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Effect of Feronia limonia on mosquito larvae
Fitoterapia 71 Ž2000. 553᎐555
Short report
Effect of Feronia limonia on mosquito larvae A. Abdul Rahumana,U , Geetha Gopalakrishnan b, B. Saleem Ghouse a , S. Arumugama , B. Himalayana a
b
Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Mel¨ isharam-632 509, India Centre for Agrochemical Research, SPIC Science Foundation, 110, Anna Salai, Chennai-600032, India
Received 12 November 1999; accepted in revised form 25 February 2000
Abstract Bioassay guided fractionation of the acetone extract of Feronia limonia dried leaves afforded a potent mosquito larvicide, identified as n-hexadecanoic acid and found to be effective against fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti, with LC 50 of 129.24, 79.58 and 57.23 ppm, respectively. 䊚 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Feronia limonia; n-Hexadecanoic acid; Mosquito larvicidal activity
Plant. Feronia limonia L. ŽRutaceae., leaves collected from Melvisharam, in October 1998 and authenticated by Dr G. Suresh, SPIC Science foundation, Chennai. Voucher specimen ŽCAHrZBr012 ᎏ 98. was deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Zoology, Melvisharam. Uses in traditional medicine. In dysentery, indigestion, asthma, tumours w1x, diabetes w2x and snake bite w3x. Previously isolated classes of constituents. Coumarins w3,4x, steroids, alkaloids w5x, fatty acids w6x, aromatic hydrocarbons w7x and glycosides w8,9x. U
Corresponding author.
0367-326Xr00r$ - see front matter 䊚 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 6 7 - 3 2 6 X Ž 0 0 . 0 0 1 6 4 - 7
A. Abdul Rahuman et al. r Fitoterapia 71 (2000) 553᎐555
554
New-isolated constituents. n-Hexadecanoic acid w10x Žyield: 1.7 g from 500 g of dried leaves.. Tested material. Acetone extract Žyield: 14.6 g. and fractions obtained by Si-gel CC eluting with n-hexane-EtOAc mixtures. Each fraction was tested against fourth instar larvae of mosquitoes at 1000 ppm, fractions showing 100% mortality after 24 h being selected for further separation. The active isolated constituent Ž n-hexadecanoic acid. was then tested in the range 12.5᎐200 ppm. Studied activity. Larvicidal activity was evaluated by WHO method w11x with some modification. Fourth instar larvae were taken in five batches of 20 in 100 ml of water. Fractions were dissolved in acetone and made up to different concentrations. Tween 80 used as an emulsifier. Control was set up with acetone and Tween 80. After 24 h, the number of dead larvae was counted and the data analysed with FORTRAN Computer programme w12x to determine the LC 50 and LC 90 at 95% confidence limits. Used insects. Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti were reared in the laboratory w13x and the fourth instar larvae were used. Results. Reported in Table 1.
Table 1 Larvicidal activity of n-hexadecanoic acid from Feronia limonia leaves Species ŽIV instar larvae.
Concentrations Žppm.
Mortalitya Ž%.
C. quinquefasciatus
250 200 150 100 50
100 76 56 38 0
200 150 100 50 25
100 82 54 26 4
200 150 100 50 25 12.25
100 92 66 46 14 2
A. stephensi
A. aegypti
a
LC50 Žppm.b wUL, LLx
LC90 Žppm.b wUL, LLx
129.2421 " 4.2016 w137.4772, 121.0069x
226.5610 " 10.6412 w247.4179, 205.7041x
79.5827 " 3.4971 w86.4371, 72.7283x
175.3115 " 11.3660 w197.5891, 153.0340x
57.2338 " 2.8680 w62.8553, 51.6124x
146.2133 " 10.4865 w166.7669, 125.6597x
Average of five replicates. Values are mean " ŽS.D..; w95% confidence limits; UL, upper limit; LL, lower limitx.
