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Effect of Diet pH on Fecal Consistency of Young Calves1,2
EFFECT
O F D I E T p H ON F E C A L C O N S I S T E N C Y O F Y O U N G C A L V E S 1'~ S. P. NETKE, '~ K. E. GAt~DNE1% AND If_. A. KENDALL Department of Dairy Science, University of Illinois, Urbane SUMI~ARY
Fifteen young male dairy calves of different breeds were fed, in various sequences, normal milk p H (6.8) and milk with pH's adjusted to 5.0 with 1 HC1, and 8.0 with 1 N NaOH. The feeding of acidified and alkalized milk did not significantly affect dry matter content of the feces, daily fecal excretion, or incidence of scours.
Incidence of scours is often high in young dairy calves. Withers (19) found that 33% of the deaths in calves could be attributed to infantile diarrhea, either due to coliform infection or associated with improper feeding. Although it is difficult to establish the exact cause t'or a particular case of diarrhea, there is s general agreement among workers that the kind of ration, its nmnner of feeding, and management may be factors contributing to attacks of diarrhea in calves. Such dietary factors as abnormally high levels of lactose, minerals, or fat have been postulated as important factors in the etiology of calf scours (1-7, 9-15). Although fecal consistency has often been mentioned in experinmntal observations, very few studies have been planned specifically for studying the incidence of calf diarrhea as associated with diet pit. Wiese et al. (18), in synthetic milk feeding studies with calves, emphasized the importance of a diet between 6.5 and 6.8. Morrison (8) recommends that sour milk should not be fed to young calves. Little evidence has been reported concerning the effect of p H of the diet on the consistency of feces of the young calves, except for the report by Blaxter and Wood (2) and as suggested by Velu et el. (17). Since the advent of whole milk replacers for calf feeding, the influence of various constituents, as well as certain properties of the milk replacer such as consistency and pH, as related to diarrhea incidence, has become of fundaReceived for publication August 1, 1961. Taken from the data submitted to the Graduate faculty of the University of Illinois by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for M.S. degree. -~The project was s~lpported in part by the Illinois Farm Supply Company, Chicago. Present address: Veterinary C:ollege, Jabalpur, 1Vf.P., India.
mental as well as of greater practical importance. The present experiment, therefore, was planned to study the effects of the p H of a diet per se on the consistency of the feces in young calves. EXPERII~EI~TAL PROCEDURE
Fifteen male dairy calves, four to eight days of age, housed in individual pens, and randomly assigned as shown in Table 1, were fed freshly drawn milk with a p H of 6.8 or milk adjusted to a p K of 5.0 with 1 ~ HCI and a p t I of 8.0 with 1 N N a 0 H . The calves were fed the milk diets twice daily from nipple pails. The rate of feeding per day was equal to 10% of the body weight of the calves. Fecal consistency was measured by determining the moisture content of collected feces. For collecting the feces, a hatless as designed by Grimes and Gardner (5) was used. A clean harness was attached to the animal the same day a different diet was fed. The feces collected during the first 24 hr were discarded, after which collections were made and weighed daily for each of the four-day diet feeding periods. After weighing, the feces were well mixed and aliquoted and placed in stoppered bottles. The samples were refrigerated at 0 F until analyses could be made. I n instances where calves scoured severely, the collection period was reduced to three days. The next diet in the sequence was not given in such cases, until 24 hr after the feces had returned to normal appearance. I n cases of severe diarrhea, Terramix (mixture of terramycin and vitamins A and D) was added to the whole milk for two or three feedings to prevent secondary infections. The dry matter content of each fecal sample was determined individually, under nitrogen, in a vacuum oven at a temperature of 65 C. Eight to ten days were required for drying samples to reach constant weight. 105
S. P.
J06
NETKE,
K.
E.
