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Effect of Autoclaving Raw Field Beans and of a Penicillin Supplement on Their Utilization by Laying Hens1
Effect of Autoclaving Raw Field Beans and of a Penicillin Supplement on Their Utilization by Laying Hens 1 Department
RAUL FERNANDEZ, BRUCE MANNING AND JAMES MCGINNIS of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163 (Received for publication March 6, 1972)
POULTKY SCIENCE 51: 1960-1902,
RY FIELD BEANS (Pkaseolus vulgaris) are not ordinarily used in diets for poultry because of cost and a relatively low nutritional value for poultry when used at high levels (Riley, 1961). However, in situations of surplus or unsuitability of the beans for human consumption, they may become an alternative feed source for poultry. Field beans contain a fairly high level of protein which could be an important source of this nutrient in poultry diets. The two experiments reported in this paper were conducted to ascertain the value of dry field beans as a major constituent in the diet of laying hens and to determine whether autoclaving or a penicillin supplement would improve their nutritional value.
D
PROCEDURE
Experiment 1. This experiment was conducted using White Leghorn hens that were housed two per cage (25 X 45 cm.) and were 51 weeks old at the start of the experiment. The duration of the experiment was 8 weeks and there were four dietary treatments with four replicates of 12 hens per treatment. Composition of the experimental "Scientific paper No. 3829. College of Agriculture, Washington State University. Project 1S33.
1972
diets is given in Table 1 for both experiments. A small red bean (Red Mexican) was used in experiment 1. The product consisted largely of split beans that were separated from regular beans in processing. They were ground in a hammer mill and were used either in raw form or were autodaved for 30 minutes at 121°C. To insure uniform cooking they were spread in metal trays to a depth of approximately 2 cm. Results on egg production and feed consumption are given in Table 2. Experiment 2. This experiment was conducted with White Leghorn pullets that were 33 weeks of age at the beginning of the study. Duration of the trial was 7 weeks. Five replicate groups of five pullets were fed each experimental diet. California Small White beans, which had been found to support very poor chick growth when fed in raw form were used in this trial. They were included in the diets in raw or autodaved form and were fed with a pencillin supplement. Composition of the diet is given in Table 1. The autoclaving treatment used is described in experiment 1. Results on egg production, egg weight and feed consumption are summarized in Table 3.
1960
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ABSTRACT _ Two experiments with laying hens were conducted to investigate the effect of diets containing high levels of dry field beans on egg production. The beans, in either raw or autodaved form, were included in the diet at a level of 50%. The diets containing raw or autodaved beans were also supplemented with SO ppm procaine penicillin. A high level of raw beans in the diet of laying hens caused a marked decrease in egg production. This decrease in production was not prevented by a penicillin supplement. Hens fed diets containing autodaved beans produced at a rate similar to those fed the control diet, but consumed a greater amount of feed. This higher feed consumption was partially counteracted when the penicillin supplement was used.
1961
FIELD BEANS FOR LAYERS
TABLE 2.—Egg production and feed consumption of hens fed raw and autoclaved beans. Experiment 1
TABLE 1.—Composition of the control and the experimental diets
Ingredient
Control
%
Experimental
%
37.50 37.50 4.50 5.00 5.00
17.50 17.50 1.25 1.25 1.25
5.00
—
1.25 2.00 1.50 5.50 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.40 50.00
Calculated protein content
16.35
16.50
— —
5.25 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.25
1 Provides the following in mg./kg. of diet: Mn, 100; Fe, 100; Cu., 10; Zn., 100; I., 30; and Co., 1. 2 Included at 0.25% it provides the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 7,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 1,760 I.C.U.; calcium pantothenate, 7 mg.; riboflavin, 5.3 mg.; DL-methionine, 800 mg.; ethoxyquin, 184 mg. 3 Included at 0.40% it provides the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 11,200 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 2,816 I.C.U.; calcium pantothenate, 11.2 mg.; riboflavin, 8.5 mg.; DL-methionine, 1,280 mg.; ethoxyquin, 295 mg.
