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Effect of Cadmium on the Palatability of Calf Starters1
1017
TECHNICAL NOTES
log micrograms per 100 g, C S F P increased in a linear manner. This amounted to an elevation in pressure of 4.5% for each 10% decrease in liver vitamin A concentration. At a liver concentration of 10 /~g of vitamin A per 100 g, the pressure was estimated to be 195 ram. This was 2.6 times the pressure observed in calves with adequate liver vitamin A concentration, as evidenced by no elevation in C S F P . The statistics reported herein may be useful for estimating what the minimum liver vitamin A storage should be for the calf. In addition, the procedures employed may be of value for similar estimates for other species and, thus, provide information which heretofore has been considered unobtainable (6). ACKN0W'LEDGMENT
We are grateful to former and present staff members and students for assistance in obtaining the original observations, and to Mrs. Mae Miller and A. J. Hoza for technical assistance. The senior author is indebted to Dr. H. W. Norton of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station for information on the broken-llne equation, but the authors of the present report are responsible for its use herein. H. ]). EATON J. E. ROUSSEAU, JR. J. J. LUCAS Storrs (Conn.) Agricultural Experiment Station EFFECT
:REFERENCES
(1) ALMQUIST, H. J. Relation of Vitamin A Intake to Plasma Vitamin A and IAver Vitamin A Content. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 39: 243. 1952. (2) BUNNELL,R. H., :RoussEAU, J. E., JR., EATON, H. D., A1,TD BEALL, G. Estimation of Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Calf Liver.
J. Dairy Sci., 37: 1473. 1954. (3) EATON, H. D., ROUSSEAU, J. E., JR., AND
NOR~O~, H. W. Association Between Cerebrosplnal Fluid Pressure an4 Plasma Vitamin A Concentration of Holstein Calves Fed Fixed Intakes of Carotene. J. Dairy ScL, 44: 1368. 1961. (4) EATOK, H. D., :ROUSSEAU, J. E., Ja., WOELFEL, C. G., CALHOUN, M. C., NIELSEN, S. W.,
~ND LUOAS, J. J. A Re-evaluation of the Minimum Carotene :Requirement of Holstein Male Calves Based upon Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure. University of Connecticut, Coll. of Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 383. 1964. (5) MILLEN, J. W., AND WOOLLAI~, D. H. M.
Vitamins and the Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure. The Cerebrospinal Fluid. p. 168. Ed., @. E. W. Wolstenholme and Cecilia ~[. O'Connor. Little, Brown and Co., Boston. 1958. (6) PA~RIS~, D. B., Z I ~ R ~ A ~ , R. A., SAltFORD, P. E., AND BUNG, ELEANOK. Utilization of Alfalfa Carotene and Vitamin A
by Growing Chicks. 1963.
O F C A D M I U M ON T H E P A L A T A B I L I T Y
Dietary cadmium is highly toxic to various species of animals (2, 5-7, 9). It is a strong antimetabolite for zinc, which accounts for an important part of the toxicity (1, 4). Thus, cadmium is potentially useful f o r studying zinc nutrition and metabolism. In another study, it was observed that addition of eadmimn to calf rations reduced feed consumption, growth rate, and produced a toxic condition (5). I t was also noted that the addition of 160 ppm of cadmium or more reduced feed intake, beginning the first day the feed was offered to calves. The purpose of this study was to deternfine the effect of various levels of cadmium on the palatability of calf starters. Six Holstein and two Jersey heifer calves between 21/2 and 4 ½ months of age were utilized in four cafeteria-type experiments to compare the palatability of the basal ration to that of the same ration to which four levels of cadmium were added. Previous research has shown that having more than two feeds in a cafeteria experiment may result in biased results (3). Thus, only one starter containing Journal Paper No. 375 of the College Experiment Station, University of Georgia.
