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Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review
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Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review Ashish Dewangan a,b,⇑, Ashis Mallick b, Ashok Kumar Yadav c, Amit Kumar Richhariya a a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad, India b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 26 October 2019 Received in revised form 10 December 2019 Accepted 13 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Diesel engine Metal oxide nanoparticles Biodiesel Engine parameters Performance and emission
a b s t r a c t In today’s growing population, it can be easily formulated that fossil fuels will eventually get depleted one day; which increases the need for an alternative fuel to satisfy the energy demands of the world. Bio-diesel is one of the prime available sources to fulfil the demand. With the use of alternate fuels such as biodiesel, environmental emission can be reduced but with a slight compromise of decrease in engine performance. There is additional scope for improvement in fuel properties and engine characteristics by addition of metal oxide nanoparticles as fuel additives. Improvement in engine performance may also be achieved by varying the engine operating parameters such as compression ratio (CR), injection timing (IT) and injection pressure (IP) which are used in improving the engine performance. Hence, in the current paper, the effect of operating parameters CR, IT and IP on the engine performance and also along with some other parameters as modification of combustion chamber shapes, nozzle geometry and addition of oxygenated additives on engine performance has been explained. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Mechanical and Energy Technologies.
1. Introduction In the world of rapid modernization and industrialization, the demand of energy of developing nation has been steeply increases. The most of these energy requirements is fulfilled by the petroleum products. In India, the demand of energy is raising at the average rate of 6.5% annually. The 80% demand of crude oil of India is fulfilled by imports from other countries. Petroleum fuels are derived from fossil fuel sources and these sources are limited. Due to excessive energy demand, fossil fuel sources are depleting rapidly. Therefore, energy security is being the critical and important issue for the nation. Also it has environment concern as its utilization leads to emission which causes environment pollution. However, if no serious action has been taken then it is predicted that up to 2030 the greenhouse gases originated from petroleum sources will rise by almost 39%. To overcome these problems several developed and developing countries have advanced their research work on alternative fuels which are renewable and ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Dewangan).
sustainable in nature and also cause less emission in environment. Biodiesel has emerged as best alternative fuel to the existing diesel engine. It is produced from vegetable oil, plant seed, animal fats and microalgae as well [1,59,62]. The recent auto fuel policy document states that bio-fuels are efficient, eco-friendly and 100% natural energy alternative to petroleum fuels Biodiesel has all desirable properties as it is non-toxic, biodegradable, efficient and eco-friendly in nature. Therefore, the use of biodiesel has gained the pace in all over the world. The prediction of biofuel consumption in 2023 in various sectors is shown in Fig. 1 [59]. Viscosity and auto ignition temperature of biodiesel is high compared to diesel, which is the main complication for biodiesel to be used as a potential fuel. This difficulty can be overcome by using small portions of oxygenated additives like diethyl ether (DEE) and n-butanol. The additive keeps the lubrication at sufficient levels and also facilitates in increasing the fuel bond oxygen. When the engine is fuelled with biodiesel, the performance downgrades and the NOx emission level increases. Changing the operating parameters (Compression Ratio, Injection Pressure and Injection Timing) can be done to overcome these difficulties. The design and operating parameters include high compression ratio
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Mechanical and Energy Technologies.
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
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Fig. 1. Renewable consumption in transport in 2023.
(CR), improved fuel injection techniques, air management methods, combustion chamber design, improved oil control, adiabatic engine, etc. Performance of diesel engine can be affected by changing the operating parameters- CR, IP and IT by using different biodiesel or by mixing additives. This study is focussed on improving the performance of CI engine by using different metal oxides such as Cerium oxide (CeO2), Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), manganese oxide (MnO), copper oxide (CuO) and Carbon nano tube (CNT) as well as by varying operating parameters mainly compression ratio (CR), injection pressure (IP) and injection timing (IT) which also helpful in reducing exhaust emissions of engine. 