steam pressure and used in feeds as feather meal. Five samples of the feather meals previously used by Wilder et al. (1955) hâve now been analyzed for 13 amino acids and 4 vitamins that are of significance in nutrition. METHOD
For ail amino acids except cystine and tryptophan, the samples were hydrolyzed by autoclaving for 16 hours with 3 N hydrochloric acid. For cystine the method was the same, but the time of autoclaving was reduced to 3 hours to avoid destruc-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 8, 2015
The authors wish to thank Merck and Co., Ltd., Montréal, Canada, for the riboflavin, vitamin B12 and penicillin, and Fine Chemicals Division, American Cyanamid Co., Inc., Pearl River, N.Y., for the aureomycin used in thèse experiments.
Arch. Exptl. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 216: 331343. Busse, W., and H. Spiess, 1952. Animal experiments on the inhibitory effects of chloromycetin on the motility of the small intestine. Klin. Wochschr. 30: 333-334. Hillerman, J. P., F. H. Kratzer and W. O. Wilson, 1953. Food passage through chickens and turkeys and some regulating factors. Poultry Sci. 32: 332-335. Nakatsuka, M., J. Matsumoto, H. Yamamoto and G. Masuda, 1952. Pharmacological studies concerning a few antibacterial substances. II. Influence on isolated frog intestine. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 1:55-78. Schaumann, O., M. Giovannini and K. Jochum, 1952. The effect of analgésies and drugs that act like morphine on intestinal motility. Naunym— Schmiedeberg's Arch. Exptl. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 215: 460-468.