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Effect of Dieldrin and Calcium on the Performance of Adult Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)1
212
B . W . BlERER AND W . T . DERIEUX
Eleazer, T. H., 1968. Unpublished research data. Clemson Livestock Laboratory, P.O. Box 1771, Columbia, S.C. 29202. Gale, G. O., J. S. Riser and T. F. McNamara, 1963. Bacterial resistance to chemotherapy. Avian Diseases, 7: 457-466. Heddleston, K. L., 1972a. Personal communication, January 24, 1972, National Animal Disease Labora-
tory, Ames, Iowa 50010. Heddleston, K. L., 1972b. Avian pasteurellosis. In: Diseases of Poultry, Iowa State University Press, 5th Ed., page 236. Yacowitz, H., R. D. Carter and E. Ross, 1955. Further studies on Hemorrhagic syndrome induced by feeding high levels of sulfaquinoxaline to chicks. Poultry Sci. 34: 1229.
C.
M.
READING, 2 * G.
H.
ARSCOTT* AND I. J.
TINSLEY**
Departments of Poultry Science* and Agricultural Chemistry,** Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (Received for publication April 25, 1975)
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dieldrin and calcium on reproductive performance of quail. At 25% egg production the quail received diets containing 0, 10 or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 6, 28-day periods in experiment 1 and 0, 5, or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 4, 28-day periods in experiment 2. Pesticide treatments were employed with diets containing 0.5% and 3.0% calcium. The results show that egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, fertility, hatchability and body weights were not affected by dieldrin treatments. However, egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were adversely affected by the lower calcium level. Female body weights were consistently heavier for the low calcium diet. Mortality increased in the presence of 10 and especially 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin. Livability of chicks from hens receiving rations with 10 and 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin was significantly lower than those fed no dieldrin. In summary, dieldrin was without effect on egg shell quality or other reproductive factors but did exert a detrimental effect on adult mortality and livability of progeny. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 212-219,
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1976
decreases in egg shell weight or thinning. T h e relationship of pesticides to t h e egg shell thinE C L I N E S in certain avian populations ning process has been extensively studied and such as the peregrine falcon (Falco ' reviewed (Ratclif fe, 1967; P o t t s , 1968; Hickey peregrinus) and sparrow h a w k (Accipiterr and A n d e r s o n , 1968; Tucker, 1971). Porter nisus) beginning in the middle 1940's, led and Wiemeyer (1969) fed dieldrin and D D T investigators to relate this p h e n o m e n o n to contaminated diets to sparrow hawks and — reported egg shell thinning in t w o generations 1. Technical Paper No. 4013, Oregon Agricultural of this species. L e h n e r and Egbert (1969) also Experiment Station. Supported in part by U.S. Public reported thinning of egg shells in mallard hens Health Service Grant ES00040. This paper was develover a four-month dieldrin feeding period. oped in part from a thesis submitted by C. M. Reading, a Chester M. Wilcox Memorial Scholarship recipient On the other h a n d , several researchers have (1973-74), to the Graduate School, Oregon State Unibeen unable to find a relationship between versity in partial fulfillment of the M. S. degree. dieldrin and egg shell thinning. Muller (1971) 2. Present address: University of Oregon Dental found no egg shell thinning in Mallard ducks School, mail: 3323 SW Multnomah, Apt. #55, Port(Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) receivland, Oregon 97219.
D
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Effect of Dieldrin and Calcium on the Performance of Adult Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)1
DIELDRIN AND C A IN QUAIL
The toxicity of dieldrin to Japanese quail was clearly shown by Walker et al. (1969) when dietary levels of 10,20, 30 and 40 p.p.m. were administered for periods up to 18 weeks. Mortality increased with dieldrin exposure of 20 p.p.m. and above. Female pheasants exhibited high mortality (75%) when challenged with 100and200p.p.m. dieldrin during the pre-reproductive period, Genelly and Rudd (1956a). DeWitt (1955) produced high mortality in Bobwhite quail using levels of 5 to 5000 p.p.m. dieldrin. Levels of 5 and 10 p.p.m. required a longer time period to produce 100% mortality. Genelly and Rudd (1956b) working with pheasants noted that the first two weeks after
hatch were perhaps the most critical in chick survival. Linder and Lamb (1967) and Baxter et al. (1969) also working with pheasants found no differences in chick survival rates over an 8-week period. When chickens eggs were injected with known concentrations of dieldrin prior to incubation, Guthrie and Donaldson (1970) reported the majority of the chicks were unaffected. Feeding or starving the chicks for three days made no difference in survival rates. This investigation was conducted in order to ascertain what effect dieldrin would have on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail and to determine if egg shell thinning could be induced in this species when exposed to varying calcium levels in the diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS All Japanese quail used in this study were obtained from a closed flock.3 At the onset of sexual maturity, (ca 5 to 6 weeks of age) groups of quail, (20 to a compartment) were housed in a chick finishing battery (Wes Bilt Mfg. Co., Hayward, Cal.). Each battery contained 16 compartments, with sloping floors constructed of 1.3 cm. 2 welded wire mesh, with 2.5 x 5.1 cm. welded wire sides. The batteries were fitted with continuous flow waterers and external hanging feed troughs. The quail were provided with continuous incandescent lighting and a room temperature of at least 18° C. was maintained by means of an electric space heater. Two experiments were conducted: the first, consisting of six, 28-day production periods; and the second, four, 28-day periods. Both experiments began when the birds reached 25% egg production. During the last 8 days of each production period, eggs were collect-
3. This flock was obtained in 1960 from the Oregon Game Commission, Hermiston, Oregon. We are informed they were originally obtained as mature stock from Oklahoma.
