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Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still A. Muthu manokar a, A.E. Kabeel b, Ravishankar Sathyamurthy b,c,⇑, D. Mageshbabu d, B. Madhu d, P. Anand c, Parandhaman Balakrishnan d a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, Tamil Nadu, India Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India d Department of Mechanical Engineering, Velammal Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India b c
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 8 January 2020 Received in revised form 28 January 2020 Accepted 3 February 2020 Available online xxxx Keywords: Inclined solar still Yield Photovoltaic Thermal Power
a b s t r a c t This article conveys the effect of rate of flow by water (mf) over an inclined PV panel basin solar still (IPVPBSS) for improving the distilled water production. In this study, the PV panel is used as a basin of Inclined Solar Still (ISS) and the consequence of flow rate by sea water on yield and power production is experimentally analyzed. Three different flow rates were analyzed for the present study (4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr). Results showed that on increasing the rate of flow the distillate output produced from the IPVPBSS decreases, whereas, the power production increases as the panel temperature is an influential parameter. Similarly, the daily thermal efficiency of the IPVPBSS decreases with increasing the flow rate. The daily yield from the IPVPBSS decreases by 27 and 57% for the flow rates of 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr respectively as compared to that of flow rate of 4.56 kg/hr. Also, from the economic analysis the cost of distilled water and payback period of the IPVPBSS decreases with minimum flow rate of water. Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Innovative Advancement in Engineering & Technology.
1. Introduction Water has become one of the mainly vital factors for individual to survive. Even though distillation process such as flash desalination and reverse osmosis techniques were used to produce large amount of fresh water in mass production, the initial cost is higher. Similarly, the rejection of brine water is higher while using these techniques and it cannot be used for any industrial and domestic applications [1–12]. The viable production of fresh water using similar technique has been developed by several researchers. The deficiency in getting fresh water is higher only in rural and coastal regions. One of the important sources for desalination is with the use of renewable energy as it is cheaper, eco-friendly and freely available in nature. Among various renewable energy sources, Con-
Abbreviations: IPVPBSS, inclined PV panel basin solar still; ISS, Inclined Solar Still; CSS, Conventional Solar Still. ⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Sathyamurthy).
ventional Solar Still (CSS) desalination is concentrated for producing potable drinking water as the cost of initial investment is lesser. Sathyamurthy et al. [7] surveyed the effect of integrating solar still with collector-based system. The review reveals that the solar still performance working under active condition depends on operating parameters such as flow rate of fluid medium in collector-based system and depth of water maintained in the solar still. It was also concluded that the payback period of the CSS is higher in the case of integration, while the efficiency of the CSS is increased at optimized parameters of collector-based system. Sathyamurthy et al. [13] theoretically optimized the flow rate of water in an ISS with baffles. Their study revealed that on increased flow rate of water in a baffled system reduced the yield of fresh water produced from solar still. A similar study on inclined baffle solar still was carried out experimentally by Nagarajan et al. [14]. Results from the baffled solar still that kept inclined showed that the at higher flow rates of sea water inside the rectangular enclosure, the potable water produced is reduced. Kumar et al. [15,16] carried out a numerical and experimental study on the effect of integrating pyramidal solar still with the ISS for improving the
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051 2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Innovative Advancement in Engineering & Technology.
Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051
2
A. Muthu manokar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
productivity and performance. Results showed that the incorporation of ISS with baffles enhanced the productivity by 32% as compared to the CSS. Results also revealed that on integrating CSS with ISS, the fresh water produced was higher at optimum operating condition of water depth maintained in CSS as 0.02 m and flow rate of 8.33 kg/hr from ISS. Panchal et al. [17] carried out the financial breakdown and exergy analysis of ISS integrated to triangular pyramid solar still. Results proved the payback period of ISS is higher as compared to solar still without integration. Also, the effect of integration reduced the cost of fresh water produced. Manokar et al. [18] carried out an experimental analysis on the effect of insulation in an IPVPBSS for reducing the PV cover temperature and increasing the productivity of fresh water. Results showed that the incorporation of insulation at the bottom of PV panel increases the distillation efficiency, whereas, the electrical efficiency decreases. Sasikumar et al. [19] studied the effect of mass flow rate varied in passive type inclined PV panel solar still their study also revealed that on increased flow rates of water over the panel surface, there is a reduction in fresh water produced. Kabeel et al. [20] proposed an inclined PV panel solar still with phase change material as energy storage which is kept underneath the PV panel. Similarly, the effect of cover cooling on inclined PV panel solar still with PCM was experimentally analyzed by Kabeel et al. [21]. Winston et al. [22] researched the effect of integration of electrical heater in a conventional solar still by externally assisted PV panel with cover cooling. From the experimental analysis it was found that the PV panel efficiency improves with cover cooling, while the distillation efficiency and yield improved by electrical heater and the heat extracted from the cover of PV panel. In the present study, the effect of mf on IPVPBSS is experimentally analyzed. Also, a detailed economic breakdown was performing to assess the cost of distilled water and payback period of the IPVPBSS. 2. Experimental setup The schematic representation of IPVPBSS is shown in Fig. 1. The IPVPBSS is fabricated with a dimension of 1.8 0.92 m2 and placed with an inclination of 13° to the horizon which is the latitude of Chennai. Flow arrangements for flowing the water were provided at the top of the IPVPBSS and fed through gravity flow method (Free flow). It is ensured that the panel surface is completely covered by the flowing water. Control valve is kept before the inlet of ISS and the rate of flow is regulated. Storage container with a capacity of 50 L is used to provide the constant supply of water inside the PV panel. To avoid addition of heat due to solar intensity, the storage tank a proper insulation is provided. The flexible hoses are properly insulated with glass wool to avoid heat gain. The vapor condensed on the inner cover surface is collected in the
Fig. 1. Representation drawing of the IPVPBSS.
distillate collector which is provided at the lower end of the inclined cover. Temperature are measured using PT100 RTD sensor, while the ambient parameters such as solar intensity and wind rate are measured using sophisticated instruments such as solar meter and anemometer respectively. The errors in the measuring instruments are found to be 1.1, 1.5 and 3.1% for thermocouple, anemometer and solar meter respectively. Experiments were conducted during the period of June-July 2017 between 9 AM and 5 PM and the average values are taken and clear sky conditions is taken into account. 3. Methodology The PV panel is made as an absorber plate of inclined solar still and experiments are conducted by flowing water on PV panel at different flow rates. The flow rate of water over the basin is varied from 4.68 to 10.08 kg/hr and the temperature of PV panel is constantly monitored every 1 hr. Similarly, the glass temperature, inlet temperature and outlet temperature are measured every 1 hr. To assess the electrical performance, the current and voltage of PV panel are measured. 