- Email: [email protected]
Effect of fulvic acids on the electrolytes physiology in vertebrates
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 652 (2011) 838–840
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nima
Effect of fulvic acids on the electrolytes physiology in vertebrates O.Y. Morales, J.M. Navarrete n, I. Gracia, L. Macias, M. Rivera, F. Sanchez Faculty of Chemistry, Bldg. D, CU, National University of Mexico, Mexico City ZC 04510, Mexico
a r t i c l e in f o
a b s t r a c t
Available online 23 September 2010
Fulvic acids are the active principle in humus fertilizers which are the cause of better absorption of mineral ions from soil to plant tissues. Tested in mice by making use of radioactive labeled ions, they showed their action of enhancing by a factor greater than two the filtration through liver of PO34 and Ca2+ from digestive tract to blood serum as well as through kidney from blood serum to urine. Following this research, Fe3 + and I1 ions labeled with 59Fe and 131I have been tested and reported in the present paper. Results showed that iron ions are completely fixed in red cells, with no residue eliminated by urine, while iodine ions are fixed in thyroid gland, with some residue eliminated by urine. Both ions were fixed in said tissues by factors larger than two when they are escorted by fulvic acids. A general distribution of these ions in blood, urine, feces, liver, kidney and thyroid gland has been surveyed, trying to find the earliest effect of fulvic acids in the physiology of vertebrates. & 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Fulvic acids effect Physiology Vertebrates
1. Introduction Humic substances are known from ancient times as fertilizers, to get better crops as much in quantity as in quality. The active principles to produce these beneficial results seem to be the fulvic acids contained in them, which might be the carriers of mineral ions from the soil to vegetable tissues, causing larger concentrations of electrolytes in the fluids and tissues of plants [1,2]. Nowadays, fulvic acids obtained in Mexico by oxidation of saccharin with HNO3 at high temperature, have been successfully used as efficient fertilizers as well as dietary complement for poultry, pigs and cattle. Empiric results show evidence of faster growing, higher average weight and better resistance to viral infections. Tested in mice of same race, age and weight, fed identically and drinking water with a small concentration of radioactive labeled ions (32PO34 , 45Ca2 + ), it was found that when these electrolytes are in presence of fulvic acids they are filtered through digestive tract to blood serum, and then to urine in a proportion more than 100% higher [3,4]. This paper describes an additional experiment on mice, using now 59Fe3 + and 131I1 in drinking water, to study the different behavior of these electrolytes in physiology of vertebrates when they are escorted by fulvic acids.
FeCl3 and 2 mCi of 131I as carrier free NaI. Five milliliters of this solution were dissolved to 500 ml in each one of two different flasks. One of them was added before gauging with 2 ml of FulviH, fulvic acids in water solution (750 g/l), produced and sold for human consumption as dietary complement by the Mexican company Fitochem (Fig. 1). Both solutions were used as drinking water for two groups of 5 ICR mice aged 4 weeks. One group drank the solution with no fulvic acids, while the other group drank the solution with fulvic acids in it (Fig. 2). Both groups were identically fed, urine and feces separately collected, and after 10 days they were sacrificed. Blood, livers, kidneys and thyroid glands were separately collected after careful dissection. The same volume of blood and urine was taken for both groups and conditioned in test tubes for radioactive detection. Solid samples (feces, livers, kidneys and thyroid glands) were separately weighed and also conditioned in test tubes for radioactive detection (Fig. 3). The resulting five samples for each group underwent radioactive detection through a well type NaI(Tl) Bicron scintillation detector, 3 3 inches, heavily shielded and connected to a PC charged with the Maestro Program for radioactive detection (Fig. 4). Detection time was 10–15 min for all samples. Statistical variations of accumulated counts were always below 5%, excepting those lower counts of Fe in urine plus fulvic acids, which was 15%.
2. Experimental One gram of FeCl3 and NaI AR were dissolved in 1 l of deionized water and labeled with 0.5 mCi of 59Fe as carrier free n
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.M. Navarrete).
