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Effect of different additive sources on milk yield and composition of lactating buffaloes
Livestock Science 131 (2010) 8–14
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Effect of different additive sources on milk yield and composition of lactating buffaloes H.M. Khattab a, S.A.H. Abo El-Nor b, S.M. Kholif b,⁎, H.M. El-Sayed a, O.H. Abd El-Shaffy b, M. Saada b a b
Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra Al-Kheimah, Cairo, Egypt Dairy Sci. Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 26 May 2009 Received in revised form 7 February 2010 Accepted 9 February 2010 Keywords: In-vitro Nutritional additives Digestibility Buffaloes Milk production Blood serum
a b s t r a c t In-vitro study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dried yeast (Saccharomyces cervisiae1026) and yeast selenium as biological additives, sodium acetate and sodium succinate as chemical additives and chamomile flower, garlic and fenugreek seeds as natural additives on dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) disappearances. Results clearly indicated that combination of yeast and chemical mixture and combination of chamomile and chemical mixture supplementation recorded the highest rate of IVDMD and IVOMD. Sixteen lactating buffaloes after two weeks of calving were divided into 4 groups (four animals each) using complete random block design to evaluate the effect of chemical mixture (as second control), yeast and chemical mixture and chamomile and chemical mixture on the productivity of lactating buffaloes. Animals were fed on 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM), 20% rice straw and 20% berseem clover (control group), control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g/head/day + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day)(T1); control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day (T2) and control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile flower 10 g/ head/day (T3). Dry matter intake (DMI) was slightly increased for animals fed on T1, T2 and T3 rations compared with control. Apparent nutrients digestibility and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were significantly improved by treatments. Milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk (FCM), milk protein, fat, lactose, total solids, ash contents, feed efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and FCM/ DMI) and economic efficiency were significantly higher for animals fed T3 followed by T1 and T2 and then control. Serum total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose contents were higher in animals received experimental additives than those received control. It may be concluded that adding the combination of chamomile, sodium acetate and sodium succinate to rations improved the productivity of lactating buffaloes with no deleterious effects on general health. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction One of the most successful attempts accomplished in the last decade is using feed additives such as biological additives (yeast cultures), natural additives (medicinal plants as its seeds) and chemical additives (sodium acetate and sodium succinate). These additives help in improving animal
⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H.M. Khattab), [email protected] (S.A.H. Abo El-Nor), [email protected] (S.M. Kholif), [email protected] (H.M. El-Sayed), [email protected] (O.H. Abd El-Shaffy). 1871-1413/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.016
productivity and increasing milk production. Incorporation of microbial additives such as a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the diet has become a common practice in ruminant nutrition. Various S. cerevisiae based products have been shown to affect dry matter intake (DMI), rumen pH, and nutrient digestibility (Campanile et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2009), however, most studies have been conducted with lactating cows. In-vitro and in vivo studies have shown that yeast cultures stimulate growth of rumen cellulolytic bacteria (Erasmus et al., 2005). The dietary supplementation with S. cerevisiae increase organic matter digestibility and guarantee higher energy availability led to higher milk yield and lower fat mobilization (Campanile et al., 2008).
H.M. Khattab et al. / Livestock Science 131 (2010) 8–14
In the last decade, natural additives such as fenugreek seeds, Carum carvi, Nigella sativa and chamomile flower have been increased the central concern of scientists as useful resource for treating diseases and improving animal productivity (Abo El-Nor, 2000 and Kholif and Abd El-Gawad, 2001). Medicinal plant seeds improved the productivity of lactating animals and its hormonal alert effect on animals is resulting from increasing prolactin and growth hormone release, in addition to activating udder tissues in line with increasing glucose concentration with a reduction in cholesterol concentration in blood (Abo El-Nor et al., 2007). Chemical additives have been used to improve animal productivity from milk that depends on direct manipulation in rumen environment. The remarkable effect is increasing propionate level in the rumen with maintaining the acetate to propionate ratio to be constant in order to maintain fat concentration in milk. Several investigators indicated that adding 7 mg/kg live body weight/d from sodium succinate to lactating buffalo's ration before milking increased milk production to more than 20% of control animals (Abo El-Nor, 2000). Addition of sodium acetate, succinate, propionate and bicarbonate as buffers resulted in improving milk production (El-Sayed, 2002).The aim of the present work is to study the effect of chemical, biological and natural additives either alone or combination on milk yield and composition of lactating buffaloes. 2. Material and methods This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm in Shalakan, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University and Dairy Science Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt during January to April 2009.
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2.3. Lactation trial According to results of in-vitro trial, the proper dry matter and organic matter disappearances of different additives, combinations of yeast and chemical mixture and chamomile and chemical mixture were chosen to be used in the lactation trial. 2.4. Feeding and management Sixteen lactating buffaloes after two weeks of calving, aged 5–6 years and weighting on average of 555 ± 35 kg at the 3rd–4th season of lactation) were randomly assigned into four groups (four each) using complete random block design. The experimental period was extended to 12 weeks. The animals were introduced to the following treatments; 1) control group fed on 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM), 20% rice straw and 20% berseem clover (control), 2) control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day (T1, second control), 3) control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day (T2) and 4) control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile flower 10 g/head/day (T3). Experimental additives were mixed with 1 kg of CFM and introduced to animals before the daily morning meal. Diet was formulated to meet the animal's requirements (A.R.C., 1983). Animals were fed individually and concentrates were offered twice daily during milking time at 6:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. while, berseem and rice straw were offered at 8 and 11 a.m., respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded every two weeks by weighing feeds offered and refused by the animals. Fresh water was available to the animals all time. Chemical composition of ingredients and calculated total mixed ration are shown in Table 1. 2.5. Apparent digestibility
2.1. Material Natural additives as garlic (Allium sativum L.), fenugreek and chamomile (Matricaria chamomile) were obtained from El Harraz Market, Cairo, Egypt. The cultures of yeast (S. cerevisiaec) and selenized yeast1026 (with organic selenium) were maintained on Malt agar medium and obtained from Microbial Chemistry Lab. while, sodium acetate and sodium succinate were obtained from Dairy Lab. National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. 2.2. In-vitro study Seven feed additives either alone and or six of their combinations were tested to determine in-vitro dry matter and organic matter disappearances using two stages technique according to method of Norris (1976). The feed additives used were, garlic, fenugreek, chamomile flower (natural), dried yeast, selenium yeast (biological), sodium acetate, sodium succinate (chemical). Concentrate feed mixture was added to all tested additives.Rumen contents samples were collected after 4 h after morning feeding from three adult Baladi bucks fed on concentrate feed mixture (60%), berseem hay (20%) and rice straw (20%) diet. Rumen contents were transferred directly to the laboratory in separate warmed oxygen free plastic jugs. Then strained through two layers of cheese cloth and the obtained liquor was used for the in-vitro study.