The data for both experiments were treated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test as outlined by Steele and Torrie (1960). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained in experiment 1 clearly show that raw beans were not a suitable ingredient to be included at a high
Supplement E « f f ° " -
Control — Raw cull beans — 1 Raw cull beans Penicillin Autoclaved cull beans2 Penicillin
67.3 a* 14.7 b 16.0 b 69.S a
**ffgg5ff 107 86 95 126
1 2
Procaine penicillin supplement of 50 p.p.m. Cull Red beans were autoclaved at 15 p.s.i. for 30 min. and then spread and fan-dried for 6 hours. They were ground in a hammermill before mixing in the diet. * Means followed by different letters are signiBcantly different at P<.05.
level in the diet of laying hens. This is in agreement with the findings of Riley (1961) and Goatcher and McGinnis (1972) who have reported very poor growth of chicks fed diets containing high levels of raw field beans. The results are in contrast to those obtained with raw soybeans supplemented with methionine reported by Salman and McGinnis (1968). Supplementation of a diet containing raw beans with 50 p.p.m. of procaine penicillin did not improve egg production. Feed consumption was increased slightly by the penicillin supplement. On the other hand, hens fed a diet containing autoclaved beans produced eggs at a rate equal to that of hens fed a practical control diet. In this regard the results obtained with hens differ from those obtained with young chicks (Riley, 1961; Goatcher and McGinnis, 1972), in that young birds fed diets containing autoclaved beans did not grow at a rate comparable with those fed practical control diets. Supplementation of the diet containing autoclaved beans with SO p.p.m. procaine
TABLE 3.—Egg production, egg weight and feed consumption of hens fed an antibiotic: supplement in a diet containing a high level of autoclaved beans. Experiment 2 Treatment Control Autoclaved beans Autoclaved beans
Supplement
Pencillin
1
Egg Prod. %
Egg wt. g-
Feed Consum. Gm./hen/day
88.6 a 89.0 a 88.5 a
54.8 a* 55.1 a 55.6 a
110 a 128 c 117 b
* Means followed by different letters are significantly different at P < . 0 5 . 1 Procaine penicillin supplement of 50 p.p.m.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 19, 2015
Ground yellow corn Ground wheat Soybean meal (50% protein) Fish meal (65% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa Meat and bone meal (50% protein) Animal fat Dicalcium phosphate Limestone DL-methionine Salt Trace mineral mix1 Vitamin premix2,3 Ground dry field beans
Treatment
1962
RAUL FERNANDEZ, BRUCE MANNING AND JAMES MCGINNIS
other type that is resistant to autoclaving and depresses chick growth but does not affect egg production by adult birds. The growth depressing effect of this second factor for chicks can be largely overcome by an antibiotic supplement (Goatcher and McGinnis, 1972). REFERENCES Goatcher, W. D., and J. McGinnis, 1972. Influence of beans, peas and lentils as a dietary component on the growth response of chicks to antibiotics and methionine supplementation of the diet. Poultry Sci. 51: 440-443. Liener, I. E., 1953. Soyin, a toxic protein from the soybean. I. Inhibition of rat growth. J. Nutr. 49: 527-539. Riley, D. J., 1961. Studies on the nutritional value of some little-used protein feedstuffs for poultry. M. S. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman. Salman, A. J., and J. McGinnis, 1968. Effect of supplementing raw soybean meal with methionine on performance of layers. Poultry Sci. 47: 247-251. Saxena, H. C , 1964. Investigations on the mechanism of growth depression and pancreatic hypertrophy by raw soybean meal in the chick. Ph.D. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman. Steel, G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. Chapter VII. McGrawHill Book Co., New York.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1959) Frank L. Gary, 5 Barbara Drive, Crosswicks, New Jersey 08S1S James V. Geisendorfer, 2147 S. Ninth St., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55406 (Periodicals) Mrs. P. T. Hering, 13135 Quito Road, Saratoga, California 95070 H. M. Hyre, West Virginia Department of Agriculture, Charleston, West Virginia 25305 Fred Jeffers, Windsor, New York 13865 Kimber Farms Inc., P.O. Box 2008, Fremont, California 94536 Frank Kingsbury, Veterinary Science Department, Rutgers, University, New