4. Results and discussion The diurnal variations in ambient parameters such as solar irradiance, ambient temperature and wind speed during the experiments is shown in Fig. 2. From the Fig. 2 it could be identified that the solar intensity and ambient temperature are maximum to about 987 W/m2 and 37.8 °C respectively. Also, the average wind velocity during the experiments is found to be 1.7 to 1.9 m/s. The entire experiments are conducted at the same similar condition of solar intensity and ambient temperature. The hourly changes in water and panel temperature for different flow rates of water is shown in Fig. 3. With a possible increase in the flow rate inside the PV basin decreases the hourly water temperature as the heat carried away by the flowing water is minimized. The maximum water temperature and panel temperature for 4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr are found to be 65, 61 and 58 °C and 64, 57 and 53 °C respectively. The reduction in panel temperature with increased flow rate leads to the increase in power production. This phenomenon clearly tells that at higher flow rates heat from the panel cover is extracted by the flowing cold water closer to the ambient conditions. There is an increase of about 8.63 and 14.72% in the electrical efficiency for the mf at 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, respectively as compared to the minimum flow rate. Similarly, the distilled water production from the IPVPBSS is reduced by 27.03 and 56.76% for flow rate of 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, respectively as compared to the minimum flow rate. The diurnal changes in the hourly and cumulative yield for different mf are shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b) respectively. From the Fig. 4 (a) it is able to be identified that the hourly distilled water production from the IPVPBSS at a minimum mf produced the maximum hourly yield of about 0.8 kg whereas, for 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr of flow rates produced a maximum hourly yield of 0.6 and 0.5 kg respectively during the peak solar intensity. There is a decrease in maximum hourly yield of 25 and 50% for the mf at 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, respectively on comparing with that of 4.68 kg/hr flow rate. The minimum mf in the IPVPBSS would increases the contact duration between the panel and inlet water which outcome in higher water temperature and hence produced the higher yield than the other two mf. From the Fig. 4(b) it can be identified that the daily cumulative yield from the IPVPBSS is minimum at the maximum flow rate. The daily cumulative yield of 4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr are found to be 3.7, 2.7 and 1.6 kg, respectively. There is the decrease in daily
Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051
A. Muthu manokar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 2. Diurnal variations in solar irradiance, ambient temperature and wind speed.
Fig. 3. Diurnal variations in water and panel temperature.
Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051
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Fig. 4. Diurnal variations in hourly and cumulative yield from the IPVPBSS at different mf.
Fig. 5. Diurnal variations in solar still and panel efficiency at different mf.
cumulative yield of 27 and 57% for the mf at 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, respectively as compared to the mf at 4.68 kg/hr. Fig. 5(a) and (b) shows the variations in the thermal efficiency of solar still and electrical efficiency of the panel with respect to the characteristic ambient parameters.
The cost analysis of different solar still is presented in detail in the review of Kabeel et al. [23] From their literature, it was found that the Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) is an important parameter as it is influenced by the rate of interest and life of solar still, and the total annual cost is influenced by the annual first cost (AFC), maintenance and salvage cost. Mathematically the AFC is given as,
ð1Þ
where, n
CRF ¼
ið1 þ iÞ n ð1 þ iÞ 1
ð2Þ
While the annual maintenance and salvage is given as,
Annual maintenanceðAMÞ ¼ 0:15 AFC
ð4Þ
The Sinking Fund Factor is expressed as,
SFF ¼
i n ð1 þ iÞ 1
ð5Þ
Similarly, the return of investment of the IPVPBSS is described as payback period and mathematically it is expressed as,
5. Economic analysis
AFC ¼ CRF Initial investment
Annual SalvageðASÞ ¼ S SFF
ð3Þ
np ¼
ln
CF CFðAFCiÞ
lnð1 þ iÞ
ð6Þ
where, CF–cash flow, AFC–Annual First Cost, i–Interest rate The Fig. 6 shows the variations in the payback period corresponds to the yield from the IPVPBSS for constant parameters of interest rate ad life of solar still at different mf. The annual yield from the IPVPBSS is estimated to 280 clear sky conditions. It is identified that the daily distilled water production was increases for the IPVPBSS with minimum flow rate reduced the net pay back period, while the average clear sky conditions were estimated to
Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051
A. Muthu manokar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
5
References
Fig. 6. Comparison of yield and payback period of the IPVPBSS with constant rate of interest and life of IPVPBSS for different mf.
280 days throughout the year. Similarly, the net pay back period of the IPVPBSS is increasing with increase in mf as a prime parameter. The net payback period of IPVPBSS with mf of 4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, were found to be 32, 40 and 80 months, respectively.