Three digestibility trials were applied during the last three days every month using three animals from each group. Silica
Table 1 Chemical composition (on dry matter basis %) of the experimental CFM and feed additives. Item
CFM
Dry matter Organic matter Ash Crude protein Ether extract Crude fiber Nitrogen free extract NDF ADF Hemicellulose Cellulose lignin
92.30 13.10 91.80 89.69 89.01 91.0 15.11 76.36 90.60 88.40 85.20 88.20 94.3 97.0 95.35 89.08 9.40 14.10 4.08 15.23 57.19
BC
RS
YC
CF
11.60 14.80 11.80 5.7 13.80 3.50 20.3 18 2.60 1.40 4.30 4.6 27.40 34.20 8.25 36.5 44.60 46.10 55.35 35.2
35.26 45.87 62.70 19.3 20.21 38.72 37.70 8.7 15.05 7.15 25.0 10.6 11.5 25.09 33.1 5.4 3.5 8.33 4.07 –
FS
GS
93.0 4.65 26.0 3.35 8.0 0.60 48.0 2.1 25 89.3
25.65 28.0 18.34 15.3 7.31 16.7 12.36 7.2 3.5 1.2
– – – – –
TMR
10.92 11.92 3.25 21.46 52.45 42.87 27.41 15.46 18.54 4.58
CFM: Concentrate feed mixture consisted of 35% yellow corn, 25 % wheat bran, 23% decorticated cotton seed meal, 15% rice bran, 1.5% ground limestone and 0.5% Mineral and vitamin mix contained 42 ppm Co, 3500 ppm Cu, 20,000 ppm Fe, 12,000 ppm Mn, 12,00 ppm Zn, 1200 ppm I, 3800 IU/g of vitamin A, 1200 IU/g of vitamin D, and 3 IU/g of vitamin E. BC: berseem clover, RS: rice straw, YC: yeast culture1026. CF: chamomile flower, FS: fenugreek seeds, GS: garlic seeds, TMR: total mixed ration (calculated).
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was used as an internal marker for determining the digestibility (Ferret et al. 1999). At 4 h after the 07:00 h feeding, fecal samples (approximately 200 g wet weight) were collected from the rectum during the last three days every month and pooled by buffalo for each period, dried at 55 °C for 48 h, and then ground to pass a 1 mm sieve in a feed mill (FZ102, Shanghai Hong Ji instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) for chemical analysis. Dry matter excreted in feces was calculated by dividing silica input in the feeds (grams of silica per day) by silica output in the feces (grams of silica per day). The digestibility coefficient of certain nutrient was calculated according to the following formula (Ferret et al. 1999): Digestibility = 100 % indicator in feed % nutrient in feces × − 100 × % indicator in feces % nutrient in feed
2.6. Feed and fecal analysis Feedstuffs and fecal samples were analyzed according to the A.O.A.C. (1995) methods to determine crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF) and ash contents. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents were calculated by difference. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were determined using the methods described by Van Soest et al. (1991). 2.7. Sampling and analysis of milk Individually, milk samples were collected every two weeks along the experimental period (12 weeks). The animals were handily milked (twice/day), milk yield was recorded and pH of milk was determined using a digital pH-meter. Milk samples were analyzed for total solids, fat, true protein and lactose by infrared spectrophotometry (Foss 120 Milko-Scan, Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) according to A.O.A.C. (1997) procedures. Solids-not-fat (SNF) was calculated. Fat corrected milk (4% fat) was calculated by using the following equation according to Gaines (1928): FCM = 0:4 milk yield ðgmÞ + 15 fat yield ðgmÞ 2.8. Blood serum analysis Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each animal at the last day of each month (4 h after the 07:00 h feeding). The collected blood samples were centrifuged at 4000 r.p.m./20 min. to separate the serum. The obtained serum was stored at − 18 °C till analysis. Serum total protein was determined as described by Armstrong and Carr (1964), albumin (Doumas et al. 1971), glucose (Siest et al., 1981) and serum GOT and GPT (Reitman and Frankel, 1957). Globulin and albumin/globulin ratio were calculated. 2.9. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SPSS (2002) to account for effects of treatment, period, interactions between treatment and period and animal within
treatment. The treatment was considered a fixed effect; period and animal within treatment were considered random effects. Effects of the factors were declared significant at (P b 0.05) unless otherwise noted and trends were discussed at P b 0.10. The Duncan's multiple range test was used to test the significance between means (Duncan, 1955). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. In-vitro study Data of Table 2 showed that combination of chamomile and yeast recorded the lowest (P b 0.05) pH value (being 5.7) followed by combination of chamomile, yeast and chemical mixture (being 6.6) and combination of chamomile and chemical mixture (being 6.7) and then yeast and chemical mixture (being 7.2). In contrast, pH values of individual additives were not differed significantly and ranged between 7.3 and 7.8. The highest values of pH were noted with chemical additives (sodium acetate and sodium succinate), while, the lowest values were observed with natural additives (garlic and fenugreek); however, biological additives recorded moderate pH values. Results of Table 2 clearly indicated that supplementation of chamomile and garlic recorded higher (P b 0.05) values of IVDMD and IVOMD compared with fenugreek and non significant higher than those of CFM alone. This improvement may be due to enhancing the microbial digestion by a certain essential oils included in the chamomile (Srivastava et al., 2009). The present results are in the line with those of AboulFoutouh et al. (1999) and El-Ashry et al. (2006) who observed that IVDMD of tested diets were improved by Cymbopogon citrstud and chamomile flower supplementation compared to the control. In respect of yeasts additives, dried yeast has slightly higher values of IVDMD and IVOMD than control and yeast selenium. El-Ashry et al. (2003) reported a significant
Table 2 Effect of different additives on pH, in-vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter disappearances (IVOMD). Item CFM + garlic CFM + fenugreek CFM + chamomile CFM + garlic + fenugreek + chamomile CFM + yeast CFM + yeast selenium CFM + sodium acetate CFM + sodium succinate CFM + sodium acetate + sodium succinate CFM + yeast + chamomile CFM + chamomile + sodium acetate + sodium succinate CFM + yeast + sodium acetate + sodium succinate CFM + chamomile + yeast + sodium acetate + sodium succinate CFM (control)
pH
IVDMD% bc
IVOMD%
b
7.3 7.3b 7.4ab 7.4ab 7.5ab 7.6ab 7.8a 7.8a 7.7a 5.7d 6.7c
60.8 46.6d 60.9bc 55.9c 58.1c 56.0c 66.95b 62.6bc 61.1bc 64.1b 75.07a
63.51bc 49.50d 64.25bc 57.89c 60.35c 58.52c 69.25b 65.31bc 64.58bc 68.35b 77.21a
7.2b
78.46a
79.98a
6.6c
73.50ab
75.05ab
7.4ab
56.3c
58.36c
Each value of means obtained from three samples. CFM: concentrate feed mixture. a, b, c and d means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (P b 0.05) different.
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improvement in IVDMD and IVOMD with yeast supplementation to diets compared with control. Regarding to chemical additives, mixture of chemical additives recorded the lowest (P b 0.05) values of IVDMD and IVOMD compared with individual sodium acetate or sodium succinate. Also, data in Table 2 shows the IVDMD and IVOMD of different combinations of experimental additives. The highest values of IVDMD and IVOMD were observed with the combinations of yeast and chemical mixture followed by chamomile and chemical mixture then chamomile, yeast and chemical mixture. This improvement of IVDMD and IVOMD with combinations may be due to one or more of the following reasons; 1) available of essential feed ingredients as vitamins, enzymes and essential amino and fatty acids to microflora from yeast (El-Ashry et al., 2001), 2) improvements of flora environments for higher digestibility with yeast (Campanile et al., 2008), 3) available of acetate and propionate with chemical additives (Abo El-Nor and Kholif, 2005), 4) available of medicinal oils from chamomile flower (Khater et al., 2009). 3.2. Lactation trial According the data obtained from in-vitro study, combinations of yeast and chemical mixture and chamomile and chemical mixture were recorded the highest values of IVDMD and IVOMD so its chosen to lactation trial on lactating buffaloes while chemical mixture (sodium acetate and sodium succinate) was used as second control for these combinations.
