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Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on Breastfeeding Infants’ Growth and Body Composition
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25
POSTER SESSION: WELLNESS AND PUBLIC HEALTH TITLE: FACTORS INFLUENCING DIETARY INTAKE AND BODY MASS INDEX AMONG CZECH SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AUTHOR(S): L. Humenikova, MS; G.E. Gates, PhD, RD; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK LEARNING OUTCOME: To explore social and environmental factors that influence food choices among school-aged children in the Czech Republic. TEXT: Given the low nutrient-dense traditional Czech diet and recent influx of fast foods, it is surprising that Czech children have lower BMI than Americans. This suggests that there are cultural, social and environmental factors that contribute to the lower prevalence of obesity among Czech children. Data came from a convenience sample of 16 mothers and their children. Mothers completed a questionnaire including parenting style, food socialization and preparation practices, anthropometrics and demographics. Children provided two 24-hour recalls, body weight, height, age, body image perceptions, and a physical activity checklist (SAPAC). Mean BMI was 23.6⫾3.84 for mothers and 19.0⫾3.87 for children. Mothers scored 37 on the positive parenting style scale (range 11– 44) and 11.4 on the negative parenting style (range 5–20). Most mothers who always prepared a snack for their children included fruit. Frequent family dinners were reported by nearly 40% of mothers during the week and by most on the weekends. Fresh potatoes, carrots, apples, bananas and frozen mixed vegetables were available in nearly all households. However, reported fruit/vegetable intake of children was below the recommended amount. Czech children exercised for about 1 hour and watched TV/computer for 2 hours daily. The results of this study contribute to the existing literature on childhood obesity by exploring factors that may be responsible for lower BMI among Czech children. Future research will focus on the comparison of these social, environmental and cultural factors between Czech and American children. FUNDING DISCLOSURE: None
TITLE: FACTORS INFLUENCING LOW-INCOME MOTHERS’ DECISIONS ON WHEN AND WHY TO INTRODUCE SOLID FOODS TO THEIR INFANTS AUTHOR(S): B.H. Olson, PhD; K.A. Shirer, PhD; H.E. Brophy-Herb, PhD; M.A. Horodynski, PhD, RNC; Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Family and Child Ecology, and College of Nursing; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI LEARNING OUTCOME: Following the presentation, the participants will be able to identify factors influencing mothers’ decisions on introducing solid foods to their infants, and how those influences differ with race, parity and other factors. TEXT: Low-income mothers introduce solid foods to their infants earlier than recommended. Previous research indicates mothers know the recommendations but do not follow them. In preparation for the development of an intervention to delay solid food introduction, we conducted focus groups with African American (AfrAm) and white (Wh) mothers, enrolled in Medicaid, with infants 0 –12 months old. Participants (N⫽17) were 20 – 41 years old, 1/3 were married, and most were not employed. Mothers had heard of the recommendation to introduce solid foods no earlier than 4 – 6 months of age, recognized developmental cues as one reason for not introducing solids earlier, and expressed agreement with the recommendation. However, many women did not consider use of small amounts of cereal (commonly given in a formula bottle) or other soft baby foods as introduction of solids. Reasons for introduction of solids included: belief the baby was drinking too much or not getting enough calories from formula or breast milk, to help the baby to sleep through the night, and medical conditions (e.g. acid reflux). Main sources of feeding advice were doctors and female relatives. AfrAm’s were more likely to value advice from their mothers, while Wh’s were more likely to value advice from sisters or peers. Women indicated they would consider a later introduction of solids if given information that early introduction would harm their infants. Education to delay introduction of solids must address mothers’ definition of solids, perceived needs for solids, and the value they place on advice from others. FUNDING DISCLOSURE: Federal Medicaid
TITLE: TELEVISED FOOD ADS AND CHILDREN: WHAT DO THEY REQUEST AND WHAT DO PARENTS BUY? AUTHOR(S): K.Y. Heendeniya, MS, RD; J.W. Gloeckner, PhD, RD; T.L. Wagner, PhD, RD; D.L. Sutton, PhD; R.E. Lee, PhD; USDA, ARS, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD; James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA LEARNING OUTCOME: To increase the awareness of the impact of television viewing on children’s requests for specific foods and the parental response to those specific requests. TEXT: Television has heavily influenced Americans for years. Children in the United States spend more time watching television than in any other activity except sleep. Past research indicated that television viewing greatly influences children’s attitudes toward food choices. This study sought to investigate how children’s television viewing influences their food requests, the parental purchase response to these requests, and whether children consume the requested food. Parents of 112 children ages four to eight years completed a survey on children’s television viewing habits and food requests, purchasing patterns of parents, and children’s consumption of requested foods. Two population proportion testing showed that children who viewed 14 hours or more of television per week requested foods seen on television more often than children who viewed less television (z⫽⫺4.98, p ⬍0.001). The most requested foods were cereals, fast foods, and other foods high in calories, fat, sugar, and sodium. Parents of children who rarely requested foods seen in television advertisements bought the items more often than parents of children who frequently requested foods (z⫽ ⫺4.8, p⬍0.001). Most (61%) of the requests occurred at the grocery store. Two-thirds of parents reported that their children typically consumed most of the requested foods served. Even though children in this study watched less television and requested foods less often than indicated in past research, it is still of concern that children are watching television, requesting foods seen, being successful in getting parents to purchase the foods, and consuming at least half of the served foods. FUNDING DISCLOSURE: None