0168-9002/$ - see front matter & 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.09.055
3. Results The counts accumulated during identical periods of time were divided by volume in liquid samples and by weight in solid samples, in order to normalize results in both groups of five samples each. As counts obtained per milliliter and per gram must
O.Y. Morales et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 652 (2011) 838–840
839
Fig. 4. Spectrometer with scintillation detector. Fig. 1. Fulvic acids sold in Mexico for human consumption. Table 1 Increase of absorption in mice of mineral electrolytes Fe3 + and I1 supplied with fulvic acids. Sample
Blood Urine Feces Liver Kidney Thyroid
Iron
when they are
Iodine
Increasing factor
Increasing factor (%)
Increasing factor
Increasing factor (%)
2.25 0 1.55 1.46 1.43 0
125 0a 55 46 43 0c
1.54 0.98 1.17 0 0 2.4
54 2b 17 0c 0c 140
a No counts in sample with no fulvic acids. Small peak in sample with fulvic acids. Statistical variation 15%. b 2% more counts in sample with no fulvic acids, probably due to statistical variation. c No counts in samples with and without fulvic acids.
Fig. 2. Two groups of mice, according what they drink.
Fig. 5. Spectrum of feces with both peaks:
Fig. 3. Samples of internal organs and effluents of both groups.
131
I and
59
Fe.
be proportional to concentration of Fe traces (labeled with 59Fe, 1099 keV g rays) and I traces (labeled with 131I, 364 keV g rays), the quotient or ratio of counts should evaluate either the increasing factor (ratio larger than 1), or decreasing factor (ratio lower than 1), of ions concentration in each sample, when counts obtained with fulvic acids are divided by counts obtained with no fulvic acids. The variation between both groups supplied with drinking water plus fulvic acids, another with no fulvic acids,
840
O.Y. Morales et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 652 (2011) 838–840
results should be comparable between statistical variations. Also, as the results have been obtained as a quotient relating counts accumulated through identical time ranges per volume or mass units for both groups, it is possible that even when concentration of available ions were greatly changed, results were comparable between statistical variations. It must also be considered, that there is an undetermined amount of ions which either remain in gastrointestinal tissues (not in feces, not in filtration to blood) or are distributed in other organs, such as bones, where fixation of calcium and phosphate traces should happen at a much lower rate than iron in red cells and iodine in the thyroid gland. Other possible organs are lungs, skin, hair, nails, and in general, every mice tissue not included in the present work.
Fig. 6. Spectrum of liver with one peak:
59
Fe.
Fig. 7. Spectrum of thyroid gland with one peak:
5. Conclusion
131
I.
should evaluate the action of fulvic acids on distribution of Fe3 + and I1 ions on mice physiology. Table 1 shows variations in increasing factors and percentages obtained when comparing both groups.
In previous papers it has been reported that Ca2 + and PO34 ions are filtered to blood serum in amounts increased by a factor larger than two, when escorted by fulvic acids, to be eliminated quickly by urine, at approximately the same rate than absorption [3,4]. In the present work, the same experiment has been performed but using Fe3 + and I1 as electrolytes. In feces, the concentration of both mineral ions swept away by fulvic acids is considerable (Fig. 5). When they passed to blood mainly through liver, these ions plus fulvic acids are entirely fixed by red cells and thyroid glands, respectively, also in a proportion larger than two, if comparing when fulvic acids are not present (Figs. 6 and 7). Therefore, these results suggest that ingestion, fixation in some specific organ or fluid, and elimination of mineral ions by vertebrates, is a dynamic process greatly accelerated when they are escorted by fulvic acids, which may explain the empirical effects showed by cattle, poultry and pigs, such as weight gain, larger milk production, lower number of miscarriages and better resistance to viral infections. It also seems highly probable that if tested in man, results might be analogous.