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extract than control. In contrast, animals in T1 recorded the highest (P b 0.05) value of ether extract digestibility compared with T2 and T3, however, all additives showed higher (P b 0.05) digestion coefficient value of ether extract than control. S. cerevisiae (SC) supplementation to buffalo's ration increased OM digestibility, mainly, in the first phase of lactation (Campanile et al., 2008). Experimental additives significantly improved nutritive values as total digestible nutrients (P b 0.05) and digestible crude protein of rations compared with control (Table 3). The quadratically improved of apparent nutrient digestibilities in the total tract with yeast supplementation are consistent with the quadratically increased rumen fermentation and volatile fatty acids production (Wang et al., 2009). Results obtained with chamomile flower might indicate the stimulation of rumen micro-flora activity through saving some micro factors to rumen micro-flora such as micro elements, vitamins, hormones and enzymes which are required to the efficient digestion, absorption and metabolism (Aboul-Foutouh et al., 2000) and/or minimizing effectively hazards of mycotoxins by inhibition of fungi growth and aflatoxins production (Allam et al., 1999 and Mohamed et al., 2003). Aboul-Foutouh et al. (2000), Ali et al. (2005) and El-Ashry et al. (2006) observed similar results when they added chamomile flowers or other medicinal plants to dairy buffaloes or growing lambs. Also, El-Bedawy et al. (1999) found that sodium acetate treatment significantly improved CF, EE and NFE digestibilities of lucaena leaves fed to lactating goats. 3.4. Blood serum parameters
3.3. Apparent digestibility It is well established that, all combinations additives increased (P b 0.05) the values of apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients than that in control (Table 3). Animals fed T2 and T3 showed higher (P b 0.05) digestion coefficient values for dry matter and crude protein than those fed T1 and control. Also, all additives showed higher (P b 0.05) digestion coefficient values for organic matter, crude fiber and nitrogen free
Table 3 Apparent nutrient digestibility and nutritive value of the experimental rations. T1
T2
T3
± SE
Apparent nutrients digestibility (%) Dry matter 66.41b Organic matter 70.90c Crude protein 70.92b Ether extract 71.53c Crude fiber 53.37b Nitrogen free extract 61.56b
Control
69.12b 75.03b 72.25b 76.54a 62.76a 67.27a
74.51a 79.10a 74.12a 74.69b 60.52a 67.23a
76.11a 80.19a 75.12a 74.06b 61.95a 67.23a
0816 0.588 0.395 0.325 0.867 0.565
Nutritive value (%) TDN DCP
49.49a 8.61
49.56a 8.84
49.63a 8.95
0.958 0.421
47.31b 8.45
Each value represents an average of nine samples. TDN: total digestible nutrients, DCP: digestible crude protein. a, b and c means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (p b 0.05) different. T1: control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day). T2: control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day. T3: control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile 10 g/head/day.
Data in Table 4 showed that animals fed supplemented rations had higher (P b 0.05) serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations than control. These results may be due to the improvements occurred in metabolic process as a response to the experimental additives. Serum total protein reflects the nutritional status of the animal and it has a positive correlation with dietary protein (Kumar et al., 1980). These results are parallel with values of crude protein and organic mater digestibilities of the experimental ration (Table 3). Ali et al. (2005) found that chamomile supplemented goats ration increased blood proteins. Serum glucose values (P b 0.05) Table 4 Effect of different additives on some blood parameters of lactating buffaloes. Item
Control
T1
T2
T3
± SE
Total protein (gm/dl) Albumin (gm/dl) Globulin (gm/dl) A:G ratio Glucose (mg/dl) GOT (units/ml) GPT (units/ml)
7.07c 3.60b 3.47c 1.04 55.43c 34.33 15.47
7.16b 3.62b 3.54b 1.02 59.23b 34.30 15.70
7.21b 3.65ab 3.56b 1.03 58.14b 34.78 15.99
7.31a 3.69a 3.62a 1.02 62.15a 35.35 15.68
0.040 0.041 0.019 0.004 0.646 0.714 0.419
Each value represents an average of nine samples. a, b and c means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (p b 0.05) different. T1: control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day). T2: control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day. T3: control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile 10 g/head/day. GOT: glutamic-oxaloacetate-transaminase, GPT: glutamic-pyruvatetransaminase.
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were higher in animals fed supplemented rations compared with control. Blood serum glutamic-oxaloacetate-transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvate-transaminase (GPT) values were not affected by treatments. The concentrations of GOT and GPT were in the normal range for healthy animals. Stella et al. (2007) found no significant effect of yeast culture supplementation on plasma glucose, GOT and GPT of lactating goats. These results indicated that tested additives to lactating buffalo's rations were not negatively affect liver activity or animals health. 3.5. Dry matter intake Data of Table 5 showed that total dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly affected by experimental additives. Values of DMI calculated as proportion from metabolic body size (MBS) (kg/kg W0.75/day) showed a significant increase (P b 0.05) with experimental additives compared to control. Kholif and Khorshed (2006), Campanile et al. (2008) and Wang et al. (2009) suggested that DMI were not affected by yeast culture supplementation to animal rations while, Robinson and Garrett (1999) observed an increase in DMI with yeast culture supplementation. Also, Abo El-Nor and Kholif (2005) reported that DMI was not affected by sodium succinate and sodium acetate supplementation to dairy goat's rations. 3.6. Milk yield and composition The productive performance data and milk analysis are shown in Table 5. Milk and 4% FCM yields in the present study were significantly higher (P b 0.05) in all treated groups
Table 5 Effect of different additives on milk yield, FCM, milk composition % and feed and economic efficiencies. Item
Control
Live body weight (kg) 526.25c DMI (kg/h/d) 15.69 111.43c MBS (w0.75)(kg) Milk yield (kg/h/d) 6.21c Fat corrected milk (kg/h/d) 8.90c Milk composition Total protein (%) Fat (%) Lactose (%) Total solids (%) Solids not fat (%) Ash (%)
3.68c 6.89c 4.54c 16.56c 9.67 0.74b
T1
T2
T3
± SE
570.0b 15.75 116.45b 7.33b 10.53b
593.75a 15.86 120.27a 7.27b 10.55b
563.75b 15.83 115.67b 8.52a 12.43a
0.512 0.006 0.512 0.246 0.355
4.02a 7.06a 5.09a 17.17a 9.99 0.76a
0.023 0.023 0.051 0.063 0.131 0.023
3.85b 6.92bc 4.80b 16.89b 9.96 0.75b
3.86b 6.98b 4.81b 16.97ab 9.61 0.77a
Feed and economic efficiencies 0.465b 0.458b 0.538a Milk yield/DMI 0.396c FCM/DMI 0.567c 0.669b 0.665b 0.785a 17.11b 17.52b 17.89a Cost of diet (LE/d) 16.35c 26.32b 26.37b 31.07a Cost of FCM (LE/d) 22.25c 118.31b 118.54b 139.66a Relative efficacy 100c
0.311 0.431 0.325 0.437 0.598
Each value represents an average of twenty four samples. a, b and c means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (p b 0.05) different. T1: control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day). T2: control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day. T3: control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile 10 g/head/day.