GARDNER,
AND
K. A. K E N D A L L
TABLE 1 Feeding sequences of normal, alkalized, and acidified whole milk
Sequences
No. of calves
First period (5 days)
I 11 III IV
5 3 2 5
Acidified Normal Normal Alkalized
Intermediate period (3 days) Nornls l ........ Normal
R E S U L T S A~N'D D I S C U S S I O n -
Results of the e x p e r i m e n t are s u m m a r i z e d in Table 2, which shows t h a t some calves on each t r e a t m e n t suffered to v a r y i n g degrees f r o m scours. The incidence of d i a r r h e a observed could n o t be a t t r i b u t e d to a n y specific d i e t a r y f a c t o r or combination of factors. The ranges in p e r cent of d r y m a t t e r content of the feces as associated with diet f e d were as follows: 10.6 to 27.6% f o r milk, 7.6 to 37.2% f o r acidified milk, and 5.0 to 27.9% f o r alkalized milk. The average fecal d r y m a t t e r levels f o r all calves f e d normal, acidified, a n d alkalized milk were 21.4, 21.5, a n d 20.8%, respectively; whereas, the dry m a t t e r values f o r app a r e n t l y normal feces averaged 23.6, 24.1, a n d 24.0%, respectively.
Second period (5 days)
Intermediate period (3 days)
Third period (5 days)
Alkalized Alkalized Acidified Acidified
Normal Normal Normal Normal
Normal Acidified Alkalized Normal
The daily fecal o u t p u t r a n g e d f r o m 61 to 524 g f o r normM milk, 52 to 588 g f o r acidified milk, and 79 to 1,123 g f o r alkalized milk. The average daily fecal excretion p e r calf f o r these t r e a t m e n t s was 161,192, and 251 g, respectively. The daily fecal excretion f o r the calves without d i a r r h e a r a n g e d f r o m 61 to 182 g, 52 to 214 g, a n d 79 to 310 g w h e n f e d normal, acidified, and alkalized nfilk with average o u t p u t s o f 104, 120, and 131 g, respectively. The average daily fecal o u t p u t in the scouring calves varied f r o m 302 to 1,123 g, w h e r e a s the d r y m a t t e r content o f these: feces r a n g e d f r o m 5.0 to 15.1%. The d r y m a t t e r excretion p e r p o u n d of milk ingested r a n g e d f r o m 2.7 to 18 g. These findings, s u g g e s t i n g t h a t the d r y m a t t e r digestibility is variously affected in
TABLE 2 Dry matter percentages and daily fecal outputs of all the calves when fed milk at different p H levels Normal
Acidified milk
Alkalized milk
Calf no.
Per cent dry matter
Daily fecal output
Per cent dry matter
Daily fecal output
Per cent dry nlatter
Daily fecal output
B1s 243 197 203 1662 M5 G3 B4 M6 290 289 240 1553 1624 1608
25.7 14.0 ~ 21.1 21.5 27.6 10.6 a 25.7 13.2 ~ 19.3 24.0 25.6 23.5 26.4 23.2 20.0
(g) 74 302 ~ 95 61 73 524 ~ 88 336 ~ 151 75 148 182 1¢6 88 73
28.1 21.1 10.4 a 7.6 • 28.3 18.4 15.1 ~ 37.2 20.1 28.6 20.1 17.0 29.6 21.3 19.7
(g) 195 79 549 ~ 588 a 214 134 305 ~ 84 153 80 107 160 52 52 128
5.0 a 25.4 25:.0 2~.8 11.1 • 20.9 19.0 21.1 7.7 ~ 25.2 27.9 2.5.0 24.5 22.4 26.9
(g) 711 a 90 132 79 1123 • 148 198 150 354 ~ 80 109 95 88 310 97
Average"
2,1.4
161
21.5
192
20.8
251
Average ¢
23.6
104
24.1
120
24.0
131
a Feces condition, loose. b Average for all calves. c Average for nonscouring calves.
FECAL CONSISTENCY OF CALVES
107
TABLE 3 Analysis of variance in the daily fecal outputs as related to treatment
Source of variations 1. 2. 3. 4.
