Effect of Extra Energy as Fat or Milk Replacer Solids in Diets of Young Dairy Calves on Growth During Cold Weather1

Effect of Extra Energy as Fat or Milk Replacer Solids in Diets of Young Dairy Calves on Growth During Cold Weather1 E. H. JASTER, G. C. McCOY, and N. SPANSKI Department of Animal Sciences University of Illinois Urbana 61801 T. TOMKINS Milk Specialties Company Dundee, IL 60118 ABSTRACT

Extra milk replacer solids in diet increased fecal scores to levels greater than those of calves in other groups. The benefit of fat supplementation of milk replacers was manifested as increased BW gain during the 1st mo of life. (Key words: calves, fat supplement, body weight, milk replacer)

The effects of feeding two levels of supplemental fat and extra milk replacer solids on Holstein calves housed in hutches during the winter were investigated. Fifty calves (10 per treatment) were assigned to the following dietary treatments: 1) milk replacer (control) reconstituted to 12.5% DM fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly), 2) same as treatment 1 plus 113 gld of supplemental fat, 3) milk replacer reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly), 4) same as treatment 1 plus 226 gld of supplemental fat, and 5) milk replacer reconstituted to 15% DM fed at 14% of BW (adjusted weekly). Half the amount of milk replacer consumed during wk 4 was fed during wk 5, and calves were weaned to dry feed at 35 d of age. A pelleted starter was offered for ad libitum intake throughout the 42-d trial. Gains in BW were greater for calves fed 226 than 113 or 0 gld of supplemental fat (d 3 to 28). Calves fed milk replacer reconstituted to 15% DM at 14% of BW had greater BW gains during d 3 to 28 than control. Starter consumption was similar between groups receiving 113 and 0 gld of fat supplement but lower in the group fed 226 gld.

Abbreviation key: ADG

reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 14% of BW. INTRODUCTION

Received December 4, 1991. Accepted May 7, 1992. lThis study was part of Project Number 35-349 of the Agriculture Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, University of lliinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was supported in part by a gift from Milk Specialties Co., Dundee, IL. 1992 J Dairy Sci 75:2524-2531

=average daily gain,

DE = digestible energy, MR = milk replacer, MR 113 = MR plus 113 gld of supplemental fat, MR 226 =MR plus 226 gld of supplemental fat, MR 15·10 = MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 10% of BW, MR 15·14 = MR

Recent work from our laboratory (6) and others (17, 19) suggested that calves raised in outside hutches during cold weather benefit from extra energy during the 1st mo of life. Addition of 113 gld of a supplemental fat to either whole milk or milk replacer (MR) resulted in 20.6 and 39.8% increase in estimated digestible energy (DE) intake, respectively (6). Gains in BW were significantly (P < .05) greater for calves fed 113 gld of supplemental fat in liquid diets (d 3 to 28). The fat content of dry whole milk is approximately 30%; however, the fat fraction supplies 45% of dietary energy, and protein and lactose supply, almost equally, the remaining 55%. The fat content of dry MR should be between 10 and 25% (10, 13, 14, 15, 18). The quantity of fat needed or supplied in an MR depends on its digestibility, the rate of growth desired, environmental conditions, and cost of fat and milk protein substitutes. A minimum of

2524

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SUPPLEMENTAL ENERGY FOR CALVES