b
A. Abdul Rahuman et al. r Fitoterapia 71 (2000) 553᎐555
555
Conclusions. The acetone extract of Feronia limonia leaves and its chromatographic fractions were studied for larvicidal activity against mosquitoes. The pure active compound, identified as n-hexadecanoic acid, was effective with LC 50 of 129.24, 79.58 and 57.23 ppm on C. quinquefasciatus, A. stephensi and A. aegypti larvae, respectively. These results suggest the possibility of exploiting for the development of commercial larvicides a plant widely occurring in India.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to C. Abdul Hakeem College Management, Prof. N.M. Mohamed Dhaha, Principal and Prof. S. Meera Mohideen, HOD, Zoology Department for providing necessary facilities for our experimental work. We are thankful to the Director, Dr G. Suresh and to Dr B. Banumathi, SPIC Science Foundation, Chennai for constant encouragement.
References w1x Kirtikar KR, Babu BD. Indian medicinal plants, vol. I. I.C.S., Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1984:496᎐498. w2x Neerasingh, Tyagi SD, Agarwal SC. J Natl Int Med Assoc 1991;33:9. w3x Agrawal IRA, Siddiqui S. J Phytochemistry 1989;28:1229. w4x Talapatra SK, Chaudhuri MK, Talapatra B. Phytochemistry 1973;12:236. w5x Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Verma BS. Glossary in Indian medicinal plants, New Delhi, Publication and information directorate, 1969:29. w6x Ramakrishna G, Azemoddin G, Ramayya D, Atchyuta, Rao SD, Thirumala G, J Am Oil Chem Soc 1979;56: 870. w7x Nigam SS, Nigam SD. Indian Perfum 1979;23:164. w8x Tiwari RD, Tiwari JP. Arch Pharm 1964;297:236. w9x Shukla S, Tiwari RD. Indian J Chem 1971;9:287. w10x Hayashi SJ. Chem. Phys 1975;63:775. w11x WHO Instruction for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides, Mimeographed document WHOrVBCr1975:583. w12x Reddy PJ, Krishna D, Suryanarayana MU, Kaiser J. CABIOS 1992;8:209. w13x Manik S, Saxena RC. Indian J Malariol 1994;31:21.
Short report
Effect of Feronia limonia on mosquito larvae A. Abdul Rahumana,U , Geetha Gopalakrishnan b, B. Saleem Ghouse a , S. Arumugama , B. Himalayana a
b
Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Mel¨ isharam-632 509, India Centre for Agrochemical Research, SPIC Science Foundation, 110, Anna Salai, Chennai-600032, India
Received 12 November 1999; accepted in revised form 25 February 2000
Abstract Bioassay guided fractionation of the acetone extract of Feronia limonia dried leaves afforded a potent mosquito larvicide, identified as n-hexadecanoic acid and found to be effective against fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti, with LC 50 of 129.24, 79.58 and 57.23 ppm, respectively. 䊚 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Feronia limonia; n-Hexadecanoic acid; Mosquito larvicidal activity
Plant. Feronia limonia L. ŽRutaceae., leaves collected from Melvisharam, in October 1998 and authenticated by Dr G. Suresh, SPIC Science foundation, Chennai. Voucher specimen ŽCAHrZBr012 ᎏ 98. was deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Zoology, Melvisharam. Uses in traditional medicine. In dysentery, indigestion, asthma, tumours w1x, diabetes w2x and snake bite w3x. Previously isolated classes of constituents. Coumarins w3,4x, steroids, alkaloids w5x, fatty acids w6x, aromatic hydrocarbons w7x and glycosides w8,9x. U
Corresponding author.