A-66 / August 2005 Suppl 2—Abstracts Volume 105 Number 8
TITLE: EFFECT OF MATERNAL VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION ON BREASTFEEDING INFANTS’ GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION AUTHOR(S): S.A. Specht; K.L. Martin, MPH, RD; C.L. Wagner, MD; Dietetic Internship, General Clinical Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC LEARNING OUTCOME: To measure the benefits of Vitamin D supplementation in lactating women on the growth of their breastfed infants. TEXT: Hypovitaminosis D remains prevalent among US lactating women, despite twice the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of Vitamin D (200 International Units (I.U.)) in prenatal vitamins (PNV) and fortification of our food supply. We hypothesized that in a warm US climate (Charleston, SC), lactating women remain at risk for hypovitaminosis D. We also explored the influence of maternal Vitamin D supplementation 20 times the DRI (which has been proven safe) on infant growth and fat accretion. Twenty-five mothers were randomized to either 1600 I.U. (controls) or 3600 I.U. (intervention group) daily oral D2 at 1 month (baseline) until 4 months postpartum. All women received a standardized PNV containing 400 I.U. D3/day. Maternal serum circulating 25(OH)D3 was drawn at baseline. Infant whole-body Dual Beam X-Ray Absorptiometry scans and growth parameters were obtained at baseline and at 4 months of age. Information on maternal and infants diet, sunlight exposure and activity were also collected to evaluate environmental factors that affect Vitamin D status. Results indicated that 10 mothers were Vitamin D deficient at baseline (25(OH)D ⬍ 20 ng/mL), and 6 exhibited marginal deficiency (21– 30 ng/mL). Infants from the interventional group increased percent body fat significantly more than the control group (8.2⫾3.2 % vs. 5.1⫾3.8 %, p⬍0.05). Interventional group infants also gained greater head circumference (0.27 inches) and weight (0.59 pounds), though not significantly. Findings indicate that lactating women from warm US climates are susceptible to hypovitaminosis D. Daily maternal supplementation of 3600 I.U. is safe and may improve infant growth and fat accrual. FUNDING DISCLOSURE: None
POSTER SESSION: WELLNESS AND PUBLIC HEALTH TITLE: FACTORS INFLUENCING DIETARY INTAKE AND BODY MASS INDEX AMONG CZECH SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AUTHOR(S): L. Humenikova, MS; G.E. Gates, PhD, RD; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK LEARNING OUTCOME: To explore social and environmental factors that influence food choices among school-aged children in the Czech Republic. TEXT: Given the low nutrient-dense traditional Czech diet and recent influx of fast foods, it is surprising that Czech children have lower BMI than Americans. This suggests that there are cultural, social and environmental factors that contribute to the lower prevalence of obesity among Czech children. Data came from a convenience sample of 16 mothers and their children. Mothers completed a questionnaire including parenting style, food socialization and preparation practices, anthropometrics and demographics. Children provided two 24-hour recalls, body weight, height, age, body image perceptions, and a physical activity checklist (SAPAC). Mean BMI was 23.6⫾3.84 for mothers and 19.0⫾3.87 for children. Mothers scored 37 on the positive parenting style scale (range 11– 44) and 11.4 on the negative parenting style (range 5–20). Most mothers who always prepared a snack for their children included fruit. Frequent family dinners were reported by nearly 40% of mothers during the week and by most on the weekends. Fresh potatoes, carrots, apples, bananas and frozen mixed vegetables were available in nearly all households. However, reported fruit/vegetable intake of children was below the recommended amount. Czech children exercised for about 1 hour and watched TV/computer for 2 hours daily. The results of this study contribute to the existing literature on childhood obesity by exploring factors that may be responsible for lower BMI among Czech children. Future research will focus on the comparison of these social, environmental and cultural factors between Czech and American children. FUNDING DISCLOSURE: None