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ing 4 p.p.m. dieldrin for 90 days. Potts (1968) investigating the hatching success of eggs of the shag (Phalacrocorax oristotelis) concluded that dieldrin and other chlorinated hydrocarbons were probably not solely responsible for egg breakage or egg shell thinning. Egg shell thinning in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus torguatus) fed dieldrin was not shown by Dahlgren and Linder (1970). Egg production decreased with dieldrin contamination (Genelly and Rudd, 1956b; Walker et al., 1969; Baxter etal., 1969; Atkins and Linder, 1967; Linder and Lamb, 1967). Others have noted no effect (DeWitt, 1955; Graves et al., 1969). Reproductive parameters such as fertility and hatchability have generally been unaffected by dieldrin treatment. Atkins and Linder (1967) and Linder and Lamb (1967) reported that dieldrin at levels of 4, 6, 8 and 12 mg. per hen per week in single oral doses had no adverse effect on fertility or hatchability in pheasants. DeWitt (1956) using a level of 1 p.p.m. in the diet of quail (Colinus virginianus virginianae L.) found fertility and hatchability relatively unaffected. Graves et al. (1969) reported that dieldrin at 5 p.p.m. had no effect on fertility and hatchability in White Leghorn hens and Coulson et al. (1962) reported similar results with Japanese quail using 10 p.p.m. dieldrin.
213
214
CM.
READING, G. H. ARSCOTT AND I . J .
TINSLEY
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal rations for Experiments 1 and 2 Starter ration 0-2 weeks (%) 20.9
ed and saved for hatching purposes. The eggs saved during the last three days were used to obtain egg weight and specific gravity data. Individual eggs were weighed on a Mettler scale (Model P-1000), and egg shell thickness was measured by specific gravity using the method described by Arscott and Bernier (1961). On the last day of each production period, bulk quail body weights and feed consump-
tion data were obtained. Males and females in each pen were weighed separately. Feed consumption was calculated on a per-bird per-day basis after subtracting the feed consumed by males within these pens using feed consumption data for the males housed separately. Fertility and hatchability were obtained from the first 5 days eggs following 18 days of incubation. Fertility was determined by
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Layer rations Ingredients (%) Glucose monohydrate1 67.14 67.14 Corn, yel. grd. — 4. 2. 2. Veg. fat, corn oil2 18.73 69. 18.73 Soybean meal (44% prot.) 3. 3. Alfalfa meal (20% prot.) — 6.65 Cellulose3 — — .15 .15 DL-methionine (98%) — 6.15 Limestone flour — — 1.5 2. Dicalcium phosphate — .5 .5 Salt, iodized 6. Salts, N 4 .1 Salts, N, suppl't mix.5 .33 .33 Vit.-tr. min. mix.6 Vit.-antioxidant-amino acid mix7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Totals Calculated Analyses: 15.2 15.2 31.6 Protein, % 1.24 .5 3.0 Ca, % .8 .7 P, % .63 1. Cerelose 2001 (Corn Products Co., New York). 2. Mazola, (Corn Products Co., New York). 3. Solka Floe BW-100 (Brown Co., Berlin, New Hampshire). 4. Fox and Briggs, (I960)—supplies as % of diet: Ca, 1.24; P, 0.8; K, 0.37; Na, 0.384; CI, 0.58; Mg, 0.06; Fe, 0.00334; Mn, 0.00813; I, 0.0006; Zn, 0.00728; Cu, 0.0004 (General Biochemicals, Chagrin Falls, Ohio). 5. Fox and Briggs, (1960)—supplies in mg./kg. of diet: Se, 0.1; Mo, 2.0. 6. Supplies in amts./kg. of premix.: vit. A, 1,320,000 I.U.; vit D 3 , 440,000 I.C.U.; vit. E, 440 I.U.; vit. K, 0.22 g.; riboflavin, 0.88 g.; d-pantothenic acid, 1.32 g.; niacin, 6.6 g.; choline CI, 44 g.; vit. B 12 , 1.8 mg.; butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 50 g.; Mn, 24 g.; Zn, 11 g.; Fe, 8 g.; Cu, 0.8 g.; I, 0.48 g.; Co, 88 mg. 7. Gordon and Sizer (1955)—added at 6 g./kg. of diet and supplies in g./kg. of premix.: vit. K (menadione), 0.2; vit. B12, 0.004; thiamine HC1, 1.6; riboflavin, 1.6; d-Ca-pantothenate, 4.; niacin, 20.; pyridoxine HC1, 1.6; folacin, 0.6; biotin, 0.06; glucose monohydrate, qs. (Nutritional Biochemicals Corps., Cleveland, Ohio); plus in g./kg. of diet: vit. A (30,000 U.S.P.U./g.), 0.333; vit. D 3 (1500 I.C.U./g.), 1.33; vit. E (Myvamix, 44 I.U./g., Distillation Products Industries, Rochester, N.Y.), 0.938; choline CI (25%), 12; BHT, 0.125; DL-methionine (98%), 5.; glycine, 2.
215
DlELDRIN AND C A IN QuAIL
4. Recrystallized from technical grade dieldrin and having an activity equivalent to 99% pure dieldrin through chromatographic analysis. Dissolved in corn oil prior to inclusion in basal ration at expense of corn oil in the diet.
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breaking all unhatched eggs and checking for embryonic development macroscopically. Hatchability was calculated from the total number of fertile eggs set. Feed was available ad libitum in both experiments. The composition of the rations used is included in Table 1. In experiment 1, adult quail were fed rations containing either 0,10 or 25 p.p.m. dieldrin. 4 These three groups were further subdivided so that half received a ration containing 0.5% or 3.0% of calcium. Each treatment was run in triplicate with 12 females and 4 males per pen. Along with each of the six treatments described, a pen of 20 males was included to provide a source of males in order to maintain the male to female ratio constant at 1:3 in the event of male mortality. Livability experiments in experiment 1 were conducted beginning with period 2. The chicks that hatched from eggs collected during period 2 were reared for a seven day period in specially modified rat cages provided with infra-red heat lamps. This battery permitted retaining the parental replicate treatment. From periods 3 to 6 the livability experiments were carried out in an Oaks chick battery customized for quail by use of 1.3 cm. 2 welded wire mesh on the side but did not provide sufficient compartments to sort chicks according to parental replication. The procedures used in experiment 2 were similar to those described above except for the additional dieldrin level of 5 p.p.m. In this trial 9 females and 3 males were placed in each pen. All-male pens contained 15 birds. All livability experiments were performed in the modified metal rat cages which allowed for a more sensitive test on survival. Statistical analysis of the data was con-
C. M. READING, G. H. ARSCOTT AND I. J. TINSLEY
ducted using a three factorial analysis of variance. Where significant differences existed, Duncan's multiple range test was used to test the significance between means. Arcsine transformations were applied to percentages of cracked and soft-shelled eggs and male and female mortality (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967).
