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Effect of Catostylus mosaicus venom on erythrocytes
Toxins '89 Symposium
247
wncentrations. Several of these compounds exhibited ichthyotoxicity at various concentrations in the 5-10 ppm range. REFERENCES Bnxnuwe~+ce, M. M. and Frnncnc, W. (1985) J. Chem . Ecol. 12, 951-987. CARDELLINA, I. H. (1986) Pwe and Appl. Ckem . 58, 365-374. CtienE,uNe, J. H., HErmtucxsox, R. L. and M~rrxEUy K. P. (1987) Tetrahedron Lett . 28, 727. Coc.c., J. C., PxrcE, I. R., Kox~o, G. M. and BownEx, B. F. (1987) Mar. Biol. 96, 129-135. KEn7Ex, P. A., RH1NEfiART, K. L. and HoorEa, I. R. (1986) J. Org. Chem. 51, 4450~454 . LnB~exE, S., COLL, J. C. and S~rrweco, P. W. (1986) Biol. Bull. 171, 565-574. MooaE, R. E. and ScHEUEa, P. J. (1971) Science 172, 495-500. Ttitcsrr, N. M., BISHOP, S. S., McCoxrrEt.~, O. J. and YonEe, J. A. (1985) J. Chem. Ecol. 9, 817-830. Effect of Catostylus mosaicus venom on erythrocytes. Non Aztt.n (Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). THE SCYPHOZOA family has been known to be the main cause of concern for the beach-goers and fishermen since they cause envenomation which may result in fatal, systemic or local syndromes. The jellyfish, Catostylus mosoicus, most commonly found around the coastal waters of the Malay Peninsula and the eastern Australian coastline seem to exhibit seasonal variation in their stinging ability, being more noxious during their breeding season (H~rsTEnn, 1978) Extract from the tentacle of Catostylus mosaicus was shown to lyre erythrocytes, with different species exhibiting different susceptibility . Erythrocytes from rabbit were most susceptible followed by those of rat and then human. The haemolytic activity increased in a sigmoid manner with increasing concentrations of the crude extract protein . The extract is devoid of hydrolytic enzymes normally present in venoms except for phospholipase A activity . The phospholipase A present was capable of hydrolysing phospholipids from erythrocyte membrane with the concomitant appearance of their lyso-derivative and fatty acid . The haemolytic component was not extractable with solvent since precipitation with acetone gave a precipitated fraction that was devoid of haemolytic activity while that of the supernatant fraction showed a 24 fold increase in the haemolytic activity . Fractionation of the ft+eeze~ried supernatant fraction gave two peaks of haemolytic activity with peak I having the major portion of haemolytic activity. The haemolytic activity of the crude extract was quite stable to heat since heating the extract at 100°C for one hr only reduced its activity to approximately 60%. However, upon purification, there was a loss in the stability of the haemolytic component. REFERENCE HaisiFwn, B. W. (1978) Phylum coelenterata . In : Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World, pp . 87-140. Princeton, NJ, U.S.A.: Darwin Press. Some biological andpathological effects of tiger .make venom. E. A. BENNETT (Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Qucensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia) . TtoEx snake venom contains a factor V-dependent prothrombin activator, two presyaaptic neurotoxins (mol . wt ce 14,000), a homologous non-neurotoxic protein and two postsynaptic neurotoxins (mol . wt ca 8,000) . The presynaptic toxins display myotoxlc and phospholipase A~ activities, the latter being invoked to explain the other actions (Hwatus and MecDornvEt.L, 1981). The two presynaptic toxins, here referred to as Ntx-a and Ntx-c, and the homologous proton of tiger snake venom, Ntx-b, were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography (BErrxerr and CoouumE, 1987). Ntz-a and Ntx-c are identical with notezin and Notechis II-5 (K~ecssox et al., 1972). Ntx-a and Ntx-c were treated with N-bromosuoc~nimi de (NBS) at pH 4 with almost total loss of neurotoxicity. The effects of the inactivated Ntx's on liver and muscle were studied and compared with the active toxins . NBS also effectively removed the cytotoxic and myolytic effects. The liver response is a non-specific one with differences between Ntx-a and Ntx-b detectable mainly at the ultramicroscopic level. The damage is not clinically significant and reversible . The damage is insufficient to produce large biochemical changes at least in the early stages of intoxication . A suggestion that these effects could provide an animal model for Reye's syndrome has been suggested (Btit-NEA et al., 1985; BNt-Nrw, personal communication). The suggestion is to be examined further . The muscle response is quite characteristic with early loss of myofibrillar integrity. Release of myoglobin can lead to kidney failure. With low dose of toxins, regeneration of tissue occurs (Hnxx13 et al., 1975). The effect of