A B
A
A
Brunswick, New Jersey 08903 K. C. Leenhous, R 2, Box 383A, Waukesha, Wisconsin 53186 Wendell M. Levi, P.O. Drawer 730, Sumter, South Carolina 29150 (Pigeons) C. S. Mackey, 210 Sands Point Rd., Port Washington, New York 11050 Smith Mahon, RR 3, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 17201 T. McCaig, 2U40 LaCana Drive, Hacienda Heights, California 91745 (Pigeons) James R. Mover, Box 92, Virginville, Pennsylvania 19504 (Includes much pigeon material)
(Continued on page 1975)
A C A
B C A
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 19, 2015
penicillin did not improve egg production or egg weight, but resulted in a significant reduction in feed consumption by the hens. A comparison of these results with laying hens with those of Goatcher and McGinnis (1972) reveals that a high level of autoclaved beans affect young chicks and laying hens very differently. Penicillin supplementation of the diet containing beans produced a marked increase in chick growth or prevented a growth depression, whereas laying hens were not adversely affected by the beans and did not respond to a penicillin supplement. The data obtained in both experiments with hens showed that a diet containing as much as 50% autoclaved dry beans, in which nearly 70% of the protein in the diet was supplied by beans, supported egg production at a level equal to that obtained using a control diet containing more common ingredients. A review of the literature and an analysis of the data presented here show that dry field beans in raw form are not suitable for use in poultry rations and that they contain at least two types of inhibitory factors: (1) apparently of a protein nature that can be inactivated by autoclaving (Liener, 1953; Saxena, 1964), and (2) an-
RAUL FERNANDEZ, BRUCE MANNING AND JAMES MCGINNIS of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163 (Received for publication March 6, 1972)
POULTKY SCIENCE 51: 1960-1902,
RY FIELD BEANS (Pkaseolus vulgaris) are not ordinarily used in diets for poultry because of cost and a relatively low nutritional value for poultry when used at high levels (Riley, 1961). However, in situations of surplus or unsuitability of the beans for human consumption, they may become an alternative feed source for poultry. Field beans contain a fairly high level of protein which could be an important source of this nutrient in poultry diets. The two experiments reported in this paper were conducted to ascertain the value of dry field beans as a major constituent in the diet of laying hens and to determine whether autoclaving or a penicillin supplement would improve their nutritional value.
D
PROCEDURE
Experiment 1. This experiment was conducted using White Leghorn hens that were housed two per cage (25 X 45 cm.) and were 51 weeks old at the start of the experiment. The duration of the experiment was 8 weeks and there were four dietary treatments with four replicates of 12 hens per treatment. Composition of the experimental "Scientific paper No. 3829. College of Agriculture, Washington State University. Project 1S33.
1972
diets is given in Table 1 for both experiments. A small red bean (Red Mexican) was used in experiment 1. The product consisted largely of split beans that were separated from regular beans in processing. They were ground in a hammer mill and were used either in raw form or were autodaved for 30 minutes at 121°C. To insure uniform cooking they were spread in metal trays to a depth of approximately 2 cm. Results on egg production and feed consumption are given in Table 2. Experiment 2. This experiment was conducted with White Leghorn pullets that were 33 weeks of age at the beginning of the study. Duration of the trial was 7 weeks. Five replicate groups of five pullets were fed each experimental diet. California Small White beans, which had been found to support very poor chick growth when fed in raw form were used in this trial. They were included in the diets in raw or autodaved form and were fed with a pencillin supplement. Composition of the diet is given in Table 1. The autoclaving treatment used is described in experiment 1. Results on egg production, egg weight and feed consumption are summarized in Table 3.