J. Nutrition, 79: 9.
OF CALF STARTERS
1
cadmium was compared with the basal in each experiment. The heifers were maintained in individual wooden pens. Each pen contained two identical wooden feed boxes placed side by side. One box was used for the basal ration which contained no added cadmium and the other box was used for the cadmium-containing ration. Positions of the boxes were reversed each day to prevent the animals from becoming accustomed to eating in the same location. The basal ration contained the following expressed in per cent: citrus pulp, 35.5; beet pulp, 20.8; corn, 11.6; soybean meal, 6.2; Coastal Bermudagrass pellets, 19.3; urea feed mixture (42% N), 0.8; dicalcimn phosphate, 1.7; salt and trace minerals, 0.8; marble dust, 1.5; stabilized fat, 1.5; and vitamins and minerals, 0.3. Each of the four cadmium-containing rations were identical to the basal ration, except for the addition of the following amounts of cadmium: a) 40 p p m ; b) 160 p p m ; e) 640 ppm; and d) 2,560 ppm. The cadmium was added as CdC12. The heifers were offered each of the cadmium-containing rations, as opposed to the basal ration, individually, f o r a five-day period beginning with the lowest cadmium level.
JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE
1018
TABLE
1
Effect of added cadmium in palatability of a calf ration in cafeteria experiments Experiment no. 1 Calf no.
Breed
Basal
Basal d- 40 ppm Cd
Holstein Holstein Holstein It61stein Holstein Holstein Jersey Jersey Avg S~7~
2.62 4.90 2.12 2.88 3.28 2.88 1.92 1.32 2.74
3.10 4.64 5.04 4.10 3.66 3.74 0.84 3.24 3.54
Experiment no. 2
Basal
Basal d- 160 ppm Cd
Experiment no. 3
Basal
Experiment no. 4
Basal + 640 ppm Cd
Basal
Basal d- 2,560 ppm Cd
(Avg lb feed~day) 303 308 302 304 307 305 309 306
0.44
5.20 9.18 6.32 3.78 6.42 6.48 3.64 3.82 5.61"* 0.68
1.78 2.42 2.34 2.98 2.86 0.72 1.24 1.48 1.98
5.98 9.38 6.32 2.94 7.00 7.02 2.62 3.08 5.54** 0.97
1.48 1.80 2.10 3.62 1.66 1.66 1.60 1.58 1.94
8.42 10.50 8.02 6.36 3.18 8.58 3.58 3.68 7.17"** 0.92
0.42 0.84 0.34 0.30 0.68 0.38 0.44 1.46 0.61
** P -- 0.01. *** P = 0.001. S~--Standard error of mean difference between diets in each trial (6).
Between the five-day e x p e r i m e n t a l periods, the calves were placed on a commercial calf s t a r t e r f o r two days in an effort to eliminate a n y carry-over effects f r o m the previous trial. The f e e d boxes were also washed at this time, to remove any trace o f cadmium. The average daily f e e d c o n s u m p t i o n s p e r calf f o r each of the f o u r e x p e r i m e n t s are p r e sented in Table 1. The addition o f 40 p p m etMmium did not significantly affect f e e d cons u m p t i o n ( P = 0.05). The three h i g h e r levels of c a d m i u m decreased f e e d consumptiou~ with the a d d i t i o n o f 160 and 640 p p m b e i n g significant at the ] % level and the 2,560 p p m at the 0.1% level. Results of these studies are in h a r m o n y w i t h the observations of J o h n s et ah (2) on rats, who noted t h a t 62.5 p p m cadmium in the diet h a d no effect on f o o d intake. H o w e v e r , as the c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f cadmium in the diet were increased above this level, the food intake was decreased. A n e x p l a n a t i o n f o r decreased p a l a t a b i l i t y of e a d n d u m - c o n t a i n i n g rations has not been f o u n d in the literature, t t o w e v e r , it has been rep o r t e d t h a t the cadmium ion, when a p p l i e d to living tissues in high concentration, has an i r r i t a n t caustic action p r o d u c i n g h y p e r e m i a (6). Also, cadmium has an a s t r i n g e n t taste f o r man (7). T h e r e f o r e , th~s action of_ cadmium u p o n the mucous m e m b r a n e s o f the calf's mouth could be responsible f o r reduced p a l a t a b i l i t y of the rations c o n t a i n i n g high levels of cadmium. This could e x p l a i n the immediate r e d u c t i o n in feed c o n s u m p t i o n when calves are placed on the c a d m i u m - c o n t a i n i n g diets. However, it would not e x p l a i n its toxic effects.