10% fat in MR is recommended when the temperature-wind index is greater than 5"C, and a minimum of 20% fat is needed when the temperature-wind index is below 5"C. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding additional energy in the form of fat or extra MR solids on growth and physiological responses of young dairy calves raised in outside hutches during the winter. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty female Holstein calves were assigned randomly at 3 d of age to one of five dietary treatments for a 42-d trial. Calves were handfed colostrum (2.0 kg/d) immediately after birth and then were moved to individual hutches (1.22 x 2.44 m) and bedded with straw. Water was available free choice. The experiment was initiated on December 1, 1988 and completed March 30, 1989. Dietary treatments were MR (Milk Specialties Co., Dundee, ll.,) reconstituted to 12.5% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (control); control plus 113 g/d of supplemental fat (Milk Specialties Co.) (MR 113); MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-10); control plus 226 g/d of supplemental fat, (MR 226); and MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 14% BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-14). Calves were fed by nipple pail twice daily (0800 and 1500 h). At 28 d, half the amount of MR consumed during wk 4 was fed during wk 5, and calves were weaned to dry feed at 35 d of age. During the experiment, calves were offered for ad libitum intake a pelleted starter from d 3 to 42; intake was measured weekly between d 3 and 28 and daily from d 29 to 42. Nutrient composition of MR, supplemental fat, and starter is in Table 1. The MR contained 21% CP (all milk) and 20% fat. The source of the added supplemental fat was choice white grease. Calves were weighed on d 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 of trial. Fecal consistency scores were on a four-point scale with 1 = normal and 4 = watery (7). Heart girth (body tape) and height at withers (altitude stick) were measured on d 7, 28, and 42. A blood sample was drawn from the jugular vein by venipuncture into vacutainer tubes at approximately 1300 h on d 7, 28, and 42.

TABLE 1. Nutrient makeup of feeds.! Feeds

Item

Milk replacer

DM,%

98.0

Supplemental fat

24.75 16.0 20.0 8.0 25.0 4.0 1.5 .6

Ground shelled com Ground oats Soybean meal Wheat bran Alfalfa meal Dried cane molasses Dicalcium phosphate NaCI Mineral and vitamin premix2 Nutrient content, % CP Fat NDF Ash

Starter

89.9 96.0 (% of DM)

.15 21 20 7.0

10.0 62.0 4.0

18.0 4.0 23.4 6.5

lMilk replacer and supplemental fat analyses provided by Milk Specialties Co., Dundee, 1L. lContains: .004% Co, .5% Cu, .025% I, 2.0% Fe, 5.0% Mg, 3.0% Mn, 7.5% K, .015% Se, 10.0% S, 3.0% zn, 2200 lU/g of vitamin A, 660 IU/g of vitamin 03, and 8 IU/g of vitamin E.

Blood was chilled immediately, allowed to clot, and centrifuged. Serum was decanted and assayed for glucose (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) and FFA (Wako Chemicals USA, Richmond, VA) based on enzymatic colorimetric procedures. Samples of starter were dried at 55"C for 48 h and ground through a 2-mm screen in a Wiley Mill (Arthur H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia, PA). Analyses on dried samples included N, ether extract, ash (2), and NDF (4). Body weight at birth was included as a covariate in the analysis. Data were analyzed using the general linear models procedure of SAS (16) using P < .05 to determine significance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The DM! from liquid and starter on a weekly basis are in Table 2. As designed, DM! from MR were significantly greater for treatment with high MR solids compared with DM! from control. Calves consumed 22 and 63% more MR DM on treatments MR 15-10 and Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9, 1992

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TABLE 2. Dry matter intake of milk replacer (MR.) and starter by calves. Effect

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Dietary treatments 1 Week

Control

MR. 113

MR 15-10

MR. 226

MR. 15-14

SE

Control vs. MR. 113

Control vs. MR. 15-10

Control vs. MR. 226 P

OM (gld)

MR. I 2 3 4 5 Starter 1 2 3 4 5 6

MR. 15-14

MR 15-10 vs. MR 15-14

Control

vs.

592 336

590 657 657 687 398

433 560 560 596 338

534 905 905 979 416

45 24 24 13 11

NS2 NS NS NS NS

<.001 <.001 .<.001 <.001 NS

NS NS NS NS NS

<.008 <.001 <.001 <.001 NS

<.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 NS

24 95 150 196 693 1412

3 72 127 156 623 1266

21 62 72 89 494 1252

13 61 37 54 432 1155

8 18 24 42 71 137

NS NS NS NS NS NS

NS NS NS NS NS NS

NS NS NS <.034 NS NS

NS NS <.005 <.007 NS NS

NS NS <.011 NS NS NS

457

450 528 528 563 348

566

15 26 136 225 629 1260

566

(Dietary treatments were MR. reconstituted to 12.5% OM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (control); control plus 113 gld of supplemental fat (MR. 113); MR. reconstituted to 15% OM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (MR. 15-10); control plus 226 gld of supplemental fat (MR 226); and MR. reconstituted to 15% OM and fed at 14% BW (adjusted weekly) (MR. 15-14).

