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Effect of density on compressive deformation rate in a chromium carbide composite material
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Co-NiBMo m a t r i x have a lower h a r d n e s s . It w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t a n Fe b a s e m a t r i x , w h i c h is i n t e n d e d to be h e a t treatable, is suitable for c e m e n t i n g carbides.
M E C H A N I S M OF F O R M A T I O N OF WHITE SPOTS IN THE M I C R O S T R U C T U R E OF T I T A N I U M CARBIDE-BASED CERMETS
P R E S S U R E L E S S S I N T E R I N G OF I R O N C E M E N T E D T I T A N I U M B O R I D E HARD METALS
O. T e r d a et al, J. J a p a n Soc Powder and
T. J/ingling et al, (University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, G e r m a n y ) , Powder Metall Int,
Vol 23, No 5, 1991, 296-300. The s i n t e r i n g of WiB2-re w a s m o n i t o r e d u s i n g dilatometry. The r e s u l t s are d i s c u s s e d in terms of the phase diagrams. Optimisation of process conditions r e s u l t e d in t h e p r o d u c t i o n of d e n s e alloys provided t h a t fine p o w d e r raw m a t e r i a l s were used. The m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s are described. The f o r m a t i o n of FezB a n d Ti203 during processing was studied and the effects of t h e s e are discussed.
M E C H A N I C A L P R O P E R T I E S OF S I N T E R E D T I T A N I U M CARBONITRIDE/TITANIUM BORIDE MATERIALS T. W a t a n a b e , ( I n d u s t r i a l Research Institute, K y u s h i ~ a p a n ) , J. J a p a n Ceramic Society,
Vol 99, No 2, 1991, 146-149. In Japanese. The h o t p r e s s i n g of Ti(C,N)-30%TI'iB2 h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t to m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a n d t h e effects of additional of ZrC, HfC of NbC (5%) w h i c h r e s u l t e d in an i m p r o v e m e n t in t r a n s v e r s e r u p t u r e s t r e n g t h . T h e a d d i t i o n of HfC r e s u l t e d in t h e f o r m a t i o n of a s o l i d s o l u t i o n (Hf, Ti(C,N) w h i c h i n h i b i t e d grain growth of t h e TI (C,N).
F A B R I C A T I O N OF A COBALT CEMENTED CHROMIUM CARBIDE COATING AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
Soc Powder and Powder Metallurgy, Vol 38, No 4, 1991, 486-491. In Japanese.
Powder Metallurgy, Vol 38, No 4, 1991, 499-504. In Japanese. The d e v e l o p m e n t of a m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l feature, white s p o t s in TiC g r a i n s observed in t h e s c a n n i n g electron m i e r o g r a p h , in N c o n t a i n i n g TiC-Ni b a s e d h a r d m e t a l s w a s discussed. T h e s e were f o u n d only in TIC-TIN or Ti(C,N)-Mo2C-Ni alloys. T h i s w a s a t t r i b u t e d to t h e failure of t h e TIC to dissolve in t h e liquid m a t r i x d u e to t h e f o r m a t i o n of a TIC-Mo2C solid solution. The TiC w h i c h did n o t dissolve left f i s s u r e s in the carbide grains which allowed infiltration of t h e liquid binder.
R E D U C T I O N I N S T R E N G T H OF COBALT C E M E N T E D T U N G S T E N C A R B I D E D U E TO S U R F A C E OXIDATION N. Tsuchiya et al, J. J a p a n Soc Powder and
Powder Metallurgy, Vol 38, No 4, 1991, 505-509. In Japanese. A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t s of o x i d a t i o n of WC-10 or 20%Co on t h e mechanical properties is d e s c r i b e d . S p e c i m e n s were oxidised at 700 to 900°C for 50 to 30 m i n u t e s . The s t r e n g t h w a s f o u n d to d e c r e a s e with i n c r e a s e d o x i d a t i o n time and/or temperature and the decrease w a s e n h a n c e d by i n c r e a s e in t h e y p h a s e d o m a i n size. O x i d a t i o n w a s m o r e rapid at grain b o u n d a r i e s a n d t h u s c r e a t e d s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i n g notches.