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Results of experiments 1 and 2 are summarized in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. In this study egg shell thinning due to dieldrin was not evident through specific gravity determinations for either calcium level. While there was an indication of increased incidence of cracked or soft-shelled eggs with 25 p.p.m. dieldrin in experiment I (17.3 vs. 13.6%) this trend was not apparent in experiment 2 (17.5 vs. 16.3%). Thinner shells (P < 0.05) and an increase in the percentage of cracked eggs (P < 0.01) were obtained with the 0.5% calcium level. These data agree with the findings of Dahlgren and Linder (1970) who reported no dieldrin-induced egg shell thinning in pheasants which response was ascribed to a species difference. Quail might well fall under this same category being a game-type bird like the pheasant. Further, most cases of egg shell thinning have involved raptorial birds or birds of prey which exist at a higher level in the food chain (Ratcliffe, 1967; Hickey and Anderson, 1968). In addition, these quail were kept under optimum conditions with feed and water ad libitum. It has been suggested that intermittent feeding or periods of fasting may be inducers of the egg shell thinning phenomenon (Tucker, 1971). Since dieldrin is deposited in the lipid reserves, it may be only upon the mobilization of these fats that an adverse effect on shell-producing processes occur. Therefore, moderate to high levels of dieldrin would not produce the egg shell thinning effect. It is interesting to note that
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DIELDRIN AND C A IN QUAIL
Dieldrin produced no significant overall effect on body weight, although there was a trend to increased body weight with increasing levels of dieldrin. In both experi-
ments females on the calcium deficient diets weighed more while consuming approximately equivalent quantities of feed. By consuming equivalent quantities of feed and laying fewer eggs these birds would tend to increase in weight. Males in both experiments tended to show decreased body weight with higher levels of dieldrin on the calcium deficient diets. These results suggest some interaction of dieldrin in the presence of the nutritional deficiency. Males on the normal calcium diet were heavier with increased levels of dieldrin in experiment 1 but no such trend appeared in experiment 2. Dieldrin had a marked effect on mortality. Significant dose-response effects were exhibited in both experiments with both males and females (Table 4) at the higher dieldrin levels. Walker et al. (1969) reported similar results with. 20, 30 and 40 p.p.m. of dieldrin in quail diets. In experiment 1, males were more susceptible than females substantiating the observations of DeWitt (1955) and Genelly and Rudd (1956a). However, Dahlen and Haugen (1954) reported no differences between sexes. It should be noted that the first experiment covered two more production periods (56 days) than the second experiment, which could account for the differences between the two experiments. In the livability trials, the trend was towards higher mortality for the dieldrin supplemented diets. Chicks hatching from eggs laid by hens receiving 10 and 25 p.p.m. dieldrin supplemented diets showed significantly (P < 0.01) lower livability (Table 5), while chicks from hens receiving 5 p.p.m. were not affected. It should be noted that analysis'of eggs for dieldrin content showed total levels of more than twice the dietary level by the fourth period in experiment 1 and the third period in experiment 2. Adverse affects on livability were evident by the second period in experiment 1 and first period in experiment 2. Results of this study show that dieldrin did not induce egg shell thinning in Japanese
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even when the quail in both studies were put under a calcium stress that there was no decrease in egg shell thickness in dieldrin treated groups over controls. In this study dieldrin did not have any adverse effect on egg production but the lower calcium level did (P < 0.01). Feed consumption data showed all groups consumed between 19 and 22 g. per hen per day, regardless of the dieldrin or calcium level employed. Similarly no significant differences were noted in egg weights. Several investigators have noted that egg production was affected when dieldrin was administered in the feed to pheasants, Bobwhite quail and Japanese quail (Genelly and Rudd, 1956b; DeWitt, 1955; Walker et al, 1969). These investigators noted that there was a direct relationship between feed intake and egg production; where higher levels of dieldrin existed, feed intake declined with a resultant drop in egg production. Fertility and hatchability data in this study agree well with previous reports. Dieldrin produced no significant differences in fertility with the exception of a slight downward trend with the higher level of dieldrin in experiment 1. As in Genelly and Rudd's (1956b) study, where a decrease in fertility was observed, male activity and mortality could be largely responsible. While an attempt was made to maintain the male to female ratio constant, this was not possible during the last period of each experiment due to increased mortality in the males as a group. Hatchability was not significantly affected by dieldrin but was depressed (P < 0.01) by the deficient calcium level. This finding confirms the reports of others who have found no effect of dieldrin on hatchability (Atkins and Linder, 1967; Baxter et al., 1969; Coulson et al., 1962; Dunachie and Fletcher, 1966).
217
218
C. M . READING, G. H . ARSCOTT AND I . J . TINSLEY
TABLE 4.—Effect
of dieldrin and calcium on mortality of adult quail
TABLE 5.—Effect of dieldrin and calcium on livability of chicks (%)' ExperiDieldrin Calcium Experlevel level ment 1 ment 2 (p.p.m.) (%) (%) (%) 3.0 75.2 98.5 0 0 0.5 82.1 98.9 5 3.0 78.1 — 5 0.5 88.9 — 101** 3.0 12.0 70.3 lOj 0.5 37.0 75.5 25~1** 3.0 6.0 37.9 25j 0.5 4.0 28.3 1. Seven days duration. **Combined dieldrin groups sig. dif. (P < 0.01) from neg. control in each expt.