2p> .05.

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TABLE 3. Body weight and average daily gain of calves. Effect

SE

Control vs. MR 113

Control vs. MR 15-10

Control vs. MR 226

.5 .5 .6 .9 1.0 1.6

<.006 <.003 <.002 <.038 NS3 NS

NS2 NS NS NS NS NS

<.032 <.007 <.001 <.028 NS NS

Dietary treatments ( Control

MR 113

MR 15-10

MR 226

MR 15-14

BW (kg) wk wk wk wk wk wk

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1 2 3 4 5 6

44.5 45.3 47.0 51.4 53.9 57.0

46.0 47.6 50.1 53.2 57.5 60.5

43.9 46.0 48.7 51.8 55.6 58.1

CI.l

Control vs. MR 15-14

MR 15-10 vs. MR 15-14

<.001 <.001 <.001 <.002 NS NS

<.001 <.001 <.004 <.028 NS NS

P

45.6 47.5 50.3 53.5 55.9 58.6

47.1 49.3 51.6 54.8 56.4 58.7

Average daily gains (g) d 7 to 28 d 7 to 42

328 357

342 414

376 405

376 371

367 331

(Dietary treatments were milk replacer (MR) reconstituted to 12.5% OM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (control); control plus 113 g1d of supplemental fat (MR 113); MR reconstituted to 15% OM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-10); control plus 226 g1d of supplemental fat (MR 226); and MR reconstituted to 15% OM and fed at 14% BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-14).

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JASTER ET AL.

TABLE 4. Estimated digestible energy (DE) intake from milk replacer (MR), supplemental fat, and starter. Dietary treatments l

Estimated DE consumed d 7 to 28,2 Meal MR Fat supplement Starter Total DE Meal of DPlkg of Meal of DPlkg of d 7 to 42, Meal MR Fat supplement Starter Total DE Meal of DPlkg of Meal of DPlkg of

Control

MR 113

MR 15-10

MR 226

MR 15-14

gain protein

47.5 0 8.6 56.1 8.1 19.3

50.8 17.8 9.9 78.5 10.9 23.8

58.8 0 8.0 66.8 8.5 20.2

50.4 35.6 5.1 91.1 1l.5 27.6

81.9 0 3.2 85.1 11.1 19.8

gain protein

57.6 0 50.9 108.5 8.7 18.7

60.9 17.8 56.9 135.6 9.4 21.2

70.6 0 50.2 120.8 8.5 19.2

60.5 35.6 44.2 140.3 10.8 23.4

94.1 0 38.7 132.8 11.5 19.2

lDietary treatments were MR reconstituted to 12.5% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (control); control plus 113 gld of supplemental fat (MR 113); MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-10); control plus 226 gld of supplemental fat (MR 226); and MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 14% BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-14). 2Estimated DE values computed from NRC data (12): MR, 4.2 Meal of DPlkg; fat supplement, 7.5 Meal of DPlkg; and starter, 3.2 Meal of DPlkg.