247
wncentrations. Several of these compounds exhibited ichthyotoxicity at various concentrations in the 5-10 ppm range. REFERENCES Bnxnuwe~+ce, M. M. and Frnncnc, W. (1985) J. Chem . Ecol. 12, 951-987. CARDELLINA, I. H. (1986) Pwe and Appl. Ckem . 58, 365-374. CtienE,uNe, J. H., HErmtucxsox, R. L. and M~rrxEUy K. P. (1987) Tetrahedron Lett . 28, 727. Coc.c., J. C., PxrcE, I. R., Kox~o, G. M. and BownEx, B. F. (1987) Mar. Biol. 96, 129-135. KEn7Ex, P. A., RH1NEfiART, K. L. and HoorEa, I. R. (1986) J. Org. Chem. 51, 4450~454 . LnB~exE, S., COLL, J. C. and S~rrweco, P. W. (1986) Biol. Bull. 171, 565-574. MooaE, R. E. and ScHEUEa, P. J. (1971) Science 172, 495-500. Ttitcsrr, N. M., BISHOP, S. S., McCoxrrEt.~, O. J. and YonEe, J. A. (1985) J. Chem. Ecol. 9, 817-830. Effect of Catostylus mosaicus venom on erythrocytes. Non Aztt.n (Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). THE SCYPHOZOA family has been known to be the main cause of concern for the beach-goers and fishermen since they cause envenomation which may result in fatal, systemic or local syndromes. The jellyfish, Catostylus mosoicus, most commonly found around the coastal waters of the Malay Peninsula and the eastern Australian coastline seem to exhibit seasonal variation in their stinging ability, being more noxious during their breeding season (H~rsTEnn, 1978) Extract from the tentacle of Catostylus mosaicus was shown to lyre erythrocytes, with different species exhibiting different susceptibility . Erythrocytes from rabbit were most susceptible followed by those of rat and then human. The haemolytic activity increased in a sigmoid manner with increasing concentrations of the crude extract protein . The extract is devoid of hydrolytic enzymes normally present in venoms except for phospholipase A activity . The phospholipase A present was capable of hydrolysing phospholipids from erythrocyte membrane with the concomitant appearance of their lyso-derivative and fatty acid . The haemolytic component was not extractable with solvent since precipitation with acetone gave a precipitated fraction that was devoid of haemolytic activity while that of the supernatant fraction showed a 24 fold increase in the haemolytic activity . Fractionation of the ft+eeze~ried supernatant fraction gave two peaks of haemolytic activity with peak I having the major portion of haemolytic activity. The haemolytic activity of the crude extract was quite stable to heat since heating the extract at 100°C for one hr only reduced its activity to approximately 60%. However, upon purification, there was a loss in the stability of the haemolytic component. REFERENCE HaisiFwn, B. W. (1978) Phylum coelenterata . In : Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World, pp . 87-140. Princeton, NJ, U.S.A.: Darwin Press. Some biological andpathological effects of tiger .make venom. E. A. BENNETT (Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Qucensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia) . TtoEx snake venom contains a factor V-dependent prothrombin activator, two presyaaptic neurotoxins (mol . wt ce 14,000), a homologous non-neurotoxic protein and two postsynaptic neurotoxins (mol . wt ca 8,000) . The presynaptic toxins display myotoxlc and phospholipase A~ activities, the latter being invoked to explain the other actions (Hwatus and MecDornvEt.L, 1981). The two presynaptic toxins, here referred to as Ntx-a and Ntx-c, and the homologous proton of tiger snake venom, Ntx-b, were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography (BErrxerr and CoouumE, 1987). Ntz-a and Ntx-c are identical with notezin and Notechis II-5 (K~ecssox et al., 1972). Ntx-a and Ntx-c were treated with N-bromosuoc~nimi de (NBS) at pH 4 with almost total loss of neurotoxicity. The effects of the inactivated Ntx's on liver and muscle were studied and compared with the active toxins . NBS also effectively removed the cytotoxic and myolytic effects. The liver response is a non-specific one with differences between Ntx-a and Ntx-b detectable mainly at the ultramicroscopic level. The damage is not clinically significant and reversible . The damage is insufficient to produce large biochemical changes at least in the early stages of intoxication . A suggestion that these effects could provide an animal model for Reye's syndrome has been suggested (Btit-NEA et al., 1985; BNt-Nrw, personal communication). The suggestion is to be examined further . The muscle response is quite characteristic with early loss of myofibrillar integrity. Release of myoglobin can lead to kidney failure. With low dose of toxins, regeneration of tissue occurs (Hnxx13 et al., 1975). The effect of