Total groups Between means of individuals Between means of treatments Error
Degrees of freedom
Sum of squares
Mean square
F
44 14 2 28
1,895,526.00 446,277.33 62,530.13 386,718.57
31,265.06
2.26
scours, are in agreement with those of Nezvesky et al. (9), B l a x t e r and W o o d (2), and Grimes and Gardner (5). The average daily intake per callf was 10.0, 8.9, and 9.0 lb, respectively, f o r the normal, acidified, and atkalized milk diets. I t would seem, therefore, that differences in the average fecal excretion values could not be attributed to the difference in levels of diet intake. These values suggest that when the p H of the milk is shifted towards either acidity or alkalinity, the level of fecal excretion m a y be affected. The analysis of variance (16), however, shows that these variations were not significant at P = .05, as shown in Table 3. I t was f u r t h e r observed that the calves did not pass feces regularly each day, which supports the earlier findings of B l a x t e r and W o o d (2) and Grimes and Gardner (5). Also, the scouring calves lost hair f r o m the rear legs, with the extent of loss depending upon severity of diarrhea. Similar observations have been reported by B l a x t e r and Wood (2). Variations in the consistency of the feces are a continuous change; therefore, it was difficult to establish the exact time at which feces may have become abnormal or the condition considered diarrhea. B l a x t e r and W o o d (2) have indicated the mean dry matter content of nornlal, loose, and watery, feces to be 19.6, 13, and 9.1%. I f these values are applied to the present studies, three calves out of 15 scoured in each of the three treatments. The findings reported here are not in agreeT e n t with those of Blaxter and Wood (2), who reported that addition of an acid to the milk produces a curd of low tension and that feeding of such milk tended to cause calves to scour. These results, however, are in agreement with those of 0 w e n et al. (11), who found that reducing curd tension by adding sodium citrate did not induce scouring. B l a x t e r and W o o d (2) indicated that the addition of salts of the alkali metals to the milk interferes with the rennin action upon curd formation in milk and thus produces scours.
D u r i n g the entire 5-wk study, nine of the 15 calves (60%) scoured at one time or another. This incidence is in agreement with the incidence of 56% r e p o r t e d by Pounden et al. (14) and of 64% reported by Norton et al. (10). REFERENCES (1) B~XT~R, K. L., AND WOOD, W. A. The Nutrition of the Young Ayrshire Calf. Biological Value of Gelatin and Casein When Given as Sole Source of Protein. Brit. J. Nutrition, 6" 56. 1952. (2) BLAXT~, K. L., ANI) WOO1), W. A. Some Observations on the Biochemical and Biophysical Events Associated with Diarrhea in Calves. Vet. Record, 65: 889. 1953. (3) CUNNINGHA~,:"H. M., AND L0.OSLI, J. •. Effect of F a t Free Diet on Young Dairy Calves with Observations on Metabolic Fecal F a t and Digestion Coefficients for Lard and ttydrogenated Coconut Oil. J. Dairy Sci., 37: 453. 1954. (4) FlSCH~I~, J. E., Am) SvT~ON, T. S. Effects of Lactose on Gastrointestinal Motility. A Review. J. Dairy Sci., 32: 139. 194'9. (5) GRI~ES, C. W., AN]) GAm)NE~, K. E. Digestibility of Milk F a t by the Young Dairy Calf. Proe. 54th Annual Meeting A.D.S.A. p. 2'7. 1959. (6) GULLIC•SON, W. W., FOUNWnIN~, F. C., AND FI~OH, 5. B. Various Oils and ~ats as Substitutes for Butter F a t in the Nutrition of Young Calves. J. Dairy Sci., 25: 117. 19~2. (7) K&STF~L.IC,J., B~NTLEIY, C. G., AND PHILLIPS, P. H. Studies on Growth and Survival of Calves Fed Senlisynthetlc Milks from Birth. J. Dairy Sci., 33: 725. 1950. (8) Mo~ISO,N, F. B. Feeds and Feeding. 22nd ed. Morrison Publishing Company, Ithaca, N . Y . 1957. (9) NEZV'EISKV,L., EATON, H. D., JOHNSON, R. E., MATTE~SON, L. D., BLISS, C. L., AND SP1J~L~AN, A. A. The Effect of Vitamin A from Parental Storage and from Ingestion of Co]ostrum on the Neonatal Calf. J. Dairy Sei., 33.: 315. 1950. (10) NORTON, C. L., EATON, ]=[. D., LOOSLI, 5. K., AND SFIEIL~AN, A. A. Controlled Experiments on the Value of Supplementary Vita-