6. Conclusions The following conclusions are arrived from the present study as follows: On increasing the flow rate a negative impact on the performance of the IPVPBSS is observed while a positive impact on the performance of the PV panel is observed. On increasing the flow rate from 4.68 to 10.08 kg/hr, the PV panel temperature is reduced from 64 to 53 °C and the performance of the PV panel is increased. The maximum distilled water production of 3.7 kg was obtained at the minimum mf. While changing the flow rates from 4.68 to 10.08 kg/hr, the daily distilled water production reduced from 3.7 to 1.6 kg respectively. The payback period of the IPVPBSS is quicker when the flow rate is minimized as the fresh water yield produced is higher. The payback period for solar still operated with 4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr flow rates are found as 32, 40 and 80 months respectively.
CRediT authorship contribution statement A. Muthu manokar: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. A.E. Kabeel: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. Ravishankar Sathyamurthy: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. D. Mageshbabu: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. B. Madhu: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. P. Anand: Writing - review & editing. Parandhaman Balakrishnan: Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
[1] A.M. Manokar, D.P. Winston, A.E. Kabeel, S.A. El-Agouz, R. Sathyamurthy, T. Arunkumar, B. Madhu, A. Ahsan, Integrated PV/T solar still-a mini-review, Desalination 435 (2018) 259–267. [2] A.E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy, A.M. Manokar, S.W. Sharshir, F.A. Essa, A.H. Elshiekh, Experimental study on tubular solar still using graphene oxide nano particles in phase change material (NPCM’s) for fresh water production, J. Storage Mater. 28 (2020) 101204. [3] A.M. Manokar, Y. Taamneh, A.E. Kabeel, D.P. Winston, P. Vijayabalan, D. Balaji, R. Sathyamurthy, S.P. Sundar, D. Mageshbabu, Effect of water depth and insulation on the productivity of an acrylic pyramid solar still–an experimental study, Groundwater Sustainable Dev. 10 (2020) 100319. [4] S.A. Kumar, P.S. Mohan Kumar, R. Sathyamurthy, A.M. Manokar, Experimental investigation on pyramid solar still with single and double collector cover— comparative study, Heat Transfer—Asian Res. 49 (1) (2020) 103–119. [5] A.E. Kabeel, E.S. 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Ahsan, Effects of concentrator type and encapsulated phase change material on the performance of different solar stills: an experimental approach, Desalin. Water Treat. 87 (2017) 1–13. [9] R. Sathyamurthy, P.K. Nagarajan, D. Vijayakumar, Experimental validation of fresh water production using triangular pyramid solar still with PCM storage, Int. J. Eng. Res. Afr. 20 (2016) 51–58. [10] H. Panchal, R. Sathyamurthy, Experimental analysis of single-basin solar still with porous fins, Int. J. Ambient Energy (2017) 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01430750.2017.1360206. [11] T. Arunkumar, R. Velraj, D.C. Denkenberger, R. Sathyamurthy, Influence of crescent shaped absorber in water desalting system, Desalination 398 (2016) 208–213. [12] T. Arunkumar, R. Velraj, A. Ahsan, A.J.N. Khalifa, S. Shams, D. Denkenberger, R. Sathyamurthy, Effect of parabolic solar energy collectors for water distillation, Desalin. Water Treat. 57 (45) (2016) 21234–21242. [13] R. Sathyamurthy, D.H. Samuel, P.K. 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Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still A. Muthu manokar a, A.E. Kabeel b, Ravishankar Sathyamurthy b,c,⇑, D. Mageshbabu d, B. Madhu d, P. Anand c, Parandhaman Balakrishnan d a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, Tamil Nadu, India Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India d Department of Mechanical Engineering, Velammal Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India b c
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 8 January 2020 Received in revised form 28 January 2020 Accepted 3 February 2020 Available online xxxx Keywords: Inclined solar still Yield Photovoltaic Thermal Power
a b s t r a c t This article conveys the effect of rate of flow by water (mf) over an inclined PV panel basin solar still (IPVPBSS) for improving the distilled water production. In this study, the PV panel is used as a basin of Inclined Solar Still (ISS) and the consequence of flow rate by sea water on yield and power production is experimentally analyzed. Three different flow rates were analyzed for the present study (4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr). Results showed that on increasing the rate of flow the distillate output produced from the IPVPBSS decreases, whereas, the power production increases as the panel temperature is an influential parameter. Similarly, the daily thermal efficiency of the IPVPBSS decreases with increasing the flow rate. The daily yield from the IPVPBSS decreases by 27 and 57% for the flow rates of 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr respectively as compared to that of flow rate of 4.56 kg/hr. Also, from the economic analysis the cost of distilled water and payback period of the IPVPBSS decreases with minimum flow rate of water. Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Innovative Advancement in Engineering & Technology.