MR 15-14, respectively, than on the control (d 7 to 35). The significant difference in DMI between treatments MR 15-10 and MR 15-14 was the result of the additional volume of MR fed to calves in the MR 15-14 treatment. No differences were detected in DMI of MR between controls and calves fed supplemental fat. Previous research (6, 17) reported no differences in dry feed consumption when additional DM or additional energy (113 g/d of supplemental fat) was supplemented to an MR. Increased DMI of MR solids by calves fed dietary treatment MR 15-14 (compared with that of the control) decreased starter intake during wk 3 (control = 136 g/d; MR 15-14 = 37 g/d) and wk 4 (control = 225 g/d; MR 15-14 = 54 g/d) (Table 2). Calves fed dietary treatment MR 226 had lower starter intake during wk 4 than did the control (89 vs. 225 g/d). During preweaning milk restriction (wk 5), DMI of starter increased among all calves, and no differences were found among treatments. Increasing the concentration of fat in the MR may reduce consumption of dry starter (13). Reduction in starter intake may have been the result of metabolic regulation of energy balance or because fat in the rumen depressed digestion and feed intake (11). RaJournal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9, 1992

ven (15) reported that part of the fat in high fat MR gained entrance to the rumen, either through seepage back from the abomasum or through lack of closure of the esophageal groove. Body weights for calves are in Table 3. Addition of supplemental fat in treatments MR 113 and MR 226 increased average daily gain (ADG) of calves during d 7 to 28 (MR 113 = 342 g of ADG; MR 226 = 376 g of ADG) compared with ADG on the control treatment (328 g). Calves receiving increased solids in the MR had 376 and 367 g/d of ADG for treatments MR 15-10 and MR 15-14 during d 3 to 28, respectively. After weaning, no differences were detected in BW of calves fed experimental diets. Previous work indicates that calves fed additional solids, either from fortified milk diets (whole milk plus 113 g/d of whey-fat blend. once or twice daily) or from additional milk (4.5 kg/d) had greater BW gains during the milk feeding period than those fed only 3.6 kg/d of milk (17). Total DE consumed from d 7 to 28 for calves fed control, MR 113, and MR 226 dietary treatments were 56.1, 78.5. and 91.1 Meal. respectively (Table 4). Compared with controls, calves receiving supplemental fat had

TABLE 5. Weekly mean fecal scores, heart girth, and height at withers of calves. Effect Dietary treatments 1 Control

MR 113

MR 15-10

MR 226

MR 15-14

SE

Control vs. MR 113

Control vs. MR 15-10

Control vs. MR 226

Control vs. MR 15-14

MR 15-10 vs. MR 15-14

NS NS

NS

c: "tl

<.001 <.001

<.030 <.003 <.001

NS NS

NS NS

~

NS NS NS

NS NS NS

p V>

score 2

Fecal wk 1 wk 2 wk 3 wk 4 wk 5 wk 6

1.45 2.08 1.60 1.36 1.28 .94

1.31 1.80 1.63 1.22 .98 .97

1.43 1.89 1.69 1.12 1.01 1.04

1.22 1.88 1.55 1.29 1.03 1.06

1.05 2.75 2.63 2.63 1.32 1.32

.1 .2 .2 .1 .1 .2

NS3 NS NS NS NS NS

NS NS NS NS NS NS

NS NS NS NS NS NS

.7 .7 1.1

NS

NS NS NS

NS

(em) Heart girth wk 1 wk 4 wk 6

I g, tl

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Height at withers wk 1 wk 4 wk 6

84.8 89.6 93.7

87.0 92.7 96.3

85.3 91.2 94.2

85.6 91.9 95.4

86.8 91.3 94.3

<.002

NS

<.024

NS

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76.8 81.1 83.5

78.0 81.5 83.8

78.9 79.8 84.0

78.7 81.4 83.7

77.7 82.5 84.2

.8 .8 .8

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lDietary treatments were milk replacer (MR) reconstituted to 12.5% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (control); control plus 113 g1d of supplemental fat (MR 113); MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-10); control plus 226 g1d of supplemental fat (MR 226); and MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 14% BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-14). 2Fecal scores were on four-point scale with 1 = normal and 4 = watery (7). 3p> .05.

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JASTER ET AL.