quail. Other parameters of reproductive performance such as egg production, fertility, hatchability and egg weight were also unaffected by dieldrin. Increased levels of dieldrin were shown to increase mortality in both male and female quail. Livability of chicks hatched from eggs of dieldrin fed hens was significantly reduced. Quail under a calcium stress (0.5% calcium) produced fewer and thinner shelled eggs than birds receiving an adequate calcium diet (3.0% calcium). Hatchability was significantly reduced by 0.5% calcium and there existed a trend for decreased fertility at the same calcium level. REFERENCES Arscott, G. H., and P. E. Bernier, 1961. Application of specific gravity to the determination of eggshell thickness. In: Agriculture Science Laboratory Exer-
Experiment 2 Females Males
(%) 3.7 14.7 14.7 14.7 37.0** 44.4** 92.5** 85.1**
0 11.1 11.1 0 22.2 22.2 89.2** 100.0**
cises for High School Students. Agricultural Science No. 2, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University. Atkins, T. D., and R. L. Linder, 1967. Effect of dieldrin on reproduction of penned hen pheasants. J. Wildlife Management, 31(4): 746-753. Baxter, W. L., R. L. Linder and R. B. Dahlgren, 1969. Dieldrin effects in two generations of penned hen pheasants. J. Wildlife Management, 33(1): 96. Coulson, D. M., E. M. McCarthy and T. E. Shellenberger, 1962. Effects of pesticides on animals and human beings. Stanford Research Institute, Technical Report No. V. Dahlen, J. H., and A. O. Haugen, 1954. Acute toxicity of certain insecticides to the bobwhite quail and morningdove. J. Wildlife Management, 18:477-481. Dahlgren, R. B., and R. L. Linder, 1970. Eggshell thickness in pheasants given dieldrin. J. Wildlife Management, 34(1): 226. DeWitt, J. B., 1955. Effects of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides upon quail and pheasants. J. Agri. Food Chem. 3: 672-679. DeWitt, J. B., 1956. Chronic toxicity to quail and pheasants of some chlorinated insecticides. J. Agri. Food Chem. 4: 863-866. Dunachie, J. F„ and W. W. Fletcher, 1966. Effect of some insecticides on the hatching rate of hens eggs. Nature, 212: 1062-1063. Fox, M. R. S., and G. M. Briggs, 1960. Salt mixtures in purified-type diets. III. An improved salt mixture for chicks. J. Nutrition, 72: 243-250. Genelly, R. E., and R. L. Rudd, 1956a. Chronic toxicity of DDT, toxaphene and dieldrin to ring-necked pheasants. California Fish and Game, 42: 5. Genelly, R. E., and R. L. Rudd, 1956b. Effects of DDT, toxaphene and dieldrin on pheasants reproduction. Auk, 73: 529. Gordon, R. S., and I. W. Sizer, 1955. Ability of sodium sulfate to stimulate growth of the chicken. Science, 122: 1270-1271.
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Experiment 1 Males Females Calcium level Dieldrin level (p.p.m.) (%) (%) 8.3 22.2 3.0 0 16.6 27.7 0.5 0 3.0 5 — — 0.5 5 — — 66.6* 44.4 3.0 10 50.0* 41.6 0.5 10 100.0** 69.6** 3.0 25 100.0** 91.0** 0.5 25 *Sig. dif. (P < 0.05) from respective negative control. **Sig. dif. (P < 0.01) from respective negative control.
(accumulative)
219
DlELDRIN AND C A IN QUAIL
Porter, R. D., and S. N. Wiemeyer, 1969. Dieldrin and DDT: effects on sparrow hawk eggshells and reproduction. Science, 165: 199-200. Potts, G. R., 1968. Success of eggs of the shag on the Fame Islands, Northumberland, in relation to their content of dieldrin and pp'DDE. Nature, 217: 1282-1284. Ratcliffe, D. A., 1967. Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey. Nature, 215: 208-210. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. Sixth edition. Ames, Iowa. State University Press. Tucker, R. K., 1971. Chlorinated hydrocarbons cause thin eggshells but so may other pollutants. Utah Science, 32(2): 47-49. Walker, A. I. T., C. H. Neill, D. E. Stevenson and J. Robinson, 1969. The toxicity of dieldrin (HEOD) to Japanese quail. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 15: 69-73.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 187) manufacturing industry and the nation's livestock and poultry producers in making Americans the ' 'best-fed" people in the world. Entitled "A Legacy for Mankind," the 12-minute film documents the first century of the feed industry to the development of today's effective new antibiotics, growth promotants and other feed additives, and the resulting efficiencies obtained by livestock and poultry producers towards providing Americans with the most nourishing meals in the history of civilization. The film, written for all ages and interests, highlights important benchmarks in livestock and poultry production achievements, and provides hope for the future by illustrating many of the progressive steps that are being taken to increase the production of meat, dairy and poultry products. The film is available on a free-loan basis. Contact Elanco Products Company, Department E-440, P.O. Box 1750, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206. BABCOCK NOTES Vernon C. Dean has been appointed Franchise Sales Manager for Babcock Poultry Farm, Inc. His responsibilities will include the development and direction of sales and marketing programs for domestic franchised distributors, and the coordination of area mar-
keting activities throughout the United States and Canada. He was most recently Sales Manager for Prairie Valley Hybrids, Phillips, Nebraska. Previously he served as General Manager of the Northern Division of Hy-Line International. Dr. John W. Dillehay has been appointed Director of Technical Services for Babcock Poultry Farm, Inc. PFIZER NOTES C. Gene Risoldi has been appointed Regional Sales Manager for Pfizer Animal Health Operations. He is responsible for industrial accounts in several midwestern states. He joined Pfizer Inc. in 1965 as Sales Representative. ELANCO NOTES D. Lee Dueringer has been promoted to an Animal Products Regional Sales Manager for Elanco Products, the Agricultural Marketing Division of Eli Lilly and Company. He has been a District Sales Manager in the northwest sales district since 1974. N.T.F. NOTES Kenneth L. Klippen has been appointed Director of Industry Relations by the National Turkey Federa-
(Continued on page 224)
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Graves, J. B., F. L. Bonner, W. F. McKnight, A. B. Watts and E. A. Epps, 1969. Residues in eggs, preening glands, liver, and muscle from feeding dieldrin-contaminated rice bran to hens and its effect on egg production, egg hatch and chick survival. Bull. Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 4: 375-383. Guthrie, F. E., and W. E. Donaldson, 1970. Distribution of DDT and dieldrin in the avian embryo. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 16: 475-481. Hickey, J. J., and D. W. Anderson, 1968. Chlorinated hyrocarbons and eggshell changes in raptorial and fish-eating birds. Science, 162: 271-273. Lehner, P. N., and A. Egbert, 1969. Dieldrin and eggshell thickness in ducks. Nature, 224: 1218. Linder, R. L., and D. W. Lamb, 1967. Relationship of dieldrin and penned pheasants. South Dakota Farm and Home Research, 18: 10-12. Muller, H. D., 1971. Reproductive responses of the Mallard duck to subtoxic pesticide ingestion. Poultry Sci. 50: 1610.