and were in agreement with El- El-Bedawy et al. (1999), ElAshry et al. (2001), Abo El-Nor and Kholif (2005), Kholif and Khorshed (2006), Abo El-Nor et al. (2007) and Campanile et al. (2008). The addition of yeast culture increased the net energy of diet for dairy cow, according to higher organic matter digestibility, thus leading to an increase in milk yield. The relative improvement of milk production of T3 might be due to the healthy effect of chamomile flower (Srivastava et al., 2009) and the associated effect between acetate and succinate on rumen microflora, which lead to improvement of feed efficiency and milk production (Abo El-Nor and Kholif, 2005). In this study, levels of serum energy indicators (glucose) of treated buffaloes was higher (Table 4) suggesting that higher dry matter utilization of treated buffaloes provided enough energy to support the increased milk production (Stella et al., 2007). Data of milk composition showed that milk protein, fat, total solids and lactose contents were higher (P b 0.05) in animals fed experimental additives than control. Kholif and Khorshed (2006) found that rations supplemented with yeast significantly increased milk protein and lactose contents compared with control. In the other studies, milk fat, protein and lactose contents were not affected by yeast supplementation (Erasmus et al., 2005 and Campanile et al., 2008). Abo El-Nor and Kholif (2005) fed lactating goats on sodium acetate and sodium succinate supplemented rations and found that treatments significantly increased milk total solids and solids not fat contents. Generally, feed efficiency calculated as milk yield/DMI and 4% FCM/DMI were significantly improved by T3 followed by T2 and T1 and then control. Also, economic efficiency of theses additives take the same trend of feed efficiency (Table 5). The highest relative efficiency (139.66) was recorded with T3 whereas T1 and T2 showed the same value (118.31 and 118.54, respectively). Data presented in Table 6 show the effect of different lactation periods (week) on milk yield, milk composition and feed efficiency. Milk yield and 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) were increased (P b 0.05) gradually with periods advancement up to 8th week of lactation period and decreased gradually then after. Also, feed efficiency (milk yield/DMI) and (FCM/DMI) were taking the same trend of milk yield. Milk constituents were not significantly affected by different lactation periods. These results clearly indicated that 8th week recorded the highest milk production and feed efficiency which the peak of lactation in Egyptian buffaloes. El-Ashry et al. (2004) and Campanile et al. (2008) found similar trend of milk yield in the first phase of lactation (135 days) of lactating buffaloes.
4. Conclusions It could be concluded that lactating buffalo's rations supplemented with combination of chamomile, sodium acetate and sodium succinate showed the best improvement of nutrients digestibility, milk production, milk composition and economic efficiency followed by combination of yeast, sodium acetate and sodium succinate compared to animals fed the control diet. Also, no deleterious effects on general health of the treated animals were observed. Further studies are needed to determine the exact components of these
H.M. Khattab et al. / Livestock Science 131 (2010) 8–14
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Table 6 Effect of different lactation periods on milk yield, milk composition and feed efficiency. Periods (week) Item
2
4
6
8
10
12
± SE
DMI (kg/h/d)
15.47
15.79
15.79
15.80
15.78
15.78
0.058
7.39bc 10.69bc
8.25a 11.93a
7.89ab 11.40ab
7.34bc 10.65bc
0.336 0.415
3.85 6.97 4.99 17.06 9.91 0.766
3.85 6.97 4.82 16.90 9.94 0.767
3.85 6.96 4.75 16.90 9.94 0.752
3.87 7.01 4.75 16.88 9.87 0.756
0.041 0.032 0.077 0.093 0.152 0.065
Milk yield (kg/h/d) Fat corrected milk (kg/h/d) Milk composition Total protein (%) Fat (%) Lactose (%) Total solids (%) Solids not fat (%) Ash (%) Feed efficiency Milk yield/DMI FCM/DMI
6.22d 8.79d
3.85 6.94 4.83 16.86 9.92 0.752
0.402d 0.568d
6.90 dc 9.97 cd
3.89 6.98 4.77 16.85 9.88 0.765
0.437cd 0.631cd
0.468bc 0.677bc
0.522a 0.755a
0.500ab 0.722ab
0.465bc 0.675bc
0.018 0.023
Each value represents an average of twelve samples. a, b, c, d means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (p b 0.05) different.
combinations and respective mechanisms that elicit these positive effects on milk production on high yielding cows. References A.O.A.C., 1997. 16th ed. Official Methods of AnalysisAOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. A.O.A.C., 1995. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed. Agricultural, Chemicals, Contaminats, Drugs, vol.1. Washington, D. C, USA. A.R.C., 1983. The Nutrient Requirement of Livestock. no.2 Ruminants Tech . Rev. and summaries Agric. Res. Council , London, UK. Abo El-Nor, S.A.H., 2000. Influence of sodium succinate on milk yield and composition of lactating buffaloes. Egypt. J. Dairy Sci. 28 (2), 271–280. Abo El-Nor, S.A.H., Kholif, S.M., 2005. Impact of sodium acetate and sodium succinate supplemental to rations of lactating goats on milk production, milk composition and some ruminal and blood parameters. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 8 (1), 15–25. Abo El-Nor, S.A.H., Khattab, H.M., Al-Alamy, H.A., Salem, F.A., Abdou, M.M., 2007. Effect of some medicinal plants seeds in the rations on the productive performance of lactating buffaloes. Int. J. Dairy Sci 2 (4), 348–355. Aboul-Foutouh, G.E., Allam, S.M., Shehata, E.I., Abd El-Azeem, S.N., 2000. Effect of some medicinal plants as feed additives on milk production and composition of lactating buffaloes. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 3 (1), 31–41. Aboul-Foutouh, G.E., Allam, S.A., Shehata, E.I., Abd El-Azeem, S.N., 1999. Effect of some medicinal plants as feed additives on performance of growing sheep. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 2, 79. Ali, M.F., Saleh, S., Eweedah, N.M., Mahmoud, S.A., 2005. Effect of using chamomile (Mtricaria chamomilla) flowers as feed additives on performance of growing lambs under desert farming systems. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 8 (2), 127–137. Allam, S.M., El-Hosseiny, Hoda M., Abdel Gawad, A.M., Elsaadany, S.A., Zeid, A.M.M., 1999. Medicinal herbs and plants as feed additives for ruminant. 1. Effect of using some medicinal herbs and plants as feed additives on Zaraibi goat performance. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 2, (Special issue) 1, 349–365. Armstrong, W.D., Carr, C.W., 1964. 3 rd ed. Physiological Chemistry: Laboratory DirectionsBures Publishing Co. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. 75pp. Campanile, G., Zicarelli, F., Vecchio, D., Pacelli, C., Neglia, G., Balestrieri, A., Di Palo, R., Infascelli, F., 2008. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vivo organic matter digestibility and milk yield in buffalo cows. Livestock. Sci. 114, 358–361. Doumas, B., Wabson, W., Biggs, H., 1971. Albumin standards and measurement of serum with bromocresol green. Clin. Chem. Acta 31, 87. Duncan, D.B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11, 1. El-Ashry, M.A., Kholif, A.M., El-Alamy, H.A., El-Sayed, H.M., El-Hamamsy, T.A., 2001. Effect of different yeast cultures supplementation to diet on the productive performance of lactating buffaloes. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 4, 21–33. El-Ashry, M.A., Fayed, Afaf M., Youssef, K.M., Salem, F.A., Aziz, Hend S., 2003. Effect of flafomycin or yeast as feed supplement on lamb performance in Sinai. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds,4 (spec. issue), pp. 1009–1022.