E F F E C T OF D E N S I T Y ON C O M P R E S S I V E D E F O R M A T I O N RATE IN A C H R O M I U M C A R B I D E COMPOSITE MATERIAL
H. Hiraishi, T. Kobayashi. J. J a p a n
The u s e of inert gas arc welding to d e p o s i t a layer of Cr3C2-Co onto a metallic s u b s t r a t e is described. The effects of t h e c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e d e p o s i t , p r e h e a t temperature and interface thickness, b e t w e e n c o a t i n g a n d s u b s t r a t e , on t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d p r o p e r t i e s of t h e d e p o s i t w e r e s t u d i e d . It w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e d e p o s i t b e c a m e t h i n n e r as t h e % carbide increased and higher preheat temperatures were required. More t h a n 20% carbide in t h e d e p o s i t led to t h e f o r m a t i o n of an acicular p r e c i p i t a t e of t h e carbide which w a s d e t r i m e n t a l to t h e properties.
60 MPR February 1992
H. Hiraishi et al, J. J a p a n
Soc Powder andPowder Metallurgy, Vol 38, No 4, 1991, 510-515. In English.
The I n f l u e n c e of d e n s i t y on t h e c o m p r e s s i v e d e f o r m a t i o n rate of a Cr3C 2CrTC 3 c o m p o s i t e m a t e r i a l were studied. Production c o n d i t i o n s for t h e c o m p o s i t e were described. The d e f o n n a t i o n rate, for low densities, i n c r e a s e d with applied s t r e s s b u t for h i g h d e n s i t i e s t h e effect of i n c r e a s e d c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s w a s small. This w a s a t t r i b u t e d to t h e effect on grain size a n d s t r e n g t h . HIP, u s e d in c o m p a c t fabrication w a s effective in densifying t h e c o m p a c t s .
Mechanical Alloying TRIBOCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM IN M E C H A N I C A L ALLOYING ( M A ) OF METALS ICB. G e r a s i m o v et al, ( I n s t i t u t e of Solid S t a t e C h e m i s t r y , U S S R ) , J. M a t e r i a l s
Science, Vol 26, No 9, 1991, 2495-2500. A s t u d y of t h e MA of Zr-Co a n d Cu-Ti powder mixtures is d e s c r i b e d . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e milled p o w d e r s w a s f o u n d to be d e p e n d e n t on milling c o n d i t i o n s a n d alloy c o m p o s i t i o n . At h i g h mill e n e r g i e s t h e degree of crystallinity increased and with low energies a m o r p h i s a t i o n occurred. Species o b s e r v e d were Ti3Cu4, TiCu, TiCu4, ZrCo, Zr3Co a n d ZrCo2.
PM Components J O I N I N G OF PM SUB-PARTS TO MAKE A LARGER COMPONENT J.A. H a m m i l l , ( H o e g a n a e s C o r p o r a t i o n , Riverton, New Jersey, USA), Int J. Powder
Metallurgy, Vol 27, No 4, 1991, 363372.The m e t a l j o i n i n g p r o c e s s e s w h i c h are m o s t c o m m o n l y u s e d to a s s e m b l e PM s u b p a r t s to m a k e a c o m p l e x s h a p e a r e reviewed. Consideration is g i v e n t o p r o p e r t i e s which influence joining. Fusion welding, brazing, a n d s i n t e r b o n d i n g are d i s c u s s e d with regard to t h e m a t e r i a l s to be .joined.
COMPOSITE CAMSHAFTS G. G r e e n h a m , T. Catterley, ( M a n g a n e s e Bronze Powder M e t a l s Group, Ipswich, E n g l a n d ) , Powder Metallurgy, Vol 34, No
2, 1991, 119-125. A review of t h e use of PM to m a n u f a c t u r e a u t o m o t i v e c a m s h a f t s is p r e s e n t e d . C a m profiles a n d s p a c e r s are fitted to a steel t u b e a n d various m e a n s , including s i n t e r bonding, or s e c u r i n g c a m s to t h e s h a f t are considered. The c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e t u b e is give as Fe-0.45 to 0.55%C-0.35%Si-0.5 to 0.9%Mn a n d t h e c a m s Fe-0.014%C-1.27%Si0.99%Mn-0.56%P-4.45%Cr-0.89%Mo0.64%Ni-0.51%Cu. a low %C w a s u s e d for t h e c a m m a t e r i a l to m i n i m i s e f o r m a t i o n of Cr carbide d u r i n g a t o m i s a t i o n .