B . W . BlERER AND W . T . DERIEUX
Eleazer, T. H., 1968. Unpublished research data. Clemson Livestock Laboratory, P.O. Box 1771, Columbia, S.C. 29202. Gale, G. O., J. S. Riser and T. F. McNamara, 1963. Bacterial resistance to chemotherapy. Avian Diseases, 7: 457-466. Heddleston, K. L., 1972a. Personal communication, January 24, 1972, National Animal Disease Labora-
tory, Ames, Iowa 50010. Heddleston, K. L., 1972b. Avian pasteurellosis. In: Diseases of Poultry, Iowa State University Press, 5th Ed., page 236. Yacowitz, H., R. D. Carter and E. Ross, 1955. Further studies on Hemorrhagic syndrome induced by feeding high levels of sulfaquinoxaline to chicks. Poultry Sci. 34: 1229.
C.
M.
READING, 2 * G.
H.
ARSCOTT* AND I. J.
TINSLEY**
Departments of Poultry Science* and Agricultural Chemistry,** Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (Received for publication April 25, 1975)
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dieldrin and calcium on reproductive performance of quail. At 25% egg production the quail received diets containing 0, 10 or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 6, 28-day periods in experiment 1 and 0, 5, or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 4, 28-day periods in experiment 2. Pesticide treatments were employed with diets containing 0.5% and 3.0% calcium. The results show that egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, fertility, hatchability and body weights were not affected by dieldrin treatments. However, egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were adversely affected by the lower calcium level. Female body weights were consistently heavier for the low calcium diet. Mortality increased in the presence of 10 and especially 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin. Livability of chicks from hens receiving rations with 10 and 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin was significantly lower than those fed no dieldrin. In summary, dieldrin was without effect on egg shell quality or other reproductive factors but did exert a detrimental effect on adult mortality and livability of progeny. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 212-219,
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1976
decreases in egg shell weight or thinning. T h e relationship of pesticides to t h e egg shell thinE C L I N E S in certain avian populations ning process has been extensively studied and such as the peregrine falcon (Falco ' reviewed (Ratclif fe, 1967; P o t t s , 1968; Hickey peregrinus) and sparrow h a w k (Accipiterr and A n d e r s o n , 1968; Tucker, 1971). Porter nisus) beginning in the middle 1940's, led and Wiemeyer (1969) fed dieldrin and D D T investigators to relate this p h e n o m e n o n to contaminated diets to sparrow hawks and — reported egg shell thinning in t w o generations 1. Technical Paper No. 4013, Oregon Agricultural of this species. L e h n e r and Egbert (1969) also Experiment Station. Supported in part by U.S. Public reported thinning of egg shells in mallard hens Health Service Grant ES00040. This paper was develover a four-month dieldrin feeding period. oped in part from a thesis submitted by C. M. Reading, a Chester M. Wilcox Memorial Scholarship recipient On the other h a n d , several researchers have (1973-74), to the Graduate School, Oregon State Unibeen unable to find a relationship between versity in partial fulfillment of the M. S. degree. dieldrin and egg shell thinning. Muller (1971) 2. Present address: University of Oregon Dental found no egg shell thinning in Mallard ducks School, mail: 3323 SW Multnomah, Apt. #55, Port(Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) receivland, Oregon 97219.
D
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Effect of Dieldrin and Calcium on the Performance of Adult Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)1
DIELDRIN AND C A IN QUAIL
The toxicity of dieldrin to Japanese quail was clearly shown by Walker et al. (1969) when dietary levels of 10,20, 30 and 40 p.p.m. were administered for periods up to 18 weeks. Mortality increased with dieldrin exposure of 20 p.p.m. and above. Female pheasants exhibited high mortality (75%) when challenged with 100and200p.p.m. dieldrin during the pre-reproductive period, Genelly and Rudd (1956a). DeWitt (1955) produced high mortality in Bobwhite quail using levels of 5 to 5000 p.p.m. dieldrin. Levels of 5 and 10 p.p.m. required a longer time period to produce 100% mortality. Genelly and Rudd (1956b) working with pheasants noted that the first two weeks after
hatch were perhaps the most critical in chick survival. Linder and Lamb (1967) and Baxter et al. (1969) also working with pheasants found no differences in chick survival rates over an 8-week period. When chickens eggs were injected with known concentrations of dieldrin prior to incubation, Guthrie and Donaldson (1970) reported the majority of the chicks were unaffected. Feeding or starving the chicks for three days made no difference in survival rates. This investigation was conducted in order to ascertain what effect dieldrin would have on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail and to determine if egg shell thinning could be induced in this species when exposed to varying calcium levels in the diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS All Japanese quail used in this study were obtained from a closed flock.3 At the onset of sexual maturity, (ca 5 to 6 weeks of age) groups of quail, (20 to a compartment) were housed in a chick finishing battery (Wes Bilt Mfg. Co., Hayward, Cal.). Each battery contained 16 compartments, with sloping floors constructed of 1.3 cm. 2 welded wire mesh, with 2.5 x 5.1 cm. welded wire sides. The batteries were fitted with continuous flow waterers and external hanging feed troughs. The quail were provided with continuous incandescent lighting and a room temperature of at least 18° C. was maintained by means of an electric space heater. Two experiments were conducted: the first, consisting of six, 28-day production periods; and the second, four, 28-day periods. Both experiments began when the birds reached 25% egg production. During the last 8 days of each production period, eggs were collect-
3. This flock was obtained in 1960 from the Oregon Game Commission, Hermiston, Oregon. We are informed they were originally obtained as mature stock from Oklahoma.