El-Ashry, M.A., Khattab, H.M., El-Sayed, H.M., Khorshed, M.M., El-Bordeny, N.E., 2004. Effect of different allowances supplemented by yeast culture (YeaSacc 1026) on productive performance of lactating buffaloes. 7th World Buffalo Congress 20–23 October, Manila, Philippines, vol.2, p. 265. El-Ashry, M.A., El-Bordeny, N.E., Khattab, H.M., El-Sayed, H.M., 2006. Effect of dietry supplemented with medicinal herbs on nutrient digestibility and some blood metabolites of buffalo calves. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 9 (2), 179–191. El-Bedawy, T.M., Abd El-Samad, A.M., Saada, M.Y., Abd El-Fattah, S.M., 1999. Effect of sodium acetate treatment on metabolism of mimosine and dihydroxy pyridine of leucaena leaves fed to goats. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 2 (2), 67–77. El-Sayed, H.M., 2002. Influence of sodium acetate supplement in the ration on productive performance of lactating goats. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 5, 71. Erasmus, L.J., Robinson, P.H., Ahmadi, A., Hinders, R., Garrett, J.E., 2005. Influence of prepartum and postpartum supplementation of a yeast culture and monensin, or both, on ruminal fermentation and performance of multiparous dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. and Tech. 122 (3–4), 219–239. Ferret, A., Plaixats, J., Caja, G., Gasa, J., Prió, P., 1999. Using markers to estimate apparent dry matter digestibility, faecal output and dry matter intake in dairy ewes fed Italian ryegrass hay or alfalfa hay, Small Rumin. Res. 33 (1999), 145–152. Gaines, W.L., 1928. The Energy Basis of Measuring Energy Milk in Dairy Cows. Univ. Illinois Agric. Khater, H.F., Ramadan, M.Y., El-Madawy, R.S., 2009. Lousicidal, ovicidal and repellent efficacy of some essential oils against lice and flies infesting water buffaloes in Egypt. Vet. Parasitol. 164, 257–266. Kholif, A.M., Abd El-Gawad, M.A.M., 2001. Medicinal plant seeds supplementation of lactating goats diets and its effect on milk and cheese quantity and quality. Egypt. J. Dairy Sci. 2229, 139. Kholif, S.M., Khorshed, M.M., 2006. Effect of yeast or selenized yeast supplementation to rations on the productive performance of lactating buffaloes. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 9 (2), 193–205. Kumar, N.U., Singh, B., Verma, D.N., 1980. Effect of different levels of dietary protein and energy on growth of male buffalo calves. Ind. J. Anim. Sci. 51, 513. Mohamed, A.H., El-Saidy, B., El-Seidi, I.A., 2003. Influence of some medicinal plants supplementation. 1. On digestibility, nutritive value, rumen fermentation and some blood biochemical parameters in sheep. Egypt. J. Nutr. and Feeds 6, 139. Norris, K.H., 1976. Predicting forage quality by infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J. Anim. Sci. 43, 889. Reitman, S., Frankel, S., 1957. Colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvate transaminase. Ann. J. Clin. Pathol. 28, 56. Robinson, P.H., Garrett, J.E., 1999. Effect of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cervisiae) on adaptation of cows to post partum diets and on lactational performance. J. Anim. Sci. 77, 988–999. Siest, G., Henny, J., Schiele, F., Karger, 1981. Interpretation des examens de laboratoire, p. 206. SPSS, 2002. SPSS Release 11.5 for Windows, User's Guide, SPSS Inc.
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Livestock Science j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / l i v s c i
Effect of different additive sources on milk yield and composition of lactating buffaloes H.M. Khattab a, S.A.H. Abo El-Nor b, S.M. Kholif b,⁎, H.M. El-Sayed a, O.H. Abd El-Shaffy b, M. Saada b a b
Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra Al-Kheimah, Cairo, Egypt Dairy Sci. Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 26 May 2009 Received in revised form 7 February 2010 Accepted 9 February 2010 Keywords: In-vitro Nutritional additives Digestibility Buffaloes Milk production Blood serum
a b s t r a c t In-vitro study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dried yeast (Saccharomyces cervisiae1026) and yeast selenium as biological additives, sodium acetate and sodium succinate as chemical additives and chamomile flower, garlic and fenugreek seeds as natural additives on dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) disappearances. Results clearly indicated that combination of yeast and chemical mixture and combination of chamomile and chemical mixture supplementation recorded the highest rate of IVDMD and IVOMD. Sixteen lactating buffaloes after two weeks of calving were divided into 4 groups (four animals each) using complete random block design to evaluate the effect of chemical mixture (as second control), yeast and chemical mixture and chamomile and chemical mixture on the productivity of lactating buffaloes. Animals were fed on 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM), 20% rice straw and 20% berseem clover (control group), control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g/head/day + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day)(T1); control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day (T2) and control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile flower 10 g/ head/day (T3). Dry matter intake (DMI) was slightly increased for animals fed on T1, T2 and T3 rations compared with control. Apparent nutrients digestibility and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were significantly improved by treatments. Milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk (FCM), milk protein, fat, lactose, total solids, ash contents, feed efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and FCM/ DMI) and economic efficiency were significantly higher for animals fed T3 followed by T1 and T2 and then control. Serum total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose contents were higher in animals received experimental additives than those received control. It may be concluded that adding the combination of chamomile, sodium acetate and sodium succinate to rations improved the productivity of lactating buffaloes with no deleterious effects on general health. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction One of the most successful attempts accomplished in the last decade is using feed additives such as biological additives (yeast cultures), natural additives (medicinal plants as its seeds) and chemical additives (sodium acetate and sodium succinate). These additives help in improving animal
⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H.M. Khattab), [email protected] (S.A.H. Abo El-Nor), [email protected] (S.M. Kholif), [email protected] (H.M. El-Sayed), [email protected] (O.H. Abd El-Shaffy). 1871-1413/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.016
productivity and increasing milk production. Incorporation of microbial additives such as a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the diet has become a common practice in ruminant nutrition. Various S. cerevisiae based products have been shown to affect dry matter intake (DMI), rumen pH, and nutrient digestibility (Campanile et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2009), however, most studies have been conducted with lactating cows. In-vitro and in vivo studies have shown that yeast cultures stimulate growth of rumen cellulolytic bacteria (Erasmus et al., 2005). The dietary supplementation with S. cerevisiae increase organic matter digestibility and guarantee higher energy availability led to higher milk yield and lower fat mobilization (Campanile et al., 2008).
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In the last decade, natural additives such as fenugreek seeds, Carum carvi, Nigella sativa and chamomile flower have been increased the central concern of scientists as useful resource for treating diseases and improving animal productivity (Abo El-Nor, 2000 and Kholif and Abd El-Gawad, 2001). Medicinal plant seeds improved the productivity of lactating animals and its hormonal alert effect on animals is resulting from increasing prolactin and growth hormone release, in addition to activating udder tissues in line with increasing glucose concentration with a reduction in cholesterol concentration in blood (Abo El-Nor et al., 2007). Chemical additives have been used to improve animal productivity from milk that depends on direct manipulation in rumen environment. The remarkable effect is increasing propionate level in the rumen with maintaining the acetate to propionate ratio to be constant in order to maintain fat concentration in milk. Several investigators indicated that adding 7 mg/kg live body weight/d from sodium succinate to lactating buffalo's ration before milking increased milk production to more than 20% of control animals (Abo El-Nor, 2000). Addition of sodium acetate, succinate, propionate and bicarbonate as buffers resulted in improving milk production (El-Sayed, 2002).The aim of the present work is to study the effect of chemical, biological and natural additives either alone or combination on milk yield and composition of lactating buffaloes. 2. Material and methods This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm in Shalakan, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University and Dairy Science Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt during January to April 2009.