1. Introduction Water has become one of the mainly vital factors for individual to survive. Even though distillation process such as flash desalination and reverse osmosis techniques were used to produce large amount of fresh water in mass production, the initial cost is higher. Similarly, the rejection of brine water is higher while using these techniques and it cannot be used for any industrial and domestic applications [1–12]. The viable production of fresh water using similar technique has been developed by several researchers. The deficiency in getting fresh water is higher only in rural and coastal regions. One of the important sources for desalination is with the use of renewable energy as it is cheaper, eco-friendly and freely available in nature. Among various renewable energy sources, Con-
Abbreviations: IPVPBSS, inclined PV panel basin solar still; ISS, Inclined Solar Still; CSS, Conventional Solar Still. ⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai 603103, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Sathyamurthy).
ventional Solar Still (CSS) desalination is concentrated for producing potable drinking water as the cost of initial investment is lesser. Sathyamurthy et al. [7] surveyed the effect of integrating solar still with collector-based system. The review reveals that the solar still performance working under active condition depends on operating parameters such as flow rate of fluid medium in collector-based system and depth of water maintained in the solar still. It was also concluded that the payback period of the CSS is higher in the case of integration, while the efficiency of the CSS is increased at optimized parameters of collector-based system. Sathyamurthy et al. [13] theoretically optimized the flow rate of water in an ISS with baffles. Their study revealed that on increased flow rate of water in a baffled system reduced the yield of fresh water produced from solar still. A similar study on inclined baffle solar still was carried out experimentally by Nagarajan et al. [14]. Results from the baffled solar still that kept inclined showed that the at higher flow rates of sea water inside the rectangular enclosure, the potable water produced is reduced. Kumar et al. [15,16] carried out a numerical and experimental study on the effect of integrating pyramidal solar still with the ISS for improving the
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051 2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Innovative Advancement in Engineering & Technology.
Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051
2
A. Muthu manokar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
productivity and performance. Results showed that the incorporation of ISS with baffles enhanced the productivity by 32% as compared to the CSS. Results also revealed that on integrating CSS with ISS, the fresh water produced was higher at optimum operating condition of water depth maintained in CSS as 0.02 m and flow rate of 8.33 kg/hr from ISS. Panchal et al. [17] carried out the financial breakdown and exergy analysis of ISS integrated to triangular pyramid solar still. Results proved the payback period of ISS is higher as compared to solar still without integration. Also, the effect of integration reduced the cost of fresh water produced. Manokar et al. [18] carried out an experimental analysis on the effect of insulation in an IPVPBSS for reducing the PV cover temperature and increasing the productivity of fresh water. Results showed that the incorporation of insulation at the bottom of PV panel increases the distillation efficiency, whereas, the electrical efficiency decreases. Sasikumar et al. [19] studied the effect of mass flow rate varied in passive type inclined PV panel solar still their study also revealed that on increased flow rates of water over the panel surface, there is a reduction in fresh water produced. Kabeel et al. [20] proposed an inclined PV panel solar still with phase change material as energy storage which is kept underneath the PV panel. Similarly, the effect of cover cooling on inclined PV panel solar still with PCM was experimentally analyzed by Kabeel et al. [21]. Winston et al. [22] researched the effect of integration of electrical heater in a conventional solar still by externally assisted PV panel with cover cooling. From the experimental analysis it was found that the PV panel efficiency improves with cover cooling, while the distillation efficiency and yield improved by electrical heater and the heat extracted from the cover of PV panel. In the present study, the effect of mf on IPVPBSS is experimentally analyzed. Also, a detailed economic breakdown was performing to assess the cost of distilled water and payback period of the IPVPBSS. 2. Experimental setup The schematic representation of IPVPBSS is shown in Fig. 1. The IPVPBSS is fabricated with a dimension of 1.8 0.92 m2 and placed with an inclination of 13° to the horizon which is the latitude of Chennai. Flow arrangements for flowing the water were provided at the top of the IPVPBSS and fed through gravity flow method (Free flow). It is ensured that the panel surface is completely covered by the flowing water. Control valve is kept before the inlet of ISS and the rate of flow is regulated. Storage container with a capacity of 50 L is used to provide the constant supply of water inside the PV panel. To avoid addition of heat due to solar intensity, the storage tank a proper insulation is provided. The flexible hoses are properly insulated with glass wool to avoid heat gain. The vapor condensed on the inner cover surface is collected in the
Fig. 1. Representation drawing of the IPVPBSS.