References 4. Discussion It must be kept in mind that figures shown in Table 1 were obtained for the same concentration in drinking water of iron traces (3.4 mg/ml) and iodine traces (8.5 mg/ml) for both groups, but these figures may change for either much greater or smaller concentrations of available ions. However, for this order of magnitude in concentration, either in liquid or solid nourishment,
[1] J.M. Navarrete, V.M. Urbina, T. Martı´nez, L. Cabrera, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 259 (2) (2004) 311. [2] J.M. Navarrete, V.M. Urbina, T. Martı´nez, L. Cabrera, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 263 (3) (2005) 779. ¨ [3] J.M. Navarrete, G. Muller, T. Martı´nez, L. Cabrera, I. Gracia, L. Fabila, Czech. J. Phys. 56 (Suppl. D) (2006) 695. [4] J.M. Navarrete, V.M. Urbina, J.C. Flores, I. Gracia, L. Fabila, Use of labeled ions to determine the effect of APS-750 on liver and kidney physiology in vertebrates, Invited talk, in: Proceedings of the Nuclear and Radiochemistry Symposium, NUCAR 2009, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay, India, 2009, pp. 56–57.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nima
Effect of fulvic acids on the electrolytes physiology in vertebrates O.Y. Morales, J.M. Navarrete n, I. Gracia, L. Macias, M. Rivera, F. Sanchez Faculty of Chemistry, Bldg. D, CU, National University of Mexico, Mexico City ZC 04510, Mexico
a r t i c l e in f o
a b s t r a c t
Available online 23 September 2010
Fulvic acids are the active principle in humus fertilizers which are the cause of better absorption of mineral ions from soil to plant tissues. Tested in mice by making use of radioactive labeled ions, they showed their action of enhancing by a factor greater than two the filtration through liver of PO34 and Ca2+ from digestive tract to blood serum as well as through kidney from blood serum to urine. Following this research, Fe3 + and I1 ions labeled with 59Fe and 131I have been tested and reported in the present paper. Results showed that iron ions are completely fixed in red cells, with no residue eliminated by urine, while iodine ions are fixed in thyroid gland, with some residue eliminated by urine. Both ions were fixed in said tissues by factors larger than two when they are escorted by fulvic acids. A general distribution of these ions in blood, urine, feces, liver, kidney and thyroid gland has been surveyed, trying to find the earliest effect of fulvic acids in the physiology of vertebrates. & 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Fulvic acids effect Physiology Vertebrates
1. Introduction Humic substances are known from ancient times as fertilizers, to get better crops as much in quantity as in quality. The active principles to produce these beneficial results seem to be the fulvic acids contained in them, which might be the carriers of mineral ions from the soil to vegetable tissues, causing larger concentrations of electrolytes in the fluids and tissues of plants [1,2]. Nowadays, fulvic acids obtained in Mexico by oxidation of saccharin with HNO3 at high temperature, have been successfully used as efficient fertilizers as well as dietary complement for poultry, pigs and cattle. Empiric results show evidence of faster growing, higher average weight and better resistance to viral infections. Tested in mice of same race, age and weight, fed identically and drinking water with a small concentration of radioactive labeled ions (32PO34 , 45Ca2 + ), it was found that when these electrolytes are in presence of fulvic acids they are filtered through digestive tract to blood serum, and then to urine in a proportion more than 100% higher [3,4]. This paper describes an additional experiment on mice, using now 59Fe3 + and 131I1 in drinking water, to study the different behavior of these electrolytes in physiology of vertebrates when they are escorted by fulvic acids.
FeCl3 and 2 mCi of 131I as carrier free NaI. Five milliliters of this solution were dissolved to 500 ml in each one of two different flasks. One of them was added before gauging with 2 ml of FulviH, fulvic acids in water solution (750 g/l), produced and sold for human consumption as dietary complement by the Mexican company Fitochem (Fig. 1). Both solutions were used as drinking water for two groups of 5 ICR mice aged 4 weeks. One group drank the solution with no fulvic acids, while the other group drank the solution with fulvic acids in it (Fig. 2). Both groups were identically fed, urine and feces separately collected, and after 10 days they were sacrificed. Blood, livers, kidneys and thyroid glands were separately collected after careful dissection. The same volume of blood and urine was taken for both groups and conditioned in test tubes for radioactive detection. Solid samples (feces, livers, kidneys and thyroid glands) were separately weighed and also conditioned in test tubes for radioactive detection (Fig. 3). The resulting five samples for each group underwent radioactive detection through a well type NaI(Tl) Bicron scintillation detector, 3 3 inches, heavily shielded and connected to a PC charged with the Maestro Program for radioactive detection (Fig. 4). Detection time was 10–15 min for all samples. Statistical variations of accumulated counts were always below 5%, excepting those lower counts of Fe in urine plus fulvic acids, which was 15%.
2. Experimental One gram of FeCl3 and NaI AR were dissolved in 1 l of deionized water and labeled with 0.5 mCi of 59Fe as carrier free n
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.M. Navarrete).