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2.3. Lactation trial According to results of in-vitro trial, the proper dry matter and organic matter disappearances of different additives, combinations of yeast and chemical mixture and chamomile and chemical mixture were chosen to be used in the lactation trial. 2.4. Feeding and management Sixteen lactating buffaloes after two weeks of calving, aged 5–6 years and weighting on average of 555 ± 35 kg at the 3rd–4th season of lactation) were randomly assigned into four groups (four each) using complete random block design. The experimental period was extended to 12 weeks. The animals were introduced to the following treatments; 1) control group fed on 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM), 20% rice straw and 20% berseem clover (control), 2) control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day (T1, second control), 3) control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day (T2) and 4) control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile flower 10 g/head/day (T3). Experimental additives were mixed with 1 kg of CFM and introduced to animals before the daily morning meal. Diet was formulated to meet the animal's requirements (A.R.C., 1983). Animals were fed individually and concentrates were offered twice daily during milking time at 6:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. while, berseem and rice straw were offered at 8 and 11 a.m., respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded every two weeks by weighing feeds offered and refused by the animals. Fresh water was available to the animals all time. Chemical composition of ingredients and calculated total mixed ration are shown in Table 1. 2.5. Apparent digestibility
2.1. Material Natural additives as garlic (Allium sativum L.), fenugreek and chamomile (Matricaria chamomile) were obtained from El Harraz Market, Cairo, Egypt. The cultures of yeast (S. cerevisiaec) and selenized yeast1026 (with organic selenium) were maintained on Malt agar medium and obtained from Microbial Chemistry Lab. while, sodium acetate and sodium succinate were obtained from Dairy Lab. National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. 2.2. In-vitro study Seven feed additives either alone and or six of their combinations were tested to determine in-vitro dry matter and organic matter disappearances using two stages technique according to method of Norris (1976). The feed additives used were, garlic, fenugreek, chamomile flower (natural), dried yeast, selenium yeast (biological), sodium acetate, sodium succinate (chemical). Concentrate feed mixture was added to all tested additives.Rumen contents samples were collected after 4 h after morning feeding from three adult Baladi bucks fed on concentrate feed mixture (60%), berseem hay (20%) and rice straw (20%) diet. Rumen contents were transferred directly to the laboratory in separate warmed oxygen free plastic jugs. Then strained through two layers of cheese cloth and the obtained liquor was used for the in-vitro study.
Three digestibility trials were applied during the last three days every month using three animals from each group. Silica
Table 1 Chemical composition (on dry matter basis %) of the experimental CFM and feed additives. Item
CFM
Dry matter Organic matter Ash Crude protein Ether extract Crude fiber Nitrogen free extract NDF ADF Hemicellulose Cellulose lignin
92.30 13.10 91.80 89.69 89.01 91.0 15.11 76.36 90.60 88.40 85.20 88.20 94.3 97.0 95.35 89.08 9.40 14.10 4.08 15.23 57.19
BC
RS
YC
CF
11.60 14.80 11.80 5.7 13.80 3.50 20.3 18 2.60 1.40 4.30 4.6 27.40 34.20 8.25 36.5 44.60 46.10 55.35 35.2
35.26 45.87 62.70 19.3 20.21 38.72 37.70 8.7 15.05 7.15 25.0 10.6 11.5 25.09 33.1 5.4 3.5 8.33 4.07 –
FS
GS
93.0 4.65 26.0 3.35 8.0 0.60 48.0 2.1 25 89.3
25.65 28.0 18.34 15.3 7.31 16.7 12.36 7.2 3.5 1.2
– – – – –
TMR
10.92 11.92 3.25 21.46 52.45 42.87 27.41 15.46 18.54 4.58
CFM: Concentrate feed mixture consisted of 35% yellow corn, 25 % wheat bran, 23% decorticated cotton seed meal, 15% rice bran, 1.5% ground limestone and 0.5% Mineral and vitamin mix contained 42 ppm Co, 3500 ppm Cu, 20,000 ppm Fe, 12,000 ppm Mn, 12,00 ppm Zn, 1200 ppm I, 3800 IU/g of vitamin A, 1200 IU/g of vitamin D, and 3 IU/g of vitamin E. BC: berseem clover, RS: rice straw, YC: yeast culture1026. CF: chamomile flower, FS: fenugreek seeds, GS: garlic seeds, TMR: total mixed ration (calculated).
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was used as an internal marker for determining the digestibility (Ferret et al. 1999). At 4 h after the 07:00 h feeding, fecal samples (approximately 200 g wet weight) were collected from the rectum during the last three days every month and pooled by buffalo for each period, dried at 55 °C for 48 h, and then ground to pass a 1 mm sieve in a feed mill (FZ102, Shanghai Hong Ji instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) for chemical analysis. Dry matter excreted in feces was calculated by dividing silica input in the feeds (grams of silica per day) by silica output in the feces (grams of silica per day). The digestibility coefficient of certain nutrient was calculated according to the following formula (Ferret et al. 1999): Digestibility = 100 % indicator in feed % nutrient in feces × − 100 × % indicator in feces % nutrient in feed
2.6. Feed and fecal analysis Feedstuffs and fecal samples were analyzed according to the A.O.A.C. (1995) methods to determine crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF) and ash contents. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents were calculated by difference. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were determined using the methods described by Van Soest et al. (1991). 2.7. Sampling and analysis of milk Individually, milk samples were collected every two weeks along the experimental period (12 weeks). The animals were handily milked (twice/day), milk yield was recorded and pH of milk was determined using a digital pH-meter. Milk samples were analyzed for total solids, fat, true protein and lactose by infrared spectrophotometry (Foss 120 Milko-Scan, Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) according to A.O.A.C. (1997) procedures. Solids-not-fat (SNF) was calculated. Fat corrected milk (4% fat) was calculated by using the following equation according to Gaines (1928): FCM = 0:4 milk yield ðgmÞ + 15 fat yield ðgmÞ 2.8. Blood serum analysis Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each animal at the last day of each month (4 h after the 07:00 h feeding). The collected blood samples were centrifuged at 4000 r.p.m./20 min. to separate the serum. The obtained serum was stored at − 18 °C till analysis. Serum total protein was determined as described by Armstrong and Carr (1964), albumin (Doumas et al. 1971), glucose (Siest et al., 1981) and serum GOT and GPT (Reitman and Frankel, 1957). Globulin and albumin/globulin ratio were calculated. 2.9. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SPSS (2002) to account for effects of treatment, period, interactions between treatment and period and animal within
treatment. The treatment was considered a fixed effect; period and animal within treatment were considered random effects. Effects of the factors were declared significant at (P b 0.05) unless otherwise noted and trends were discussed at P b 0.10. The Duncan's multiple range test was used to test the significance between means (Duncan, 1955). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. In-vitro study Data of Table 2 showed that combination of chamomile and yeast recorded the lowest (P b 0.05) pH value (being 5.7) followed by combination of chamomile, yeast and chemical mixture (being 6.6) and combination of chamomile and chemical mixture (being 6.7) and then yeast and chemical mixture (being 7.2). In contrast, pH values of individual additives were not differed significantly and ranged between 7.3 and 7.8. The highest values of pH were noted with chemical additives (sodium acetate and sodium succinate), while, the lowest values were observed with natural additives (garlic and fenugreek); however, biological additives recorded moderate pH values. Results of Table 2 clearly indicated that supplementation of chamomile and garlic recorded higher (P b 0.05) values of IVDMD and IVOMD compared with fenugreek and non significant higher than those of CFM alone. This improvement may be due to enhancing the microbial digestion by a certain essential oils included in the chamomile (Srivastava et al., 2009). The present results are in the line with those of AboulFoutouh et al. (1999) and El-Ashry et al. (2006) who observed that IVDMD of tested diets were improved by Cymbopogon citrstud and chamomile flower supplementation compared to the control. In respect of yeasts additives, dried yeast has slightly higher values of IVDMD and IVOMD than control and yeast selenium. El-Ashry et al. (2003) reported a significant
Table 2 Effect of different additives on pH, in-vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter disappearances (IVOMD). Item CFM + garlic CFM + fenugreek CFM + chamomile CFM + garlic + fenugreek + chamomile CFM + yeast CFM + yeast selenium CFM + sodium acetate CFM + sodium succinate CFM + sodium acetate + sodium succinate CFM + yeast + chamomile CFM + chamomile + sodium acetate + sodium succinate CFM + yeast + sodium acetate + sodium succinate CFM + chamomile + yeast + sodium acetate + sodium succinate CFM (control)
pH
IVDMD% bc
IVOMD%
b
7.3 7.3b 7.4ab 7.4ab 7.5ab 7.6ab 7.8a 7.8a 7.7a 5.7d 6.7c
60.8 46.6d 60.9bc 55.9c 58.1c 56.0c 66.95b 62.6bc 61.1bc 64.1b 75.07a
63.51bc 49.50d 64.25bc 57.89c 60.35c 58.52c 69.25b 65.31bc 64.58bc 68.35b 77.21a
7.2b
78.46a
79.98a
6.6c
73.50ab
75.05ab
7.4ab
56.3c
58.36c
Each value of means obtained from three samples. CFM: concentrate feed mixture. a, b, c and d means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (P b 0.05) different.