Co-NiBMo m a t r i x have a lower h a r d n e s s . It w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t a n Fe b a s e m a t r i x , w h i c h is i n t e n d e d to be h e a t treatable, is suitable for c e m e n t i n g carbides.
M E C H A N I S M OF F O R M A T I O N OF WHITE SPOTS IN THE M I C R O S T R U C T U R E OF T I T A N I U M CARBIDE-BASED CERMETS
P R E S S U R E L E S S S I N T E R I N G OF I R O N C E M E N T E D T I T A N I U M B O R I D E HARD METALS
O. T e r d a et al, J. J a p a n Soc Powder and
T. J/ingling et al, (University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, G e r m a n y ) , Powder Metall Int,
Vol 23, No 5, 1991, 296-300. The s i n t e r i n g of WiB2-re w a s m o n i t o r e d u s i n g dilatometry. The r e s u l t s are d i s c u s s e d in terms of the phase diagrams. Optimisation of process conditions r e s u l t e d in t h e p r o d u c t i o n of d e n s e alloys provided t h a t fine p o w d e r raw m a t e r i a l s were used. The m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s are described. The f o r m a t i o n of FezB a n d Ti203 during processing was studied and the effects of t h e s e are discussed.
M E C H A N I C A L P R O P E R T I E S OF S I N T E R E D T I T A N I U M CARBONITRIDE/TITANIUM BORIDE MATERIALS T. W a t a n a b e , ( I n d u s t r i a l Research Institute, K y u s h i ~ a p a n ) , J. J a p a n Ceramic Society,
Vol 99, No 2, 1991, 146-149. In Japanese. The h o t p r e s s i n g of Ti(C,N)-30%TI'iB2 h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t to m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a n d t h e effects of additional of ZrC, HfC of NbC (5%) w h i c h r e s u l t e d in an i m p r o v e m e n t in t r a n s v e r s e r u p t u r e s t r e n g t h . T h e a d d i t i o n of HfC r e s u l t e d in t h e f o r m a t i o n of a s o l i d s o l u t i o n (Hf, Ti(C,N) w h i c h i n h i b i t e d grain growth of t h e TI (C,N).
F A B R I C A T I O N OF A COBALT CEMENTED CHROMIUM CARBIDE COATING AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
Soc Powder and Powder Metallurgy, Vol 38, No 4, 1991, 486-491. In Japanese.
Powder Metallurgy, Vol 38, No 4, 1991, 499-504. In Japanese. The d e v e l o p m e n t of a m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l feature, white s p o t s in TiC g r a i n s observed in t h e s c a n n i n g electron m i e r o g r a p h , in N c o n t a i n i n g TiC-Ni b a s e d h a r d m e t a l s w a s discussed. T h e s e were f o u n d only in TIC-TIN or Ti(C,N)-Mo2C-Ni alloys. T h i s w a s a t t r i b u t e d to t h e failure of t h e TIC to dissolve in t h e liquid m a t r i x d u e to t h e f o r m a t i o n of a TIC-Mo2C solid solution. The TiC w h i c h did n o t dissolve left f i s s u r e s in the carbide grains which allowed infiltration of t h e liquid binder.
R E D U C T I O N I N S T R E N G T H OF COBALT C E M E N T E D T U N G S T E N C A R B I D E D U E TO S U R F A C E OXIDATION N. Tsuchiya et al, J. J a p a n Soc Powder and
Powder Metallurgy, Vol 38, No 4, 1991, 505-509. In Japanese. A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t s of o x i d a t i o n of WC-10 or 20%Co on t h e mechanical properties is d e s c r i b e d . S p e c i m e n s were oxidised at 700 to 900°C for 50 to 30 m i n u t e s . The s t r e n g t h w a s f o u n d to d e c r e a s e with i n c r e a s e d o x i d a t i o n time and/or temperature and the decrease w a s e n h a n c e d by i n c r e a s e in t h e y p h a s e d o m a i n size. O x i d a t i o n w a s m o r e rapid at grain b o u n d a r i e s a n d t h u s c r e a t e d s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i n g notches.