TABLE 6. Glucose and FFA concentrations in serum of calves. Dietary treatments 1 Control

MR 113

MR 15-10

MR 226

MR 15-14

SE

Glucose (mgllOO ml) wk I wk 4 wk 6

96.5 98.7 77.5

101.1 100.4 82.1

104.0 104.5 85.3

wk I wk 4 wk 6

381.1 377.3 157.9

477.3 326.2 171.3

398.4 401.5 213.3

107.9 112.5 77,6

119.7 100.4 79.0

8.5 6.7 4.2

403.7 407.1 204.1

52.0 47.7 33.6

FFA (jJ.eqIL) 525.4 327.3 192.1

!Dietary treatments were milk replacer (MR) reconstituted to 12.5% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (control); control plus 113 gld of supplemental fat (MR 113); MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15·10); control plus 226 gld of supplemental fat (MR 226); and MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 14% BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-14).

a higher DE:gain ratio and an increased ratio of DE:protein consumed. Energy and protein requirements of calves and the alteration of the energy:protein ratio have been investigated in preweaned calves (3. 8. 9). Lodge and Lister (9) reported increased N retention and efficiency of protein utilization (biological value) and optimal protein:ca]orie ratio in calves fed supplemental energy. The DE:protein ratio was 43.0% greater for calves receiving 226 gld of supplemental fat than for controls (d 7 to 28). Jacobson (5) indicated the ratio of digestible protein:DE required by the young calf declined as rate of gain increased.

Dietary treatment MR 15-14 caused a significant increase in fecal score compared with those of other dietary treatments (Table 5). Fecal scores were similar among all groups during wk 1. Fecal scores for group MR 15-14 increased during wk 2 to 4. Beginning at d 28. half the amount of MR consumed during wk 4 was fed during wk 5. resulting in no differences in fecal score among dietary treatments. Heart girth was greater for calves fed supplemental fat (MR 113 and MR 226) during wk 4 than for calves fed the control diet (Table 5). Calves fed diets with increased MR solids

TABLE 7. Economics of supplementation of milk replacers (MR) with fat or MR solids for young calves.! Dietary treatments2 Cost d 7 to 28 MR. $ F. $ S. $ MR + F + S, $/kg of gain d 7 to 42 MR, $

F. $ S. $ MR + F + S, $/kg of gain

Control

MR 113

MR 15-10

MR 226

MR 15-14

15.82

19.60 ,87 2.59

16.80 4.32 .56 2.74

27.30

.94 2.43

16.94 2.16 1.08 2.80

19.18 0 5.56 1.99

20.30 2.16 6.23 1.98

23.52 0 5.49 2.04

20.16 4.32 4.83 2.26

31.36

o

o

o .35 3.59

o

4.23 3.09

lAssumed costs: MR = $1.40/kg, starter (S) = $ .35/kg, and fat supplement (F) = $ .9O/kg. 2Dietary treatments were MR reconstituted to 12.5% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (control); control plus 113 gld of supplemental fat MR 113); MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 10% of BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15-10); control plus 226 gld of supplemental fat (MR 226); and MR reconstituted to 15% DM and fed at 14% BW (adjusted weekly) (MR 15·14). Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9, 1992

SUPPLEMENTAL ENERGY FOR CALVES

(MR 15-10 and MR 15-14) had 4-wk heart girth measurements similar to those of controls. Height at withers (Table 5), serum glucose, and FFA concentrations (Table 6) were similar among dietary groups. Glucose and FFA concentrations in all groups decreased rapidly (between wk 4 and 6) to values characteristic of cattle with functional rumens. Other observations (20) indicated that plasma and whole blood glucose concentrations declined rapidly in the fIrst 6 wk. Previous work has shown concentrations of plasma glucose were lower in calves housed at -4°C versus 10°C (19) but higher in lambs exposed to temperatures of 4°C versus 27°C (1). During the 42-d trial, it was economical to add supplemental fat to the MR (Table 7). The additional cost of feeding calves the fatsupplemented diets was partially offset by the increase in BW gain. It was not economical to feed MR 15-14 to calves. The cost of feeding extra MR to calves (d 7 to 28) on MR 15-14 was 72.5% greater than for control calves, but additional gain was only 11.9%. CONCLUSIONS