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improvement in IVDMD and IVOMD with yeast supplementation to diets compared with control. Regarding to chemical additives, mixture of chemical additives recorded the lowest (P b 0.05) values of IVDMD and IVOMD compared with individual sodium acetate or sodium succinate. Also, data in Table 2 shows the IVDMD and IVOMD of different combinations of experimental additives. The highest values of IVDMD and IVOMD were observed with the combinations of yeast and chemical mixture followed by chamomile and chemical mixture then chamomile, yeast and chemical mixture. This improvement of IVDMD and IVOMD with combinations may be due to one or more of the following reasons; 1) available of essential feed ingredients as vitamins, enzymes and essential amino and fatty acids to microflora from yeast (El-Ashry et al., 2001), 2) improvements of flora environments for higher digestibility with yeast (Campanile et al., 2008), 3) available of acetate and propionate with chemical additives (Abo El-Nor and Kholif, 2005), 4) available of medicinal oils from chamomile flower (Khater et al., 2009). 3.2. Lactation trial According the data obtained from in-vitro study, combinations of yeast and chemical mixture and chamomile and chemical mixture were recorded the highest values of IVDMD and IVOMD so its chosen to lactation trial on lactating buffaloes while chemical mixture (sodium acetate and sodium succinate) was used as second control for these combinations.
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extract than control. In contrast, animals in T1 recorded the highest (P b 0.05) value of ether extract digestibility compared with T2 and T3, however, all additives showed higher (P b 0.05) digestion coefficient value of ether extract than control. S. cerevisiae (SC) supplementation to buffalo's ration increased OM digestibility, mainly, in the first phase of lactation (Campanile et al., 2008). Experimental additives significantly improved nutritive values as total digestible nutrients (P b 0.05) and digestible crude protein of rations compared with control (Table 3). The quadratically improved of apparent nutrient digestibilities in the total tract with yeast supplementation are consistent with the quadratically increased rumen fermentation and volatile fatty acids production (Wang et al., 2009). Results obtained with chamomile flower might indicate the stimulation of rumen micro-flora activity through saving some micro factors to rumen micro-flora such as micro elements, vitamins, hormones and enzymes which are required to the efficient digestion, absorption and metabolism (Aboul-Foutouh et al., 2000) and/or minimizing effectively hazards of mycotoxins by inhibition of fungi growth and aflatoxins production (Allam et al., 1999 and Mohamed et al., 2003). Aboul-Foutouh et al. (2000), Ali et al. (2005) and El-Ashry et al. (2006) observed similar results when they added chamomile flowers or other medicinal plants to dairy buffaloes or growing lambs. Also, El-Bedawy et al. (1999) found that sodium acetate treatment significantly improved CF, EE and NFE digestibilities of lucaena leaves fed to lactating goats. 3.4. Blood serum parameters
3.3. Apparent digestibility It is well established that, all combinations additives increased (P b 0.05) the values of apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients than that in control (Table 3). Animals fed T2 and T3 showed higher (P b 0.05) digestion coefficient values for dry matter and crude protein than those fed T1 and control. Also, all additives showed higher (P b 0.05) digestion coefficient values for organic matter, crude fiber and nitrogen free
Table 3 Apparent nutrient digestibility and nutritive value of the experimental rations. T1
T2
T3
± SE
Apparent nutrients digestibility (%) Dry matter 66.41b Organic matter 70.90c Crude protein 70.92b Ether extract 71.53c Crude fiber 53.37b Nitrogen free extract 61.56b
Control
69.12b 75.03b 72.25b 76.54a 62.76a 67.27a
74.51a 79.10a 74.12a 74.69b 60.52a 67.23a
76.11a 80.19a 75.12a 74.06b 61.95a 67.23a
0816 0.588 0.395 0.325 0.867 0.565
Nutritive value (%) TDN DCP
49.49a 8.61
49.56a 8.84
49.63a 8.95
0.958 0.421
47.31b 8.45
Each value represents an average of nine samples. TDN: total digestible nutrients, DCP: digestible crude protein. a, b and c means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (p b 0.05) different. T1: control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day). T2: control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day. T3: control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile 10 g/head/day.
Data in Table 4 showed that animals fed supplemented rations had higher (P b 0.05) serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations than control. These results may be due to the improvements occurred in metabolic process as a response to the experimental additives. Serum total protein reflects the nutritional status of the animal and it has a positive correlation with dietary protein (Kumar et al., 1980). These results are parallel with values of crude protein and organic mater digestibilities of the experimental ration (Table 3). Ali et al. (2005) found that chamomile supplemented goats ration increased blood proteins. Serum glucose values (P b 0.05) Table 4 Effect of different additives on some blood parameters of lactating buffaloes. Item
Control
T1
T2
T3
± SE
Total protein (gm/dl) Albumin (gm/dl) Globulin (gm/dl) A:G ratio Glucose (mg/dl) GOT (units/ml) GPT (units/ml)
7.07c 3.60b 3.47c 1.04 55.43c 34.33 15.47
7.16b 3.62b 3.54b 1.02 59.23b 34.30 15.70
7.21b 3.65ab 3.56b 1.03 58.14b 34.78 15.99
7.31a 3.69a 3.62a 1.02 62.15a 35.35 15.68
0.040 0.041 0.019 0.004 0.646 0.714 0.419
Each value represents an average of nine samples. a, b and c means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (p b 0.05) different. T1: control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day). T2: control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day. T3: control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile 10 g/head/day. GOT: glutamic-oxaloacetate-transaminase, GPT: glutamic-pyruvatetransaminase.