distillate collector which is provided at the lower end of the inclined cover. Temperature are measured using PT100 RTD sensor, while the ambient parameters such as solar intensity and wind rate are measured using sophisticated instruments such as solar meter and anemometer respectively. The errors in the measuring instruments are found to be 1.1, 1.5 and 3.1% for thermocouple, anemometer and solar meter respectively. Experiments were conducted during the period of June-July 2017 between 9 AM and 5 PM and the average values are taken and clear sky conditions is taken into account. 3. Methodology The PV panel is made as an absorber plate of inclined solar still and experiments are conducted by flowing water on PV panel at different flow rates. The flow rate of water over the basin is varied from 4.68 to 10.08 kg/hr and the temperature of PV panel is constantly monitored every 1 hr. Similarly, the glass temperature, inlet temperature and outlet temperature are measured every 1 hr. To assess the electrical performance, the current and voltage of PV panel are measured. 4. Results and discussion The diurnal variations in ambient parameters such as solar irradiance, ambient temperature and wind speed during the experiments is shown in Fig. 2. From the Fig. 2 it could be identified that the solar intensity and ambient temperature are maximum to about 987 W/m2 and 37.8 °C respectively. Also, the average wind velocity during the experiments is found to be 1.7 to 1.9 m/s. The entire experiments are conducted at the same similar condition of solar intensity and ambient temperature. The hourly changes in water and panel temperature for different flow rates of water is shown in Fig. 3. With a possible increase in the flow rate inside the PV basin decreases the hourly water temperature as the heat carried away by the flowing water is minimized. The maximum water temperature and panel temperature for 4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr are found to be 65, 61 and 58 °C and 64, 57 and 53 °C respectively. The reduction in panel temperature with increased flow rate leads to the increase in power production. This phenomenon clearly tells that at higher flow rates heat from the panel cover is extracted by the flowing cold water closer to the ambient conditions. There is an increase of about 8.63 and 14.72% in the electrical efficiency for the mf at 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, respectively as compared to the minimum flow rate. Similarly, the distilled water production from the IPVPBSS is reduced by 27.03 and 56.76% for flow rate of 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, respectively as compared to the minimum flow rate. The diurnal changes in the hourly and cumulative yield for different mf are shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b) respectively. From the Fig. 4 (a) it is able to be identified that the hourly distilled water production from the IPVPBSS at a minimum mf produced the maximum hourly yield of about 0.8 kg whereas, for 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr of flow rates produced a maximum hourly yield of 0.6 and 0.5 kg respectively during the peak solar intensity. There is a decrease in maximum hourly yield of 25 and 50% for the mf at 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, respectively on comparing with that of 4.68 kg/hr flow rate. The minimum mf in the IPVPBSS would increases the contact duration between the panel and inlet water which outcome in higher water temperature and hence produced the higher yield than the other two mf. From the Fig. 4(b) it can be identified that the daily cumulative yield from the IPVPBSS is minimum at the maximum flow rate. The daily cumulative yield of 4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr are found to be 3.7, 2.7 and 1.6 kg, respectively. There is the decrease in daily
Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051
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Fig. 2. Diurnal variations in solar irradiance, ambient temperature and wind speed.