1960
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 19, 2015
ABSTRACT _ Two experiments with laying hens were conducted to investigate the effect of diets containing high levels of dry field beans on egg production. The beans, in either raw or autodaved form, were included in the diet at a level of 50%. The diets containing raw or autodaved beans were also supplemented with SO ppm procaine penicillin. A high level of raw beans in the diet of laying hens caused a marked decrease in egg production. This decrease in production was not prevented by a penicillin supplement. Hens fed diets containing autodaved beans produced at a rate similar to those fed the control diet, but consumed a greater amount of feed. This higher feed consumption was partially counteracted when the penicillin supplement was used.
1961
FIELD BEANS FOR LAYERS
TABLE 2.—Egg production and feed consumption of hens fed raw and autoclaved beans. Experiment 1
TABLE 1.—Composition of the control and the experimental diets
Ingredient
Control
%
Experimental
%
37.50 37.50 4.50 5.00 5.00
17.50 17.50 1.25 1.25 1.25
5.00
—
1.25 2.00 1.50 5.50 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.40 50.00
Calculated protein content
16.35
16.50
— —
5.25 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.25
1 Provides the following in mg./kg. of diet: Mn, 100; Fe, 100; Cu., 10; Zn., 100; I., 30; and Co., 1. 2 Included at 0.25% it provides the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 7,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 1,760 I.C.U.; calcium pantothenate, 7 mg.; riboflavin, 5.3 mg.; DL-methionine, 800 mg.; ethoxyquin, 184 mg. 3 Included at 0.40% it provides the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 11,200 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 2,816 I.C.U.; calcium pantothenate, 11.2 mg.; riboflavin, 8.5 mg.; DL-methionine, 1,280 mg.; ethoxyquin, 295 mg.
The data for both experiments were treated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test as outlined by Steele and Torrie (1960). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained in experiment 1 clearly show that raw beans were not a suitable ingredient to be included at a high
Supplement E « f f ° " -
Control — Raw cull beans — 1 Raw cull beans Penicillin Autoclaved cull beans2 Penicillin
67.3 a* 14.7 b 16.0 b 69.S a
**ffgg5ff 107 86 95 126
1 2
Procaine penicillin supplement of 50 p.p.m. Cull Red beans were autoclaved at 15 p.s.i. for 30 min. and then spread and fan-dried for 6 hours. They were ground in a hammermill before mixing in the diet. * Means followed by different letters are signiBcantly different at P<.05.
level in the diet of laying hens. This is in agreement with the findings of Riley (1961) and Goatcher and McGinnis (1972) who have reported very poor growth of chicks fed diets containing high levels of raw field beans. The results are in contrast to those obtained with raw soybeans supplemented with methionine reported by Salman and McGinnis (1968). Supplementation of a diet containing raw beans with 50 p.p.m. of procaine penicillin did not improve egg production. Feed consumption was increased slightly by the penicillin supplement. On the other hand, hens fed a diet containing autoclaved beans produced eggs at a rate equal to that of hens fed a practical control diet. In this regard the results obtained with hens differ from those obtained with young chicks (Riley, 1961; Goatcher and McGinnis, 1972), in that young birds fed diets containing autoclaved beans did not grow at a rate comparable with those fed practical control diets. Supplementation of the diet containing autoclaved beans with SO p.p.m. procaine
TABLE 3.—Egg production, egg weight and feed consumption of hens fed an antibiotic: supplement in a diet containing a high level of autoclaved beans. Experiment 2 Treatment Control Autoclaved beans Autoclaved beans
Supplement
Pencillin
1
Egg Prod. %
Egg wt. g-
Feed Consum. Gm./hen/day
88.6 a 89.0 a 88.5 a
54.8 a* 55.1 a 55.6 a
110 a 128 c 117 b