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ing 4 p.p.m. dieldrin for 90 days. Potts (1968) investigating the hatching success of eggs of the shag (Phalacrocorax oristotelis) concluded that dieldrin and other chlorinated hydrocarbons were probably not solely responsible for egg breakage or egg shell thinning. Egg shell thinning in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus torguatus) fed dieldrin was not shown by Dahlgren and Linder (1970). Egg production decreased with dieldrin contamination (Genelly and Rudd, 1956b; Walker et al., 1969; Baxter etal., 1969; Atkins and Linder, 1967; Linder and Lamb, 1967). Others have noted no effect (DeWitt, 1955; Graves et al., 1969). Reproductive parameters such as fertility and hatchability have generally been unaffected by dieldrin treatment. Atkins and Linder (1967) and Linder and Lamb (1967) reported that dieldrin at levels of 4, 6, 8 and 12 mg. per hen per week in single oral doses had no adverse effect on fertility or hatchability in pheasants. DeWitt (1956) using a level of 1 p.p.m. in the diet of quail (Colinus virginianus virginianae L.) found fertility and hatchability relatively unaffected. Graves et al. (1969) reported that dieldrin at 5 p.p.m. had no effect on fertility and hatchability in White Leghorn hens and Coulson et al. (1962) reported similar results with Japanese quail using 10 p.p.m. dieldrin.
213
214
CM.
READING, G. H. ARSCOTT AND I . J .
TINSLEY
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal rations for Experiments 1 and 2 Starter ration 0-2 weeks (%) 20.9
ed and saved for hatching purposes. The eggs saved during the last three days were used to obtain egg weight and specific gravity data. Individual eggs were weighed on a Mettler scale (Model P-1000), and egg shell thickness was measured by specific gravity using the method described by Arscott and Bernier (1961). On the last day of each production period, bulk quail body weights and feed consump-
tion data were obtained. Males and females in each pen were weighed separately. Feed consumption was calculated on a per-bird per-day basis after subtracting the feed consumed by males within these pens using feed consumption data for the males housed separately. Fertility and hatchability were obtained from the first 5 days eggs following 18 days of incubation. Fertility was determined by
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Layer rations Ingredients (%) Glucose monohydrate1 67.14 67.14 Corn, yel. grd. — 4. 2. 2. Veg. fat, corn oil2 18.73 69. 18.73 Soybean meal (44% prot.) 3. 3. Alfalfa meal (20% prot.) — 6.65 Cellulose3 — — .15 .15 DL-methionine (98%) — 6.15 Limestone flour — — 1.5 2. Dicalcium phosphate — .5 .5 Salt, iodized 6. Salts, N 4 .1 Salts, N, suppl't mix.5 .33 .33 Vit.-tr. min. mix.6 Vit.-antioxidant-amino acid mix7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Totals Calculated Analyses: 15.2 15.2 31.6 Protein, % 1.24 .5 3.0 Ca, % .8 .7 P, % .63 1. Cerelose 2001 (Corn Products Co., New York). 2. Mazola, (Corn Products Co., New York). 3. Solka Floe BW-100 (Brown Co., Berlin, New Hampshire). 4. Fox and Briggs, (I960)—supplies as % of diet: Ca, 1.24; P, 0.8; K, 0.37; Na, 0.384; CI, 0.58; Mg, 0.06; Fe, 0.00334; Mn, 0.00813; I, 0.0006; Zn, 0.00728; Cu, 0.0004 (General Biochemicals, Chagrin Falls, Ohio). 5. Fox and Briggs, (1960)—supplies in mg./kg. of diet: Se, 0.1; Mo, 2.0. 6. Supplies in amts./kg. of premix.: vit. A, 1,320,000 I.U.; vit D 3 , 440,000 I.C.U.; vit. E, 440 I.U.; vit. K, 0.22 g.; riboflavin, 0.88 g.; d-pantothenic acid, 1.32 g.; niacin, 6.6 g.; choline CI, 44 g.; vit. B 12 , 1.8 mg.; butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 50 g.; Mn, 24 g.; Zn, 11 g.; Fe, 8 g.; Cu, 0.8 g.; I, 0.48 g.; Co, 88 mg. 7. Gordon and Sizer (1955)—added at 6 g./kg. of diet and supplies in g./kg. of premix.: vit. K (menadione), 0.2; vit. B12, 0.004; thiamine HC1, 1.6; riboflavin, 1.6; d-Ca-pantothenate, 4.; niacin, 20.; pyridoxine HC1, 1.6; folacin, 0.6; biotin, 0.06; glucose monohydrate, qs. (Nutritional Biochemicals Corps., Cleveland, Ohio); plus in g./kg. of diet: vit. A (30,000 U.S.P.U./g.), 0.333; vit. D 3 (1500 I.C.U./g.), 1.33; vit. E (Myvamix, 44 I.U./g., Distillation Products Industries, Rochester, N.Y.), 0.938; choline CI (25%), 12; BHT, 0.125; DL-methionine (98%), 5.; glycine, 2.
215
DlELDRIN AND C A IN QuAIL
4. Recrystallized from technical grade dieldrin and having an activity equivalent to 99% pure dieldrin through chromatographic analysis. Dissolved in corn oil prior to inclusion in basal ration at expense of corn oil in the diet.
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breaking all unhatched eggs and checking for embryonic development macroscopically. Hatchability was calculated from the total number of fertile eggs set. Feed was available ad libitum in both experiments. The composition of the rations used is included in Table 1. In experiment 1, adult quail were fed rations containing either 0,10 or 25 p.p.m. dieldrin. 4 These three groups were further subdivided so that half received a ration containing 0.5% or 3.0% of calcium. Each treatment was run in triplicate with 12 females and 4 males per pen. Along with each of the six treatments described, a pen of 20 males was included to provide a source of males in order to maintain the male to female ratio constant at 1:3 in the event of male mortality. Livability experiments in experiment 1 were conducted beginning with period 2. The chicks that hatched from eggs collected during period 2 were reared for a seven day period in specially modified rat cages provided with infra-red heat lamps. This battery permitted retaining the parental replicate treatment. From periods 3 to 6 the livability experiments were carried out in an Oaks chick battery customized for quail by use of 1.3 cm. 2 welded wire mesh on the side but did not provide sufficient compartments to sort chicks according to parental replication. The procedures used in experiment 2 were similar to those described above except for the additional dieldrin level of 5 p.p.m. In this trial 9 females and 3 males were placed in each pen. All-male pens contained 15 birds. All livability experiments were performed in the modified metal rat cages which allowed for a more sensitive test on survival. Statistical analysis of the data was con-
C. M. READING, G. H. ARSCOTT AND I. J. TINSLEY
ducted using a three factorial analysis of variance. Where significant differences existed, Duncan's multiple range test was used to test the significance between means. Arcsine transformations were applied to percentages of cracked and soft-shelled eggs and male and female mortality (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967).