Fig. 3. Diurnal variations in water and panel temperature.
Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051
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Fig. 4. Diurnal variations in hourly and cumulative yield from the IPVPBSS at different mf.
Fig. 5. Diurnal variations in solar still and panel efficiency at different mf.
cumulative yield of 27 and 57% for the mf at 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, respectively as compared to the mf at 4.68 kg/hr. Fig. 5(a) and (b) shows the variations in the thermal efficiency of solar still and electrical efficiency of the panel with respect to the characteristic ambient parameters.
The cost analysis of different solar still is presented in detail in the review of Kabeel et al. [23] From their literature, it was found that the Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) is an important parameter as it is influenced by the rate of interest and life of solar still, and the total annual cost is influenced by the annual first cost (AFC), maintenance and salvage cost. Mathematically the AFC is given as,
ð1Þ
where, n
CRF ¼
ið1 þ iÞ n ð1 þ iÞ 1
ð2Þ
While the annual maintenance and salvage is given as,
Annual maintenanceðAMÞ ¼ 0:15 AFC
ð4Þ
The Sinking Fund Factor is expressed as,
SFF ¼
i n ð1 þ iÞ 1
ð5Þ
Similarly, the return of investment of the IPVPBSS is described as payback period and mathematically it is expressed as,
5. Economic analysis
AFC ¼ CRF Initial investment
Annual SalvageðASÞ ¼ S SFF
ð3Þ
np ¼
ln
CF CFðAFCiÞ
lnð1 þ iÞ
ð6Þ
where, CF–cash flow, AFC–Annual First Cost, i–Interest rate The Fig. 6 shows the variations in the payback period corresponds to the yield from the IPVPBSS for constant parameters of interest rate ad life of solar still at different mf. The annual yield from the IPVPBSS is estimated to 280 clear sky conditions. It is identified that the daily distilled water production was increases for the IPVPBSS with minimum flow rate reduced the net pay back period, while the average clear sky conditions were estimated to
Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051
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References
Fig. 6. Comparison of yield and payback period of the IPVPBSS with constant rate of interest and life of IPVPBSS for different mf.
280 days throughout the year. Similarly, the net pay back period of the IPVPBSS is increasing with increase in mf as a prime parameter. The net payback period of IPVPBSS with mf of 4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr, were found to be 32, 40 and 80 months, respectively.
6. Conclusions The following conclusions are arrived from the present study as follows: On increasing the flow rate a negative impact on the performance of the IPVPBSS is observed while a positive impact on the performance of the PV panel is observed. On increasing the flow rate from 4.68 to 10.08 kg/hr, the PV panel temperature is reduced from 64 to 53 °C and the performance of the PV panel is increased. The maximum distilled water production of 3.7 kg was obtained at the minimum mf. While changing the flow rates from 4.68 to 10.08 kg/hr, the daily distilled water production reduced from 3.7 to 1.6 kg respectively. The payback period of the IPVPBSS is quicker when the flow rate is minimized as the fresh water yield produced is higher. The payback period for solar still operated with 4.68, 7.56 and 10.08 kg/hr flow rates are found as 32, 40 and 80 months respectively.
CRediT authorship contribution statement A. Muthu manokar: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. A.E. Kabeel: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. Ravishankar Sathyamurthy: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. D. Mageshbabu: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. B. Madhu: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. P. Anand: Writing - review & editing. Parandhaman Balakrishnan: Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Please cite this article as: A. Muthu manokar, A. E. Kabeel, R. Sathyamurthy et al., Effect of mass flow rate on fresh water improvement from inclined PV panel basin solar still, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.051