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were higher in animals fed supplemented rations compared with control. Blood serum glutamic-oxaloacetate-transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvate-transaminase (GPT) values were not affected by treatments. The concentrations of GOT and GPT were in the normal range for healthy animals. Stella et al. (2007) found no significant effect of yeast culture supplementation on plasma glucose, GOT and GPT of lactating goats. These results indicated that tested additives to lactating buffalo's rations were not negatively affect liver activity or animals health. 3.5. Dry matter intake Data of Table 5 showed that total dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly affected by experimental additives. Values of DMI calculated as proportion from metabolic body size (MBS) (kg/kg W0.75/day) showed a significant increase (P b 0.05) with experimental additives compared to control. Kholif and Khorshed (2006), Campanile et al. (2008) and Wang et al. (2009) suggested that DMI were not affected by yeast culture supplementation to animal rations while, Robinson and Garrett (1999) observed an increase in DMI with yeast culture supplementation. Also, Abo El-Nor and Kholif (2005) reported that DMI was not affected by sodium succinate and sodium acetate supplementation to dairy goat's rations. 3.6. Milk yield and composition The productive performance data and milk analysis are shown in Table 5. Milk and 4% FCM yields in the present study were significantly higher (P b 0.05) in all treated groups
Table 5 Effect of different additives on milk yield, FCM, milk composition % and feed and economic efficiencies. Item
Control
Live body weight (kg) 526.25c DMI (kg/h/d) 15.69 111.43c MBS (w0.75)(kg) Milk yield (kg/h/d) 6.21c Fat corrected milk (kg/h/d) 8.90c Milk composition Total protein (%) Fat (%) Lactose (%) Total solids (%) Solids not fat (%) Ash (%)
3.68c 6.89c 4.54c 16.56c 9.67 0.74b
T1
T2
T3
± SE
570.0b 15.75 116.45b 7.33b 10.53b
593.75a 15.86 120.27a 7.27b 10.55b
563.75b 15.83 115.67b 8.52a 12.43a
0.512 0.006 0.512 0.246 0.355
4.02a 7.06a 5.09a 17.17a 9.99 0.76a
0.023 0.023 0.051 0.063 0.131 0.023
3.85b 6.92bc 4.80b 16.89b 9.96 0.75b
3.86b 6.98b 4.81b 16.97ab 9.61 0.77a
Feed and economic efficiencies 0.465b 0.458b 0.538a Milk yield/DMI 0.396c FCM/DMI 0.567c 0.669b 0.665b 0.785a 17.11b 17.52b 17.89a Cost of diet (LE/d) 16.35c 26.32b 26.37b 31.07a Cost of FCM (LE/d) 22.25c 118.31b 118.54b 139.66a Relative efficacy 100c
0.311 0.431 0.325 0.437 0.598
Each value represents an average of twenty four samples. a, b and c means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (p b 0.05) different. T1: control ration + chemical mixture (sodium acetate 100 g + sodium succinate 3.5 g/head/day). T2: control ration + chemical mixture + dry yeast 10 g/head/day. T3: control ration + chemical mixture + chamomile 10 g/head/day.
and were in agreement with El- El-Bedawy et al. (1999), ElAshry et al. (2001), Abo El-Nor and Kholif (2005), Kholif and Khorshed (2006), Abo El-Nor et al. (2007) and Campanile et al. (2008). The addition of yeast culture increased the net energy of diet for dairy cow, according to higher organic matter digestibility, thus leading to an increase in milk yield. The relative improvement of milk production of T3 might be due to the healthy effect of chamomile flower (Srivastava et al., 2009) and the associated effect between acetate and succinate on rumen microflora, which lead to improvement of feed efficiency and milk production (Abo El-Nor and Kholif, 2005). In this study, levels of serum energy indicators (glucose) of treated buffaloes was higher (Table 4) suggesting that higher dry matter utilization of treated buffaloes provided enough energy to support the increased milk production (Stella et al., 2007). Data of milk composition showed that milk protein, fat, total solids and lactose contents were higher (P b 0.05) in animals fed experimental additives than control. Kholif and Khorshed (2006) found that rations supplemented with yeast significantly increased milk protein and lactose contents compared with control. In the other studies, milk fat, protein and lactose contents were not affected by yeast supplementation (Erasmus et al., 2005 and Campanile et al., 2008). Abo El-Nor and Kholif (2005) fed lactating goats on sodium acetate and sodium succinate supplemented rations and found that treatments significantly increased milk total solids and solids not fat contents. Generally, feed efficiency calculated as milk yield/DMI and 4% FCM/DMI were significantly improved by T3 followed by T2 and T1 and then control. Also, economic efficiency of theses additives take the same trend of feed efficiency (Table 5). The highest relative efficiency (139.66) was recorded with T3 whereas T1 and T2 showed the same value (118.31 and 118.54, respectively). Data presented in Table 6 show the effect of different lactation periods (week) on milk yield, milk composition and feed efficiency. Milk yield and 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) were increased (P b 0.05) gradually with periods advancement up to 8th week of lactation period and decreased gradually then after. Also, feed efficiency (milk yield/DMI) and (FCM/DMI) were taking the same trend of milk yield. Milk constituents were not significantly affected by different lactation periods. These results clearly indicated that 8th week recorded the highest milk production and feed efficiency which the peak of lactation in Egyptian buffaloes. El-Ashry et al. (2004) and Campanile et al. (2008) found similar trend of milk yield in the first phase of lactation (135 days) of lactating buffaloes.
4. Conclusions It could be concluded that lactating buffalo's rations supplemented with combination of chamomile, sodium acetate and sodium succinate showed the best improvement of nutrients digestibility, milk production, milk composition and economic efficiency followed by combination of yeast, sodium acetate and sodium succinate compared to animals fed the control diet. Also, no deleterious effects on general health of the treated animals were observed. Further studies are needed to determine the exact components of these
H.M. Khattab et al. / Livestock Science 131 (2010) 8–14
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Table 6 Effect of different lactation periods on milk yield, milk composition and feed efficiency. Periods (week) Item
2
4
6
8
10
12
± SE
DMI (kg/h/d)
15.47
15.79
15.79
15.80
15.78
15.78
0.058
7.39bc 10.69bc
8.25a 11.93a
7.89ab 11.40ab
7.34bc 10.65bc
0.336 0.415
3.85 6.97 4.99 17.06 9.91 0.766
3.85 6.97 4.82 16.90 9.94 0.767
3.85 6.96 4.75 16.90 9.94 0.752
3.87 7.01 4.75 16.88 9.87 0.756
0.041 0.032 0.077 0.093 0.152 0.065
Milk yield (kg/h/d) Fat corrected milk (kg/h/d) Milk composition Total protein (%) Fat (%) Lactose (%) Total solids (%) Solids not fat (%) Ash (%) Feed efficiency Milk yield/DMI FCM/DMI
6.22d 8.79d
3.85 6.94 4.83 16.86 9.92 0.752
0.402d 0.568d
6.90 dc 9.97 cd
3.89 6.98 4.77 16.85 9.88 0.765
0.437cd 0.631cd
0.468bc 0.677bc
0.522a 0.755a
0.500ab 0.722ab
0.465bc 0.675bc
0.018 0.023
Each value represents an average of twelve samples. a, b, c, d means at the same row with different superscript are significantly (p b 0.05) different.
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