108
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
S. P. NETKE, K. E. GARDNER, AND K. A. KENDALL rains for Young Dairy Calves. J-. Dairy Sei., 29: 231. 1946. OWE~, F. G., JAO0BSON, N. L., ALLEN, i~. S., A~D H O ~ Y ~ , P. G. Nutritional Factors in Calf Diarrhea. J. Dairy Sci., 4~1: 662. 1958. PI-IILLn-S, P. I-L, LUNDQUIST, N. S., AND BOY~, P. D. The Effect of Vitamin A and Certain Members of Vitamin B Complex upon Calf Scours. J. Dairy Sei., 24: 977. 1941. POUNDESr, W. D., AND HIBBS, a. W. Some Possible Relationships Between Management, Forestomach Contents and Diarrhea in Young Dairy Calves. J. Dairy Sci., 30: 582. 1947. PouNr, FAT, W. D., HmBs, J. W., ±ND COLE, C . R . Observations on Relation of Diet to
Diarrhea in Young Dairy Calves. Nutrition Abstr., 21: 520. 1951-52. (15) S~A~Ks, P. L. Scouring in Calves Fed on Milk from Cows Grazing New Hays. Vet. Record, 62: 315. 1950. (16) SNFmZCOR, G. W. Statistical Methods. ¢th ed. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. 1946.
(17) VELU, J-. B., GAI%I)lVEI~.,K. ]~., AND K/~NDALL, K. A. Utilization of Various Sugars by the Young Dairy Calf. J. Dairy Sci., 4,3: 546. 1960. (18) WIEss, A. C., JOHhrSON, C., MITCHgLL, H. H., A~D NE~n~NS, W. B. Synthetic Rations for the Dairy Calf. J. Dairy Sci., 30: 87. 1947. (19) WITH~aS, F. Mortality Rates and Disease Incidence in Calves in Relation to Feeding, Management and Other Environmental Factors. P a r t II, Brit. Vet. J., 108: 382. 1952.
O F D I E T p H ON F E C A L C O N S I S T E N C Y O F Y O U N G C A L V E S 1'~ S. P. NETKE, '~ K. E. GAt~DNE1% AND If_. A. KENDALL Department of Dairy Science, University of Illinois, Urbane SUMI~ARY
Fifteen young male dairy calves of different breeds were fed, in various sequences, normal milk p H (6.8) and milk with pH's adjusted to 5.0 with 1 HC1, and 8.0 with 1 N NaOH. The feeding of acidified and alkalized milk did not significantly affect dry matter content of the feces, daily fecal excretion, or incidence of scours.
Incidence of scours is often high in young dairy calves. Withers (19) found that 33% of the deaths in calves could be attributed to infantile diarrhea, either due to coliform infection or associated with improper feeding. Although it is difficult to establish the exact cause t'or a particular case of diarrhea, there is s general agreement among workers that the kind of ration, its nmnner of feeding, and management may be factors contributing to attacks of diarrhea in calves. Such dietary factors as abnormally high levels of lactose, minerals, or fat have been postulated as important factors in the etiology of calf scours (1-7, 9-15). Although fecal consistency has often been mentioned in experinmntal observations, very few studies have been planned specifically for studying the incidence of calf diarrhea as associated with diet pit. Wiese et al. (18), in synthetic milk feeding studies with calves, emphasized the importance of a diet between 6.5 and 6.8. Morrison (8) recommends that sour milk should not be fed to young calves. Little evidence has been reported concerning the effect of p H of the diet on the consistency of feces of the young calves, except for the report by Blaxter and Wood (2) and as suggested by Velu et el. (17). Since the advent of whole milk replacers for calf feeding, the influence of various constituents, as well as certain properties of the milk replacer such as consistency and pH, as related to diarrhea incidence, has become of fundaReceived for publication August 1, 1961. Taken from the data submitted to the Graduate faculty of the University of Illinois by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for M.S. degree. -~The project was s~lpported in part by the Illinois Farm Supply Company, Chicago. Present address: Veterinary C:ollege, Jabalpur, 1Vf.P., India.