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Results of experiments 1 and 2 are summarized in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. In this study egg shell thinning due to dieldrin was not evident through specific gravity determinations for either calcium level. While there was an indication of increased incidence of cracked or soft-shelled eggs with 25 p.p.m. dieldrin in experiment I (17.3 vs. 13.6%) this trend was not apparent in experiment 2 (17.5 vs. 16.3%). Thinner shells (P < 0.05) and an increase in the percentage of cracked eggs (P < 0.01) were obtained with the 0.5% calcium level. These data agree with the findings of Dahlgren and Linder (1970) who reported no dieldrin-induced egg shell thinning in pheasants which response was ascribed to a species difference. Quail might well fall under this same category being a game-type bird like the pheasant. Further, most cases of egg shell thinning have involved raptorial birds or birds of prey which exist at a higher level in the food chain (Ratcliffe, 1967; Hickey and Anderson, 1968). In addition, these quail were kept under optimum conditions with feed and water ad libitum. It has been suggested that intermittent feeding or periods of fasting may be inducers of the egg shell thinning phenomenon (Tucker, 1971). Since dieldrin is deposited in the lipid reserves, it may be only upon the mobilization of these fats that an adverse effect on shell-producing processes occur. Therefore, moderate to high levels of dieldrin would not produce the egg shell thinning effect. It is interesting to note that
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Dieldrin produced no significant overall effect on body weight, although there was a trend to increased body weight with increasing levels of dieldrin. In both experi-
ments females on the calcium deficient diets weighed more while consuming approximately equivalent quantities of feed. By consuming equivalent quantities of feed and laying fewer eggs these birds would tend to increase in weight. Males in both experiments tended to show decreased body weight with higher levels of dieldrin on the calcium deficient diets. These results suggest some interaction of dieldrin in the presence of the nutritional deficiency. Males on the normal calcium diet were heavier with increased levels of dieldrin in experiment 1 but no such trend appeared in experiment 2. Dieldrin had a marked effect on mortality. Significant dose-response effects were exhibited in both experiments with both males and females (Table 4) at the higher dieldrin levels. Walker et al. (1969) reported similar results with. 20, 30 and 40 p.p.m. of dieldrin in quail diets. In experiment 1, males were more susceptible than females substantiating the observations of DeWitt (1955) and Genelly and Rudd (1956a). However, Dahlen and Haugen (1954) reported no differences between sexes. It should be noted that the first experiment covered two more production periods (56 days) than the second experiment, which could account for the differences between the two experiments. In the livability trials, the trend was towards higher mortality for the dieldrin supplemented diets. Chicks hatching from eggs laid by hens receiving 10 and 25 p.p.m. dieldrin supplemented diets showed significantly (P < 0.01) lower livability (Table 5), while chicks from hens receiving 5 p.p.m. were not affected. It should be noted that analysis'of eggs for dieldrin content showed total levels of more than twice the dietary level by the fourth period in experiment 1 and the third period in experiment 2. Adverse affects on livability were evident by the second period in experiment 1 and first period in experiment 2. Results of this study show that dieldrin did not induce egg shell thinning in Japanese
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even when the quail in both studies were put under a calcium stress that there was no decrease in egg shell thickness in dieldrin treated groups over controls. In this study dieldrin did not have any adverse effect on egg production but the lower calcium level did (P < 0.01). Feed consumption data showed all groups consumed between 19 and 22 g. per hen per day, regardless of the dieldrin or calcium level employed. Similarly no significant differences were noted in egg weights. Several investigators have noted that egg production was affected when dieldrin was administered in the feed to pheasants, Bobwhite quail and Japanese quail (Genelly and Rudd, 1956b; DeWitt, 1955; Walker et al, 1969). These investigators noted that there was a direct relationship between feed intake and egg production; where higher levels of dieldrin existed, feed intake declined with a resultant drop in egg production. Fertility and hatchability data in this study agree well with previous reports. Dieldrin produced no significant differences in fertility with the exception of a slight downward trend with the higher level of dieldrin in experiment 1. As in Genelly and Rudd's (1956b) study, where a decrease in fertility was observed, male activity and mortality could be largely responsible. While an attempt was made to maintain the male to female ratio constant, this was not possible during the last period of each experiment due to increased mortality in the males as a group. Hatchability was not significantly affected by dieldrin but was depressed (P < 0.01) by the deficient calcium level. This finding confirms the reports of others who have found no effect of dieldrin on hatchability (Atkins and Linder, 1967; Baxter et al., 1969; Coulson et al., 1962; Dunachie and Fletcher, 1966).
217
218
C. M . READING, G. H . ARSCOTT AND I . J . TINSLEY
TABLE 4.—Effect
of dieldrin and calcium on mortality of adult quail
TABLE 5.—Effect of dieldrin and calcium on livability of chicks (%)' ExperiDieldrin Calcium Experlevel level ment 1 ment 2 (p.p.m.) (%) (%) (%) 3.0 75.2 98.5 0 0 0.5 82.1 98.9 5 3.0 78.1 — 5 0.5 88.9 — 101** 3.0 12.0 70.3 lOj 0.5 37.0 75.5 25~1** 3.0 6.0 37.9 25j 0.5 4.0 28.3 1. Seven days duration. **Combined dieldrin groups sig. dif. (P < 0.01) from neg. control in each expt.