G. W . POWELL
W. J. ~ILLER AND
C. M. CLIFTON Dairy Department U n i v e r s i t y of Georgia Athens REFERENCES (1) COTZIAS, G. C., BORG, D. C., AND SELLECK, B. Virtual Absence of Turnover in Cadmium Metabolism: Cd 1°" Studies in the Mouse. Am. J. Physiol., 201: 927. 1961. (2) JOHNS, C. O., FINKS, A. J., AND ALSBEP~G, C. L. Chronic Intoxication by Small Quantities of Cadmium Chloride in the Diet. J. Pharm. Expth Therap., 21: 59. 1923. (3) MILLER, W. J., AND CLIFTON, C. M. Influence of Experimental Design on Results of Palatability Studies. J. Dairy Sci., 47: 927. 1964. (4) PARIZEK, J., AND ZAHOR, Z. Effect of Cadmium Salts on Testieular Tissue. Nature, 177: 1036. 1956. (5) POWELL, G. W., MILLER, W. J., MOF~TON, J. D., AND CLIFTON, C. M. Influence of Dietary Cadmium Level and SupplementM Zinc on Cadmium Level in the Bovine. J. Nutrition. (In press.) (6) PBODAN, L. The History of Cadmium Poisoning and Uses of Cadmium. J. Indust. Hyg., 14: 132. 1932. (7) SCH~VARTZE, E. W., AND ALSBEI~G, C. L. Studies on the Pharmacology of Cadmium and Zinc with Particular Reference to Emesis. J. Pharm. Exptl. Therap., 21: 1. 1923. (8) STEEL, I~. G. D., AND TOI~BIE, J. H. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 1960. (9) WILSON, R. H., DEEDs, F., AND COX, A. J., JR. Effects of Continued Cadmium Feeding. J. Pharm. Exptl. Therap., 71: 222. 1941.
TECHNICAL NOTES
log micrograms per 100 g, C S F P increased in a linear manner. This amounted to an elevation in pressure of 4.5% for each 10% decrease in liver vitamin A concentration. At a liver concentration of 10 /~g of vitamin A per 100 g, the pressure was estimated to be 195 ram. This was 2.6 times the pressure observed in calves with adequate liver vitamin A concentration, as evidenced by no elevation in C S F P . The statistics reported herein may be useful for estimating what the minimum liver vitamin A storage should be for the calf. In addition, the procedures employed may be of value for similar estimates for other species and, thus, provide information which heretofore has been considered unobtainable (6). ACKN0W'LEDGMENT
We are grateful to former and present staff members and students for assistance in obtaining the original observations, and to Mrs. Mae Miller and A. J. Hoza for technical assistance. The senior author is indebted to Dr. H. W. Norton of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station for information on the broken-llne equation, but the authors of the present report are responsible for its use herein. H. ]). EATON J. E. ROUSSEAU, JR. J. J. LUCAS Storrs (Conn.) Agricultural Experiment Station EFFECT
:REFERENCES
(1) ALMQUIST, H. J. Relation of Vitamin A Intake to Plasma Vitamin A and IAver Vitamin A Content. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 39: 243. 1952. (2) BUNNELL,R. H., :RoussEAU, J. E., JR., EATON, H. D., A1,TD BEALL, G. Estimation of Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Calf Liver.
J. Dairy Sci., 37: 1473. 1954. (3) EATON, H. D., ROUSSEAU, J. E., JR., AND
NOR~O~, H. W. Association Between Cerebrosplnal Fluid Pressure an4 Plasma Vitamin A Concentration of Holstein Calves Fed Fixed Intakes of Carotene. J. Dairy ScL, 44: 1368. 1961. (4) EATOK, H. D., :ROUSSEAU, J. E., Ja., WOELFEL, C. G., CALHOUN, M. C., NIELSEN, S. W.,
~ND LUOAS, J. J. A Re-evaluation of the Minimum Carotene :Requirement of Holstein Male Calves Based upon Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure. University of Connecticut, Coll. of Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 383. 1964. (5) MILLEN, J. W., AND WOOLLAI~, D. H. M.