mental as well as of greater practical importance. The present experiment, therefore, was planned to study the effects of the p H of a diet per se on the consistency of the feces in young calves. EXPERII~EI~TAL PROCEDURE
Fifteen male dairy calves, four to eight days of age, housed in individual pens, and randomly assigned as shown in Table 1, were fed freshly drawn milk with a p H of 6.8 or milk adjusted to a p K of 5.0 with 1 ~ HCI and a p t I of 8.0 with 1 N N a 0 H . The calves were fed the milk diets twice daily from nipple pails. The rate of feeding per day was equal to 10% of the body weight of the calves. Fecal consistency was measured by determining the moisture content of collected feces. For collecting the feces, a hatless as designed by Grimes and Gardner (5) was used. A clean harness was attached to the animal the same day a different diet was fed. The feces collected during the first 24 hr were discarded, after which collections were made and weighed daily for each of the four-day diet feeding periods. After weighing, the feces were well mixed and aliquoted and placed in stoppered bottles. The samples were refrigerated at 0 F until analyses could be made. I n instances where calves scoured severely, the collection period was reduced to three days. The next diet in the sequence was not given in such cases, until 24 hr after the feces had returned to normal appearance. I n cases of severe diarrhea, Terramix (mixture of terramycin and vitamins A and D) was added to the whole milk for two or three feedings to prevent secondary infections. The dry matter content of each fecal sample was determined individually, under nitrogen, in a vacuum oven at a temperature of 65 C. Eight to ten days were required for drying samples to reach constant weight. 105
S. P.
J06
NETKE,
K.
E.
GARDNER,
AND
K. A. K E N D A L L
TABLE 1 Feeding sequences of normal, alkalized, and acidified whole milk
Sequences
No. of calves
First period (5 days)
I 11 III IV
5 3 2 5
Acidified Normal Normal Alkalized
Intermediate period (3 days) Nornls l ........ Normal
R E S U L T S A~N'D D I S C U S S I O n -
Results of the e x p e r i m e n t are s u m m a r i z e d in Table 2, which shows t h a t some calves on each t r e a t m e n t suffered to v a r y i n g degrees f r o m scours. The incidence of d i a r r h e a observed could n o t be a t t r i b u t e d to a n y specific d i e t a r y f a c t o r or combination of factors. The ranges in p e r cent of d r y m a t t e r content of the feces as associated with diet f e d were as follows: 10.6 to 27.6% f o r milk, 7.6 to 37.2% f o r acidified milk, and 5.0 to 27.9% f o r alkalized milk. The average fecal d r y m a t t e r levels f o r all calves f e d normal, acidified, a n d alkalized milk were 21.4, 21.5, a n d 20.8%, respectively; whereas, the dry m a t t e r values f o r app a r e n t l y normal feces averaged 23.6, 24.1, a n d 24.0%, respectively.
Second period (5 days)
Intermediate period (3 days)
Third period (5 days)
Alkalized Alkalized Acidified Acidified
Normal Normal Normal Normal
Normal Acidified Alkalized Normal
The daily fecal o u t p u t r a n g e d f r o m 61 to 524 g f o r normM milk, 52 to 588 g f o r acidified milk, and 79 to 1,123 g f o r alkalized milk. The average daily fecal excretion p e r calf f o r these t r e a t m e n t s was 161,192, and 251 g, respectively. The daily fecal excretion f o r the calves without d i a r r h e a r a n g e d f r o m 61 to 182 g, 52 to 214 g, a n d 79 to 310 g w h e n f e d normal, acidified, and alkalized nfilk with average o u t p u t s o f 104, 120, and 131 g, respectively. The average daily fecal o u t p u t in the scouring calves varied f r o m 302 to 1,123 g, w h e r e a s the d r y m a t t e r content o f these: feces r a n g e d f r o m 5.0 to 15.1%. The d r y m a t t e r excretion p e r p o u n d of milk ingested r a n g e d f r o m 2.7 to 18 g. These findings, s u g g e s t i n g t h a t the d r y m a t t e r digestibility is variously affected in
TABLE 2 Dry matter percentages and daily fecal outputs of all the calves when fed milk at different p H levels Normal
Acidified milk
Alkalized milk
Calf no.