* Means followed by different letters are significantly different at P < . 0 5 . 1 Procaine penicillin supplement of 50 p.p.m.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 19, 2015
Ground yellow corn Ground wheat Soybean meal (50% protein) Fish meal (65% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa Meat and bone meal (50% protein) Animal fat Dicalcium phosphate Limestone DL-methionine Salt Trace mineral mix1 Vitamin premix2,3 Ground dry field beans
Treatment
1962
RAUL FERNANDEZ, BRUCE MANNING AND JAMES MCGINNIS
other type that is resistant to autoclaving and depresses chick growth but does not affect egg production by adult birds. The growth depressing effect of this second factor for chicks can be largely overcome by an antibiotic supplement (Goatcher and McGinnis, 1972). REFERENCES Goatcher, W. D., and J. McGinnis, 1972. Influence of beans, peas and lentils as a dietary component on the growth response of chicks to antibiotics and methionine supplementation of the diet. Poultry Sci. 51: 440-443. Liener, I. E., 1953. Soyin, a toxic protein from the soybean. I. Inhibition of rat growth. J. Nutr. 49: 527-539. Riley, D. J., 1961. Studies on the nutritional value of some little-used protein feedstuffs for poultry. M. S. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman. Salman, A. J., and J. McGinnis, 1968. Effect of supplementing raw soybean meal with methionine on performance of layers. Poultry Sci. 47: 247-251. Saxena, H. C , 1964. Investigations on the mechanism of growth depression and pancreatic hypertrophy by raw soybean meal in the chick. Ph.D. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman. Steel, G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. Chapter VII. McGrawHill Book Co., New York.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1959) Frank L. Gary, 5 Barbara Drive, Crosswicks, New Jersey 08S1S James V. Geisendorfer, 2147 S. Ninth St., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55406 (Periodicals) Mrs. P. T. Hering, 13135 Quito Road, Saratoga, California 95070 H. M. Hyre, West Virginia Department of Agriculture, Charleston, West Virginia 25305 Fred Jeffers, Windsor, New York 13865 Kimber Farms Inc., P.O. Box 2008, Fremont, California 94536 Frank Kingsbury, Veterinary Science Department, Rutgers, University, New
A B
A
A
Brunswick, New Jersey 08903 K. C. Leenhous, R 2, Box 383A, Waukesha, Wisconsin 53186 Wendell M. Levi, P.O. Drawer 730, Sumter, South Carolina 29150 (Pigeons) C. S. Mackey, 210 Sands Point Rd., Port Washington, New York 11050 Smith Mahon, RR 3, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 17201 T. McCaig, 2U40 LaCana Drive, Hacienda Heights, California 91745 (Pigeons) James R. Mover, Box 92, Virginville, Pennsylvania 19504 (Includes much pigeon material)
(Continued on page 1975)
A C A
B C A
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 19, 2015
penicillin did not improve egg production or egg weight, but resulted in a significant reduction in feed consumption by the hens. A comparison of these results with laying hens with those of Goatcher and McGinnis (1972) reveals that a high level of autoclaved beans affect young chicks and laying hens very differently. Penicillin supplementation of the diet containing beans produced a marked increase in chick growth or prevented a growth depression, whereas laying hens were not adversely affected by the beans and did not respond to a penicillin supplement. The data obtained in both experiments with hens showed that a diet containing as much as 50% autoclaved dry beans, in which nearly 70% of the protein in the diet was supplied by beans, supported egg production at a level equal to that obtained using a control diet containing more common ingredients. A review of the literature and an analysis of the data presented here show that dry field beans in raw form are not suitable for use in poultry rations and that they contain at least two types of inhibitory factors: (1) apparently of a protein nature that can be inactivated by autoclaving (Liener, 1953; Saxena, 1964), and (2) an-