Vitamins and the Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure. The Cerebrospinal Fluid. p. 168. Ed., @. E. W. Wolstenholme and Cecilia ~[. O'Connor. Little, Brown and Co., Boston. 1958. (6) PA~RIS~, D. B., Z I ~ R ~ A ~ , R. A., SAltFORD, P. E., AND BUNG, ELEANOK. Utilization of Alfalfa Carotene and Vitamin A
by Growing Chicks. 1963.
O F C A D M I U M ON T H E P A L A T A B I L I T Y
Dietary cadmium is highly toxic to various species of animals (2, 5-7, 9). It is a strong antimetabolite for zinc, which accounts for an important part of the toxicity (1, 4). Thus, cadmium is potentially useful f o r studying zinc nutrition and metabolism. In another study, it was observed that addition of eadmimn to calf rations reduced feed consumption, growth rate, and produced a toxic condition (5). I t was also noted that the addition of 160 ppm of cadmium or more reduced feed intake, beginning the first day the feed was offered to calves. The purpose of this study was to deternfine the effect of various levels of cadmium on the palatability of calf starters. Six Holstein and two Jersey heifer calves between 21/2 and 4 ½ months of age were utilized in four cafeteria-type experiments to compare the palatability of the basal ration to that of the same ration to which four levels of cadmium were added. Previous research has shown that having more than two feeds in a cafeteria experiment may result in biased results (3). Thus, only one starter containing Journal Paper No. 375 of the College Experiment Station, University of Georgia.
J. Nutrition, 79: 9.
OF CALF STARTERS
1
cadmium was compared with the basal in each experiment. The heifers were maintained in individual wooden pens. Each pen contained two identical wooden feed boxes placed side by side. One box was used for the basal ration which contained no added cadmium and the other box was used for the cadmium-containing ration. Positions of the boxes were reversed each day to prevent the animals from becoming accustomed to eating in the same location. The basal ration contained the following expressed in per cent: citrus pulp, 35.5; beet pulp, 20.8; corn, 11.6; soybean meal, 6.2; Coastal Bermudagrass pellets, 19.3; urea feed mixture (42% N), 0.8; dicalcimn phosphate, 1.7; salt and trace minerals, 0.8; marble dust, 1.5; stabilized fat, 1.5; and vitamins and minerals, 0.3. Each of the four cadmium-containing rations were identical to the basal ration, except for the addition of the following amounts of cadmium: a) 40 p p m ; b) 160 p p m ; e) 640 ppm; and d) 2,560 ppm. The cadmium was added as CdC12. The heifers were offered each of the cadmium-containing rations, as opposed to the basal ration, individually, f o r a five-day period beginning with the lowest cadmium level.
JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE
1018
TABLE
1
Effect of added cadmium in palatability of a calf ration in cafeteria experiments Experiment no. 1 Calf no.