Per cent dry matter
Daily fecal output
Per cent dry matter
Daily fecal output
Per cent dry nlatter
Daily fecal output
B1s 243 197 203 1662 M5 G3 B4 M6 290 289 240 1553 1624 1608
25.7 14.0 ~ 21.1 21.5 27.6 10.6 a 25.7 13.2 ~ 19.3 24.0 25.6 23.5 26.4 23.2 20.0
(g) 74 302 ~ 95 61 73 524 ~ 88 336 ~ 151 75 148 182 1¢6 88 73
28.1 21.1 10.4 a 7.6 • 28.3 18.4 15.1 ~ 37.2 20.1 28.6 20.1 17.0 29.6 21.3 19.7
(g) 195 79 549 ~ 588 a 214 134 305 ~ 84 153 80 107 160 52 52 128
5.0 a 25.4 25:.0 2~.8 11.1 • 20.9 19.0 21.1 7.7 ~ 25.2 27.9 2.5.0 24.5 22.4 26.9
(g) 711 a 90 132 79 1123 • 148 198 150 354 ~ 80 109 95 88 310 97
Average"
2,1.4
161
21.5
192
20.8
251
Average ¢
23.6
104
24.1
120
24.0
131
a Feces condition, loose. b Average for all calves. c Average for nonscouring calves.
FECAL CONSISTENCY OF CALVES
107
TABLE 3 Analysis of variance in the daily fecal outputs as related to treatment
Source of variations 1. 2. 3. 4.
Total groups Between means of individuals Between means of treatments Error
Degrees of freedom
Sum of squares
Mean square
F
44 14 2 28
1,895,526.00 446,277.33 62,530.13 386,718.57
31,265.06
2.26
scours, are in agreement with those of Nezvesky et al. (9), B l a x t e r and W o o d (2), and Grimes and Gardner (5). The average daily intake per callf was 10.0, 8.9, and 9.0 lb, respectively, f o r the normal, acidified, and atkalized milk diets. I t would seem, therefore, that differences in the average fecal excretion values could not be attributed to the difference in levels of diet intake. These values suggest that when the p H of the milk is shifted towards either acidity or alkalinity, the level of fecal excretion m a y be affected. The analysis of variance (16), however, shows that these variations were not significant at P = .05, as shown in Table 3. I t was f u r t h e r observed that the calves did not pass feces regularly each day, which supports the earlier findings of B l a x t e r and W o o d (2) and Grimes and Gardner (5). Also, the scouring calves lost hair f r o m the rear legs, with the extent of loss depending upon severity of diarrhea. Similar observations have been reported by B l a x t e r and Wood (2). Variations in the consistency of the feces are a continuous change; therefore, it was difficult to establish the exact time at which feces may have become abnormal or the condition considered diarrhea. B l a x t e r and W o o d (2) have indicated the mean dry matter content of nornlal, loose, and watery, feces to be 19.6, 13, and 9.1%. I f these values are applied to the present studies, three calves out of 15 scoured in each of the three treatments. The findings reported here are not in agreeT e n t with those of Blaxter and Wood (2), who reported that addition of an acid to the milk produces a curd of low tension and that feeding of such milk tended to cause calves to scour. These results, however, are in agreement with those of 0 w e n et al. (11), who found that reducing curd tension by adding sodium citrate did not induce scouring. B l a x t e r and W o o d (2) indicated that the addition of salts of the alkali metals to the milk interferes with the rennin action upon curd formation in milk and thus produces scours.