Feeding high solids MR is not recommended based on experimental results. The calves fed dietary treatment MR 15-14 had increased fecal scores and reduced starter intake during wk 3 and 4. Average daily gain (d 7 to 28) improved when supplemental fat was provided in liquid MR. The feeding of MR 226 to calves is not recommended based on the reduced starter intake during wk 4. However, supplementation of MR with dietary treatment MR 113 resulted in increased growth rates of calves. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Appreciation is extended to Nancy R. Bower and Robert C. Riggs for feeding and care of experimental calves. REFERENCES I Alexander, G.• and S. C. Mills. 1968. Free fatty acids and glucose in the plasma of newly born lambs: effects of environmental temperature. Bioi. Neonate 13:53. 2 Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1980. Official Methods of Analysis. 13th ed. AOAC, Washington, DC.

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3 Brisson, G. 1., A. M. Cunningham, and S. R. Haskell. 1957. The protein and energy requirements of young dairy calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 37:157. 4 Goering, H. K., and P. 1. Van Soest. 1970. Forage Fiber Analyses (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures, and Some Applications). Agric. Handbook No. 379. ARSUSDA, Washington, DC. 5 Jacobson, N. L. 1969. Energy and protein requirements of the calf. J. Dairy Sci. 52:1316. 6 Jaster, E. H., G. C. McCoy, and R. L. Fernando. 1990. Dietary fat in milk or milk replacers for dairy calves raised in hutches during the winter. 1. Dairy Sci. 73: 1843. 7 Larson, L. L., F. G. Owen, J. L. Albright, R. D. Appleman, R. C. Lamb, and L. D. Muller. 1977. Guidelines toward more uniformity in measuring and reporting calf experimental data. 1. Dairy Sci. 60:989. 8 Lister, E. E., and G. A. Lodge. 1973. Effects of increasing the energy value of a whole milk diet for calves. II. Growth, feed utilization, and health. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:317. 9 Lodge, G. A., and E. E. Lister. 1973. Effects of increasing the energy value of a whole milk diet for calves. I. Nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:307. 10 Medina:, M., L. W. Johnson, A. P. Knight, J. D. Olson, and L. D. Lewis. 1983. Evaluation of milk replacers for dairy calves. Compend. Contino Educ. Vet. Pract 5: S148. 11 Miller, W. J., J. L. Carmon, and H. L. Dalton. 1959. Influence of high levels of plant and animal fats in calf starters on growth, feed consumption, and palatability. J. Dairy Sci. 42:153. 12 National Research Council. 1988. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 5th rev. ed. Nat!. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. 13 Olson, W. A., and J. B. Williams. 1959. Effect of five levels of animal fat in calf milk replacers. J. Dairy Sci. 42:918. 14 Radostits, O. M., and J. M. Bell. 1970. Nutrition of the pre-ruminant dairy calf with special reference to the digestion and absorption of nutrients: a review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 50:405. 15 Raven, A. M. 1970. Fat in milk replacers. 1. Sci. Food Agric. 21:352. 16 SAS" User's Guide: Statistics. 1984. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC. 17 Schingoethe, D. J., D. P. Casper, J. K. Drackley, and F. C. Ludens. 1986. Increased solids intake and feeding frequency for calves in hutches during cold weather. J. Dairy Sci. 69:1063. 18 Schugel, L. 1973. Nutrition of the baby calf. Page 82 in Proc. Conf. Am. Assoc. Bovine Pract., Stillwater, OK. 19 Scibilia, L. A., L. D. Muller, R. S. Kensinger, T. F. Sweeney, and P. R. Shellenberger. 1987. Effect of environmental temperature and dietary fat on growth and physiological responses of newborn calves. J. Dairy Sci. 70:1426. 20 Wijayasinghe, M. S., N. E. Smith, and R. L. Baldwin. 1984. Growth, health, and blood glucose concentrations of calves fed high-glucose or high-fat milk replacers. J. Dairy Sci. 67:2949. Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9, 1992