0367-326Xr00r$ - see front matter 䊚 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 6 7 - 3 2 6 X Ž 0 0 . 0 0 1 6 4 - 7
A. Abdul Rahuman et al. r Fitoterapia 71 (2000) 553᎐555
554
New-isolated constituents. n-Hexadecanoic acid w10x Žyield: 1.7 g from 500 g of dried leaves.. Tested material. Acetone extract Žyield: 14.6 g. and fractions obtained by Si-gel CC eluting with n-hexane-EtOAc mixtures. Each fraction was tested against fourth instar larvae of mosquitoes at 1000 ppm, fractions showing 100% mortality after 24 h being selected for further separation. The active isolated constituent Ž n-hexadecanoic acid. was then tested in the range 12.5᎐200 ppm. Studied activity. Larvicidal activity was evaluated by WHO method w11x with some modification. Fourth instar larvae were taken in five batches of 20 in 100 ml of water. Fractions were dissolved in acetone and made up to different concentrations. Tween 80 used as an emulsifier. Control was set up with acetone and Tween 80. After 24 h, the number of dead larvae was counted and the data analysed with FORTRAN Computer programme w12x to determine the LC 50 and LC 90 at 95% confidence limits. Used insects. Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti were reared in the laboratory w13x and the fourth instar larvae were used. Results. Reported in Table 1.
Table 1 Larvicidal activity of n-hexadecanoic acid from Feronia limonia leaves Species ŽIV instar larvae.
Concentrations Žppm.
Mortalitya Ž%.
C. quinquefasciatus
250 200 150 100 50
100 76 56 38 0
200 150 100 50 25
100 82 54 26 4
200 150 100 50 25 12.25
100 92 66 46 14 2
A. stephensi
A. aegypti
a
LC50 Žppm.b wUL, LLx
LC90 Žppm.b wUL, LLx
129.2421 " 4.2016 w137.4772, 121.0069x
226.5610 " 10.6412 w247.4179, 205.7041x
79.5827 " 3.4971 w86.4371, 72.7283x
175.3115 " 11.3660 w197.5891, 153.0340x
57.2338 " 2.8680 w62.8553, 51.6124x
146.2133 " 10.4865 w166.7669, 125.6597x
Average of five replicates. Values are mean " ŽS.D..; w95% confidence limits; UL, upper limit; LL, lower limitx.
b
A. Abdul Rahuman et al. r Fitoterapia 71 (2000) 553᎐555
555
Conclusions. The acetone extract of Feronia limonia leaves and its chromatographic fractions were studied for larvicidal activity against mosquitoes. The pure active compound, identified as n-hexadecanoic acid, was effective with LC 50 of 129.24, 79.58 and 57.23 ppm on C. quinquefasciatus, A. stephensi and A. aegypti larvae, respectively. These results suggest the possibility of exploiting for the development of commercial larvicides a plant widely occurring in India.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to C. Abdul Hakeem College Management, Prof. N.M. Mohamed Dhaha, Principal and Prof. S. Meera Mohideen, HOD, Zoology Department for providing necessary facilities for our experimental work. We are thankful to the Director, Dr G. Suresh and to Dr B. Banumathi, SPIC Science Foundation, Chennai for constant encouragement.
References w1x Kirtikar KR, Babu BD. Indian medicinal plants, vol. I. I.C.S., Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1984:496᎐498. w2x Neerasingh, Tyagi SD, Agarwal SC. J Natl Int Med Assoc 1991;33:9. w3x Agrawal IRA, Siddiqui S. J Phytochemistry 1989;28:1229. w4x Talapatra SK, Chaudhuri MK, Talapatra B. Phytochemistry 1973;12:236. w5x Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Verma BS. Glossary in Indian medicinal plants, New Delhi, Publication and information directorate, 1969:29. w6x Ramakrishna G, Azemoddin G, Ramayya D, Atchyuta, Rao SD, Thirumala G, J Am Oil Chem Soc 1979;56: 870. w7x Nigam SS, Nigam SD. Indian Perfum 1979;23:164. w8x Tiwari RD, Tiwari JP. Arch Pharm 1964;297:236. w9x Shukla S, Tiwari RD. Indian J Chem 1971;9:287. w10x Hayashi SJ. Chem. Phys 1975;63:775. w11x WHO Instruction for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides, Mimeographed document WHOrVBCr1975:583. w12x Reddy PJ, Krishna D, Suryanarayana MU, Kaiser J. CABIOS 1992;8:209. w13x Manik S, Saxena RC. Indian J Malariol 1994;31:21.