D u r i n g the entire 5-wk study, nine of the 15 calves (60%) scoured at one time or another. This incidence is in agreement with the incidence of 56% r e p o r t e d by Pounden et al. (14) and of 64% reported by Norton et al. (10). REFERENCES (1) B~XT~R, K. L., AND WOOD, W. A. The Nutrition of the Young Ayrshire Calf. Biological Value of Gelatin and Casein When Given as Sole Source of Protein. Brit. J. Nutrition, 6" 56. 1952. (2) BLAXT~, K. L., ANI) WOO1), W. A. Some Observations on the Biochemical and Biophysical Events Associated with Diarrhea in Calves. Vet. Record, 65: 889. 1953. (3) CUNNINGHA~,:"H. M., AND L0.OSLI, J. •. Effect of F a t Free Diet on Young Dairy Calves with Observations on Metabolic Fecal F a t and Digestion Coefficients for Lard and ttydrogenated Coconut Oil. J. Dairy Sci., 37: 453. 1954. (4) FlSCH~I~, J. E., Am) SvT~ON, T. S. Effects of Lactose on Gastrointestinal Motility. A Review. J. Dairy Sci., 32: 139. 194'9. (5) GRI~ES, C. W., AN]) GAm)NE~, K. E. Digestibility of Milk F a t by the Young Dairy Calf. Proe. 54th Annual Meeting A.D.S.A. p. 2'7. 1959. (6) GULLIC•SON, W. W., FOUNWnIN~, F. C., AND FI~OH, 5. B. Various Oils and ~ats as Substitutes for Butter F a t in the Nutrition of Young Calves. J. Dairy Sci., 25: 117. 19~2. (7) K&STF~L.IC,J., B~NTLEIY, C. G., AND PHILLIPS, P. H. Studies on Growth and Survival of Calves Fed Senlisynthetlc Milks from Birth. J. Dairy Sci., 33: 725. 1950. (8) Mo~ISO,N, F. B. Feeds and Feeding. 22nd ed. Morrison Publishing Company, Ithaca, N . Y . 1957. (9) NEZV'EISKV,L., EATON, H. D., JOHNSON, R. E., MATTE~SON, L. D., BLISS, C. L., AND SP1J~L~AN, A. A. The Effect of Vitamin A from Parental Storage and from Ingestion of Co]ostrum on the Neonatal Calf. J. Dairy Sei., 33.: 315. 1950. (10) NORTON, C. L., EATON, ]=[. D., LOOSLI, 5. K., AND SFIEIL~AN, A. A. Controlled Experiments on the Value of Supplementary Vita-
108
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
S. P. NETKE, K. E. GARDNER, AND K. A. KENDALL rains for Young Dairy Calves. J-. Dairy Sei., 29: 231. 1946. OWE~, F. G., JAO0BSON, N. L., ALLEN, i~. S., A~D H O ~ Y ~ , P. G. Nutritional Factors in Calf Diarrhea. J. Dairy Sci., 4~1: 662. 1958. PI-IILLn-S, P. I-L, LUNDQUIST, N. S., AND BOY~, P. D. The Effect of Vitamin A and Certain Members of Vitamin B Complex upon Calf Scours. J. Dairy Sei., 24: 977. 1941. POUNDESr, W. D., AND HIBBS, a. W. Some Possible Relationships Between Management, Forestomach Contents and Diarrhea in Young Dairy Calves. J. Dairy Sci., 30: 582. 1947. PouNr, FAT, W. D., HmBs, J. W., ±ND COLE, C . R . Observations on Relation of Diet to
Diarrhea in Young Dairy Calves. Nutrition Abstr., 21: 520. 1951-52. (15) S~A~Ks, P. L. Scouring in Calves Fed on Milk from Cows Grazing New Hays. Vet. Record, 62: 315. 1950. (16) SNFmZCOR, G. W. Statistical Methods. ¢th ed. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. 1946.
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