TITLE: FACTORS INFLUENCING LOW-INCOME MOTHERS’ DECISIONS ON WHEN AND WHY TO INTRODUCE SOLID FOODS TO THEIR INFANTS AUTHOR(S): B.H. Olson, PhD; K.A. Shirer, PhD; H.E. Brophy-Herb, PhD; M.A. Horodynski, PhD, RNC; Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Family and Child Ecology, and College of Nursing; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI LEARNING OUTCOME: Following the presentation, the participants will be able to identify factors influencing mothers’ decisions on introducing solid foods to their infants, and how those influences differ with race, parity and other factors. TEXT: Low-income mothers introduce solid foods to their infants earlier than recommended. Previous research indicates mothers know the recommendations but do not follow them. In preparation for the development of an intervention to delay solid food introduction, we conducted focus groups with African American (AfrAm) and white (Wh) mothers, enrolled in Medicaid, with infants 0 –12 months old. Participants (N⫽17) were 20 – 41 years old, 1/3 were married, and most were not employed. Mothers had heard of the recommendation to introduce solid foods no earlier than 4 – 6 months of age, recognized developmental cues as one reason for not introducing solids earlier, and expressed agreement with the recommendation. However, many women did not consider use of small amounts of cereal (commonly given in a formula bottle) or other soft baby foods as introduction of solids. Reasons for introduction of solids included: belief the baby was drinking too much or not getting enough calories from formula or breast milk, to help the baby to sleep through the night, and medical conditions (e.g. acid reflux). Main sources of feeding advice were doctors and female relatives. AfrAm’s were more likely to value advice from their mothers, while Wh’s were more likely to value advice from sisters or peers. Women indicated they would consider a later introduction of solids if given information that early introduction would harm their infants. Education to delay introduction of solids must address mothers’ definition of solids, perceived needs for solids, and the value they place on advice from others. FUNDING DISCLOSURE: Federal Medicaid
TITLE: TELEVISED FOOD ADS AND CHILDREN: WHAT DO THEY REQUEST AND WHAT DO PARENTS BUY? AUTHOR(S): K.Y. Heendeniya, MS, RD; J.W. Gloeckner, PhD, RD; T.L. Wagner, PhD, RD; D.L. Sutton, PhD; R.E. Lee, PhD; USDA, ARS, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD; James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA LEARNING OUTCOME: To increase the awareness of the impact of television viewing on children’s requests for specific foods and the parental response to those specific requests. TEXT: Television has heavily influenced Americans for years. Children in the United States spend more time watching television than in any other activity except sleep. Past research indicated that television viewing greatly influences children’s attitudes toward food choices. This study sought to investigate how children’s television viewing influences their food requests, the parental purchase response to these requests, and whether children consume the requested food. Parents of 112 children ages four to eight years completed a survey on children’s television viewing habits and food requests, purchasing patterns of parents, and children’s consumption of requested foods. Two population proportion testing showed that children who viewed 14 hours or more of television per week requested foods seen on television more often than children who viewed less television (z⫽⫺4.98, p ⬍0.001). The most requested foods were cereals, fast foods, and other foods high in calories, fat, sugar, and sodium. Parents of children who rarely requested foods seen in television advertisements bought the items more often than parents of children who frequently requested foods (z⫽ ⫺4.8, p⬍0.001). Most (61%) of the requests occurred at the grocery store. Two-thirds of parents reported that their children typically consumed most of the requested foods served. Even though children in this study watched less television and requested foods less often than indicated in past research, it is still of concern that children are watching television, requesting foods seen, being successful in getting parents to purchase the foods, and consuming at least half of the served foods. FUNDING DISCLOSURE: None
A-66 / August 2005 Suppl 2—Abstracts Volume 105 Number 8
TITLE: EFFECT OF MATERNAL VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION ON BREASTFEEDING INFANTS’ GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION AUTHOR(S): S.A. Specht; K.L. Martin, MPH, RD; C.L. Wagner, MD; Dietetic Internship, General Clinical Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC LEARNING OUTCOME: To measure the benefits of Vitamin D supplementation in lactating women on the growth of their breastfed infants. TEXT: Hypovitaminosis D remains prevalent among US lactating women, despite twice the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of Vitamin D (200 International Units (I.U.)) in prenatal vitamins (PNV) and fortification of our food supply. We hypothesized that in a warm US climate (Charleston, SC), lactating women remain at risk for hypovitaminosis D. We also explored the influence of maternal Vitamin D supplementation 20 times the DRI (which has been proven safe) on infant growth and fat accretion. Twenty-five mothers were randomized to either 1600 I.U. (controls) or 3600 I.U. (intervention group) daily oral D2 at 1 month (baseline) until 4 months postpartum. All women received a standardized PNV containing 400 I.U. D3/day. Maternal serum circulating 25(OH)D3 was drawn at baseline. Infant whole-body Dual Beam X-Ray Absorptiometry scans and growth parameters were obtained at baseline and at 4 months of age. Information on maternal and infants diet, sunlight exposure and activity were also collected to evaluate environmental factors that affect Vitamin D status. Results indicated that 10 mothers were Vitamin D deficient at baseline (25(OH)D ⬍ 20 ng/mL), and 6 exhibited marginal deficiency (21– 30 ng/mL). Infants from the interventional group increased percent body fat significantly more than the control group (8.2⫾3.2 % vs. 5.1⫾3.8 %, p⬍0.05). Interventional group infants also gained greater head circumference (0.27 inches) and weight (0.59 pounds), though not significantly. Findings indicate that lactating women from warm US climates are susceptible to hypovitaminosis D. Daily maternal supplementation of 3600 I.U. is safe and may improve infant growth and fat accrual. FUNDING DISCLOSURE: None