Breed
Basal
Basal d- 40 ppm Cd
Holstein Holstein Holstein It61stein Holstein Holstein Jersey Jersey Avg S~7~
2.62 4.90 2.12 2.88 3.28 2.88 1.92 1.32 2.74
3.10 4.64 5.04 4.10 3.66 3.74 0.84 3.24 3.54
Experiment no. 2
Basal
Basal d- 160 ppm Cd
Experiment no. 3
Basal
Experiment no. 4
Basal + 640 ppm Cd
Basal
Basal d- 2,560 ppm Cd
(Avg lb feed~day) 303 308 302 304 307 305 309 306
0.44
5.20 9.18 6.32 3.78 6.42 6.48 3.64 3.82 5.61"* 0.68
1.78 2.42 2.34 2.98 2.86 0.72 1.24 1.48 1.98
5.98 9.38 6.32 2.94 7.00 7.02 2.62 3.08 5.54** 0.97
1.48 1.80 2.10 3.62 1.66 1.66 1.60 1.58 1.94
8.42 10.50 8.02 6.36 3.18 8.58 3.58 3.68 7.17"** 0.92
0.42 0.84 0.34 0.30 0.68 0.38 0.44 1.46 0.61
** P -- 0.01. *** P = 0.001. S~--Standard error of mean difference between diets in each trial (6).
Between the five-day e x p e r i m e n t a l periods, the calves were placed on a commercial calf s t a r t e r f o r two days in an effort to eliminate a n y carry-over effects f r o m the previous trial. The f e e d boxes were also washed at this time, to remove any trace o f cadmium. The average daily f e e d c o n s u m p t i o n s p e r calf f o r each of the f o u r e x p e r i m e n t s are p r e sented in Table 1. The addition o f 40 p p m etMmium did not significantly affect f e e d cons u m p t i o n ( P = 0.05). The three h i g h e r levels of c a d m i u m decreased f e e d consumptiou~ with the a d d i t i o n o f 160 and 640 p p m b e i n g significant at the ] % level and the 2,560 p p m at the 0.1% level. Results of these studies are in h a r m o n y w i t h the observations of J o h n s et ah (2) on rats, who noted t h a t 62.5 p p m cadmium in the diet h a d no effect on f o o d intake. H o w e v e r , as the c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f cadmium in the diet were increased above this level, the food intake was decreased. A n e x p l a n a t i o n f o r decreased p a l a t a b i l i t y of e a d n d u m - c o n t a i n i n g rations has not been f o u n d in the literature, t t o w e v e r , it has been rep o r t e d t h a t the cadmium ion, when a p p l i e d to living tissues in high concentration, has an i r r i t a n t caustic action p r o d u c i n g h y p e r e m i a (6). Also, cadmium has an a s t r i n g e n t taste f o r man (7). T h e r e f o r e , th~s action of_ cadmium u p o n the mucous m e m b r a n e s o f the calf's mouth could be responsible f o r reduced p a l a t a b i l i t y of the rations c o n t a i n i n g high levels of cadmium. This could e x p l a i n the immediate r e d u c t i o n in feed c o n s u m p t i o n when calves are placed on the c a d m i u m - c o n t a i n i n g diets. However, it would not e x p l a i n its toxic effects.
G. W . POWELL
W. J. ~ILLER AND
C. M. CLIFTON Dairy Department U n i v e r s i t y of Georgia Athens REFERENCES (1) COTZIAS, G. C., BORG, D. C., AND SELLECK, B. Virtual Absence of Turnover in Cadmium Metabolism: Cd 1°" Studies in the Mouse. Am. J. Physiol., 201: 927. 1961. (2) JOHNS, C. O., FINKS, A. J., AND ALSBEP~G, C. L. Chronic Intoxication by Small Quantities of Cadmium Chloride in the Diet. J. Pharm. Expth Therap., 21: 59. 1923. (3) MILLER, W. J., AND CLIFTON, C. M. Influence of Experimental Design on Results of Palatability Studies. J. Dairy Sci., 47: 927. 1964. (4) PARIZEK, J., AND ZAHOR, Z. Effect of Cadmium Salts on Testieular Tissue. Nature, 177: 1036. 1956. (5) POWELL, G. W., MILLER, W. J., MOF~TON, J. D., AND CLIFTON, C. M. Influence of Dietary Cadmium Level and SupplementM Zinc on Cadmium Level in the Bovine. J. Nutrition. (In press.) (6) PBODAN, L. The History of Cadmium Poisoning and Uses of Cadmium. J. Indust. Hyg., 14: 132. 1932. (7) SCH~VARTZE, E. W., AND ALSBEI~G, C. L. Studies on the Pharmacology of Cadmium and Zinc with Particular Reference to Emesis. J. Pharm. Exptl. Therap., 21: 1. 1923. (8) STEEL, I~. G. D., AND TOI~BIE, J. H. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 1960. (9) WILSON, R. H., DEEDs, F., AND COX, A. J., JR. Effects of Continued Cadmium Feeding. J. Pharm. Exptl. Therap., 71: 222. 1941.