0168-9002/$ - see front matter & 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.09.055
3. Results The counts accumulated during identical periods of time were divided by volume in liquid samples and by weight in solid samples, in order to normalize results in both groups of five samples each. As counts obtained per milliliter and per gram must
O.Y. Morales et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 652 (2011) 838–840
839
Fig. 4. Spectrometer with scintillation detector. Fig. 1. Fulvic acids sold in Mexico for human consumption. Table 1 Increase of absorption in mice of mineral electrolytes Fe3 + and I1 supplied with fulvic acids. Sample
Blood Urine Feces Liver Kidney Thyroid
Iron
when they are
Iodine
Increasing factor
Increasing factor (%)
Increasing factor
Increasing factor (%)
2.25 0 1.55 1.46 1.43 0
125 0a 55 46 43 0c
1.54 0.98 1.17 0 0 2.4
54 2b 17 0c 0c 140
a No counts in sample with no fulvic acids. Small peak in sample with fulvic acids. Statistical variation 15%. b 2% more counts in sample with no fulvic acids, probably due to statistical variation. c No counts in samples with and without fulvic acids.
Fig. 2. Two groups of mice, according what they drink.
Fig. 5. Spectrum of feces with both peaks:
Fig. 3. Samples of internal organs and effluents of both groups.
131
I and
59
Fe.
be proportional to concentration of Fe traces (labeled with 59Fe, 1099 keV g rays) and I traces (labeled with 131I, 364 keV g rays), the quotient or ratio of counts should evaluate either the increasing factor (ratio larger than 1), or decreasing factor (ratio lower than 1), of ions concentration in each sample, when counts obtained with fulvic acids are divided by counts obtained with no fulvic acids. The variation between both groups supplied with drinking water plus fulvic acids, another with no fulvic acids,
840
O.Y. Morales et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 652 (2011) 838–840
results should be comparable between statistical variations. Also, as the results have been obtained as a quotient relating counts accumulated through identical time ranges per volume or mass units for both groups, it is possible that even when concentration of available ions were greatly changed, results were comparable between statistical variations. It must also be considered, that there is an undetermined amount of ions which either remain in gastrointestinal tissues (not in feces, not in filtration to blood) or are distributed in other organs, such as bones, where fixation of calcium and phosphate traces should happen at a much lower rate than iron in red cells and iodine in the thyroid gland. Other possible organs are lungs, skin, hair, nails, and in general, every mice tissue not included in the present work.
Fig. 6. Spectrum of liver with one peak:
59
Fe.
Fig. 7. Spectrum of thyroid gland with one peak:
5. Conclusion
131
I.
should evaluate the action of fulvic acids on distribution of Fe3 + and I1 ions on mice physiology. Table 1 shows variations in increasing factors and percentages obtained when comparing both groups.
In previous papers it has been reported that Ca2 + and PO34 ions are filtered to blood serum in amounts increased by a factor larger than two, when escorted by fulvic acids, to be eliminated quickly by urine, at approximately the same rate than absorption [3,4]. In the present work, the same experiment has been performed but using Fe3 + and I1 as electrolytes. In feces, the concentration of both mineral ions swept away by fulvic acids is considerable (Fig. 5). When they passed to blood mainly through liver, these ions plus fulvic acids are entirely fixed by red cells and thyroid glands, respectively, also in a proportion larger than two, if comparing when fulvic acids are not present (Figs. 6 and 7). Therefore, these results suggest that ingestion, fixation in some specific organ or fluid, and elimination of mineral ions by vertebrates, is a dynamic process greatly accelerated when they are escorted by fulvic acids, which may explain the empirical effects showed by cattle, poultry and pigs, such as weight gain, larger milk production, lower number of miscarriages and better resistance to viral infections. It also seems highly probable that if tested in man, results might be analogous.
References 4. Discussion It must be kept in mind that figures shown in Table 1 were obtained for the same concentration in drinking water of iron traces (3.4 mg/ml) and iodine traces (8.5 mg/ml) for both groups, but these figures may change for either much greater or smaller concentrations of available ions. However, for this order of magnitude in concentration, either in liquid or solid nourishment,
[1] J.M. Navarrete, V.M. Urbina, T. Martı´nez, L. Cabrera, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 259 (2) (2004) 311. [2] J.M. Navarrete, V.M. Urbina, T. Martı´nez, L. Cabrera, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 263 (3) (2005) 779. ¨ [3] J.M. Navarrete, G. Muller, T. Martı´nez, L. Cabrera, I. Gracia, L. Fabila, Czech. J. Phys. 56 (Suppl. D) (2006) 695. [4] J.M. Navarrete, V.M. Urbina, J.C. Flores, I. Gracia, L. Fabila, Use of labeled ions to determine the effect of APS-750 on liver and kidney physiology in vertebrates, Invited talk, in: Proceedings of the Nuclear and Radiochemistry Symposium, NUCAR 2009, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay, India, 2009, pp. 56–57.