quail. Other parameters of reproductive performance such as egg production, fertility, hatchability and egg weight were also unaffected by dieldrin. Increased levels of dieldrin were shown to increase mortality in both male and female quail. Livability of chicks hatched from eggs of dieldrin fed hens was significantly reduced. Quail under a calcium stress (0.5% calcium) produced fewer and thinner shelled eggs than birds receiving an adequate calcium diet (3.0% calcium). Hatchability was significantly reduced by 0.5% calcium and there existed a trend for decreased fertility at the same calcium level. REFERENCES Arscott, G. H., and P. E. Bernier, 1961. Application of specific gravity to the determination of eggshell thickness. In: Agriculture Science Laboratory Exer-
Experiment 2 Females Males
(%) 3.7 14.7 14.7 14.7 37.0** 44.4** 92.5** 85.1**
0 11.1 11.1 0 22.2 22.2 89.2** 100.0**
cises for High School Students. Agricultural Science No. 2, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University. Atkins, T. D., and R. L. Linder, 1967. Effect of dieldrin on reproduction of penned hen pheasants. J. Wildlife Management, 31(4): 746-753. Baxter, W. L., R. L. Linder and R. B. Dahlgren, 1969. Dieldrin effects in two generations of penned hen pheasants. J. Wildlife Management, 33(1): 96. Coulson, D. M., E. M. McCarthy and T. E. Shellenberger, 1962. Effects of pesticides on animals and human beings. Stanford Research Institute, Technical Report No. V. Dahlen, J. H., and A. O. Haugen, 1954. Acute toxicity of certain insecticides to the bobwhite quail and morningdove. J. Wildlife Management, 18:477-481. Dahlgren, R. B., and R. L. Linder, 1970. Eggshell thickness in pheasants given dieldrin. J. Wildlife Management, 34(1): 226. DeWitt, J. B., 1955. Effects of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides upon quail and pheasants. J. Agri. Food Chem. 3: 672-679. DeWitt, J. B., 1956. Chronic toxicity to quail and pheasants of some chlorinated insecticides. J. Agri. Food Chem. 4: 863-866. Dunachie, J. F„ and W. W. Fletcher, 1966. Effect of some insecticides on the hatching rate of hens eggs. Nature, 212: 1062-1063. Fox, M. R. S., and G. M. Briggs, 1960. Salt mixtures in purified-type diets. III. An improved salt mixture for chicks. J. Nutrition, 72: 243-250. Genelly, R. E., and R. L. Rudd, 1956a. Chronic toxicity of DDT, toxaphene and dieldrin to ring-necked pheasants. California Fish and Game, 42: 5. Genelly, R. E., and R. L. Rudd, 1956b. Effects of DDT, toxaphene and dieldrin on pheasants reproduction. Auk, 73: 529. Gordon, R. S., and I. W. Sizer, 1955. Ability of sodium sulfate to stimulate growth of the chicken. Science, 122: 1270-1271.
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Experiment 1 Males Females Calcium level Dieldrin level (p.p.m.) (%) (%) 8.3 22.2 3.0 0 16.6 27.7 0.5 0 3.0 5 — — 0.5 5 — — 66.6* 44.4 3.0 10 50.0* 41.6 0.5 10 100.0** 69.6** 3.0 25 100.0** 91.0** 0.5 25 *Sig. dif. (P < 0.05) from respective negative control. **Sig. dif. (P < 0.01) from respective negative control.
(accumulative)
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DlELDRIN AND C A IN QUAIL
Porter, R. D., and S. N. Wiemeyer, 1969. Dieldrin and DDT: effects on sparrow hawk eggshells and reproduction. Science, 165: 199-200. Potts, G. R., 1968. Success of eggs of the shag on the Fame Islands, Northumberland, in relation to their content of dieldrin and pp'DDE. Nature, 217: 1282-1284. Ratcliffe, D. A., 1967. Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey. Nature, 215: 208-210. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. Sixth edition. Ames, Iowa. State University Press. Tucker, R. K., 1971. Chlorinated hydrocarbons cause thin eggshells but so may other pollutants. Utah Science, 32(2): 47-49. Walker, A. I. T., C. H. Neill, D. E. Stevenson and J. Robinson, 1969. The toxicity of dieldrin (HEOD) to Japanese quail. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 15: 69-73.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 187) manufacturing industry and the nation's livestock and poultry producers in making Americans the ' 'best-fed" people in the world. Entitled "A Legacy for Mankind," the 12-minute film documents the first century of the feed industry to the development of today's effective new antibiotics, growth promotants and other feed additives, and the resulting efficiencies obtained by livestock and poultry producers towards providing Americans with the most nourishing meals in the history of civilization. The film, written for all ages and interests, highlights important benchmarks in livestock and poultry production achievements, and provides hope for the future by illustrating many of the progressive steps that are being taken to increase the production of meat, dairy and poultry products. The film is available on a free-loan basis. Contact Elanco Products Company, Department E-440, P.O. Box 1750, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206. BABCOCK NOTES Vernon C. Dean has been appointed Franchise Sales Manager for Babcock Poultry Farm, Inc. His responsibilities will include the development and direction of sales and marketing programs for domestic franchised distributors, and the coordination of area mar-
keting activities throughout the United States and Canada. He was most recently Sales Manager for Prairie Valley Hybrids, Phillips, Nebraska. Previously he served as General Manager of the Northern Division of Hy-Line International. Dr. John W. Dillehay has been appointed Director of Technical Services for Babcock Poultry Farm, Inc. PFIZER NOTES C. Gene Risoldi has been appointed Regional Sales Manager for Pfizer Animal Health Operations. He is responsible for industrial accounts in several midwestern states. He joined Pfizer Inc. in 1965 as Sales Representative. ELANCO NOTES D. Lee Dueringer has been promoted to an Animal Products Regional Sales Manager for Elanco Products, the Agricultural Marketing Division of Eli Lilly and Company. He has been a District Sales Manager in the northwest sales district since 1974. N.T.F. NOTES Kenneth L. Klippen has been appointed Director of Industry Relations by the National Turkey Federa-
(Continued on page 224)
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Graves, J. B., F. L. Bonner, W. F. McKnight, A. B. Watts and E. A. Epps, 1969. Residues in eggs, preening glands, liver, and muscle from feeding dieldrin-contaminated rice bran to hens and its effect on egg production, egg hatch and chick survival. Bull. Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 4: 375-383. Guthrie, F. E., and W. E. Donaldson, 1970. Distribution of DDT and dieldrin in the avian embryo. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 16: 475-481. Hickey, J. J., and D. W. Anderson, 1968. Chlorinated hyrocarbons and eggshell changes in raptorial and fish-eating birds. Science, 162: 271-273. Lehner, P. N., and A. Egbert, 1969. Dieldrin and eggshell thickness in ducks. Nature, 224: 1218. Linder, R. L., and D. W. Lamb, 1967. Relationship of dieldrin and penned pheasants. South Dakota Farm and Home Research, 18: 10-12. Muller, H. D., 1971. Reproductive responses of the Mallard duck to subtoxic pesticide ingestion. Poultry Sci. 50: 1610.