E F F E C T OF D E N S I T Y ON C O M P R E S S I V E D E F O R M A T I O N RATE IN A C H R O M I U M C A R B I D E COMPOSITE MATERIAL
H. Hiraishi, T. Kobayashi. J. J a p a n
The u s e of inert gas arc welding to d e p o s i t a layer of Cr3C2-Co onto a metallic s u b s t r a t e is described. The effects of t h e c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e d e p o s i t , p r e h e a t temperature and interface thickness, b e t w e e n c o a t i n g a n d s u b s t r a t e , on t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d p r o p e r t i e s of t h e d e p o s i t w e r e s t u d i e d . It w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e d e p o s i t b e c a m e t h i n n e r as t h e % carbide increased and higher preheat temperatures were required. More t h a n 20% carbide in t h e d e p o s i t led to t h e f o r m a t i o n of an acicular p r e c i p i t a t e of t h e carbide which w a s d e t r i m e n t a l to t h e properties.
60 MPR February 1992
H. Hiraishi et al, J. J a p a n
Soc Powder andPowder Metallurgy, Vol 38, No 4, 1991, 510-515. In English.
The I n f l u e n c e of d e n s i t y on t h e c o m p r e s s i v e d e f o r m a t i o n rate of a Cr3C 2CrTC 3 c o m p o s i t e m a t e r i a l were studied. Production c o n d i t i o n s for t h e c o m p o s i t e were described. The d e f o n n a t i o n rate, for low densities, i n c r e a s e d with applied s t r e s s b u t for h i g h d e n s i t i e s t h e effect of i n c r e a s e d c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s w a s small. This w a s a t t r i b u t e d to t h e effect on grain size a n d s t r e n g t h . HIP, u s e d in c o m p a c t fabrication w a s effective in densifying t h e c o m p a c t s .
Mechanical Alloying TRIBOCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM IN M E C H A N I C A L ALLOYING ( M A ) OF METALS ICB. G e r a s i m o v et al, ( I n s t i t u t e of Solid S t a t e C h e m i s t r y , U S S R ) , J. M a t e r i a l s
Science, Vol 26, No 9, 1991, 2495-2500. A s t u d y of t h e MA of Zr-Co a n d Cu-Ti powder mixtures is d e s c r i b e d . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e milled p o w d e r s w a s f o u n d to be d e p e n d e n t on milling c o n d i t i o n s a n d alloy c o m p o s i t i o n . At h i g h mill e n e r g i e s t h e degree of crystallinity increased and with low energies a m o r p h i s a t i o n occurred. Species o b s e r v e d were Ti3Cu4, TiCu, TiCu4, ZrCo, Zr3Co a n d ZrCo2.
PM Components J O I N I N G OF PM SUB-PARTS TO MAKE A LARGER COMPONENT J.A. H a m m i l l , ( H o e g a n a e s C o r p o r a t i o n , Riverton, New Jersey, USA), Int J. Powder
Metallurgy, Vol 27, No 4, 1991, 363372.The m e t a l j o i n i n g p r o c e s s e s w h i c h are m o s t c o m m o n l y u s e d to a s s e m b l e PM s u b p a r t s to m a k e a c o m p l e x s h a p e a r e reviewed. Consideration is g i v e n t o p r o p e r t i e s which influence joining. Fusion welding, brazing, a n d s i n t e r b o n d i n g are d i s c u s s e d with regard to t h e m a t e r i a l s to be .joined.
COMPOSITE CAMSHAFTS G. G r e e n h a m , T. Catterley, ( M a n g a n e s e Bronze Powder M e t a l s Group, Ipswich, E n g l a n d ) , Powder Metallurgy, Vol 34, No
2, 1991, 119-125. A review of t h e use of PM to m a n u f a c t u r e a u t o m o t i v e c a m s h a f t s is p r e s e n t e d . C a m profiles a n d s p a c e r s are fitted to a steel t u b e a n d various m e a n s , including s i n t e r bonding, or s e c u r i n g c a m s to t h e s h a f t are considered. The c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e t u b e is give as Fe-0.45 to 0.55%C-0.35%Si-0.5 to 0.9%Mn a n d t h e c a m s Fe-0.014%C-1.27%Si0.99%Mn-0.56%P-4.45%Cr-0.89%Mo0.64%Ni-0.51%Cu. a low %C w a s u s e d for t h e c a m m a t e r i a l to m i n i m i s e f o r m a t i o n of Cr carbide d u r i n g a t o m i s a t i o n .