2. Effect of engine parameters 2.1. Effect of compression ratio Balakrishnan [2] studied biodiesel with producer gas and observed 12.81% decrease in BSEC and 28.1% increase in BTE for CR at 20. Sayin et al. [3] has shown that increase in BSFC and NOx emission and decrease in BTE, HC, CO and smoke with the increase in percentage of biodiesel blends. Further, with the increase in values of CR, IP and IT results in rise in BSFC and BTE and decrease in exhaust emissions. Kassaby et al. [4] reported the percentage rise in BTE for Biodiesel blends of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% volume as 18.39%, 27.48%, 18.5%, and 19.82% respectively for increase in CR. For increase in CR from 14 to 18, 36.84% increase was reported in NOx and 52% and 37.5% reduction in HC and CO emissions. Also ignition delay period was observed to be reduced by 13.95% with the increase in CR. Rath et al. [5] stated the decrease in EGT and BSFC for increase in CR from 16 to 18 with karanja oil biodiesel blends (K10 and K20) in CI engine at full load condition. Jose et al. [6] have done experiment with rubber seed oil biodiesel in CI engine and found the maximum efficiency as 35.96% and reported that with rise in the value of CR, the EGT, NOx and CO decreases. Miraculas et al. [7] have reported that at higher biofuel blends with rise in value of CR, the NOx emission increases but CO and HC emissions decreases. Muralidharan and Vasudevan [8] have found higher BTE and lower SFC for waste cooking oil (B40) biodiesel compared to diesel fuel at high CR. 2.2. Effect of injection pressure Puhan et al. [9] have performed combustion and emission analysis in a DI diesel engine with high linolenic-lenseed oil methyl ester and found that at optimum IP of 240 bar, BTE was higher
and HC, CO, smoke emission were observed to be lower. However, the NOx emission was reported to be increased. Venkanna et al. [10] stated that at large value of IP, the pongamia biodiesel blend at 30% shows better performance and emission characteristics compared to diesel. Imtenan et al. [11] have reported a reduction of 18% and 9% in BSFC and BTE respectively at higher IP. They further concluded that with increase in IP, the HC and CO is lowered by 50% and NOx is by 28%. Gumus et al. [12] have found that at IP of 24 MPa, the BTE obtained was maximum and the BSFC was minimum at the blends of B100. At higher blends of biodiesel and at larger value of IP, the BSFC, CO2 and NOx emission was reported to be lower. At the same IP, the HC was lowered by 0.03 g/kWh and CO was lowered by 1.33 g/kWh. They also found that for biodiesel B100, at IP of 18, 20, 22 and 24 MPa, the NOx emission were 2.04, 1.76, 0.95 and 1.91 g/kWh respectively. Sayin and Canakci [13,14] used canola oil methyl esters (COME) blends in diesel engine and performed experiments at different IP of 18, 20, 22 and 24 MPa. They showed improved performance (BTE, BSEC, BSFC) and reduced emissions (except NOx) at IP of 24 MPa. At IP of 200 bar, soybean biodiesel (S20) and corn biodiesel (C20) shows higher BTE and the lower BSFC [54,57,58]. Ozturk [16] has seen that BSFC and BTE was not affected by 5% canola oil–hazelnut soap-stock biodiesel blends at all loads. HC, CO and smoke emission decreases at this blends but NOx emission slightly increases. At 10% blends, it negatively affects the BSFC and BTE and at all loads HC, smoke emission slightly increases at this blend but no substantial change was observed in CO emission. Fuel IP has important role in lowering the NOx along with slightly rise in smoke emission. At standard IP with retarding IT is the optimum operating parametric combination for NOx reduction. Shehata et al. [15,53] conducted experiments taking various engine loads and speeds with Soybean and Corn biodiesel blends (S20 and C20) with IP of 180, 190 and 200 bar. At 200 bar IP and at maximum load, BTE was observed to be maximum and BSFC to be minimum. 2.3. Effect of injection timing Ashrafur et al. [18] have conducted experiments with alternative fuels such as biodiesel, alcohol etc. and found that by advancement on IT, the BTE and EGT increases while the BSFC decreases. Also CO, HC was observed to be decreases and NOx to be increases. Sayin et al. [19] found that by advance in IT, the CO, HC emission and smoke decreases while NOx emission increases for all blends of fuels. Zhu et al. [20] used diesel- Di-methoxy methane (DMM) blends and reported that by advancing fuel IT, there was improvement in BTE and reduction of smoke while rise in NOx. Parlak et al. [21] reported that in comparison to diesel engine, in LHR engine optimum IT was observed at 40 crank angle retarded to TDC. Also 40% declined in NOx was reported in LHR engine. Sayin and Canakci [22] have used ethanol blended diesel fuel and compared original IT (27 °CA bTDC) with retarded IT (21° and 24 °CA bTDC). They found that at retarded IT, the emissions CO2 and NOx increases while CO and HC decreases comparatively. Further, they established that advanced and retarded IT has undesirable effects on BSFC and BTE at entire speed and load conditions. Sayin and Canakci [23] observed that advance in IT results in increase of CO2 and NOx emission and decrease of HC, CO and smoke emission. Further reduced IT results in increase of HC, CO and smoke emission whereas decrease of CO2 and NOx emission. These results were obtained by comparing it with original IT for entire test conditions. Panneer Selvam et al. [24] have shown the retarded IT results in increase of BSFC, HC, CO and smoke emission and decrease of BTE and NOx. Further, advanced in IT resulted in increase of BTE and NOx emission and decrease of CO, HC and smoke emission. Wamankar et al. [25] shown that by advancing
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
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the IT at 26 °CA bTDC, the BTE and NOx were increased by 6.4% and 23% respectively for synthetic fuel CB10 and BSFC and smoke emissions were lowered by 11.9% and 13.5% respectively compared with original IT. Murcak et al. [26] conducted experiment in CI engine with different ethanol–diesel mixtures and studied the impact of variation of IT on engine performance. Among the various blends BSFC was reported to be minimum at 5% and 10% blends for advance IT of 45°CA at 1400 rpm and at full load. Kumar and Murugan [27] used synthetic fuel–diesel blends (10% blending) at numerous IT. By advancing the IT of 26°CA, the BSFC, CO, HC and smoke emission were lowered while BTE and NOx were increased. At this IT, BTE raised by 6.4% and the BSFC lowered by 11.9% comparatively at full load. 2.4. Combined effect of operating parameters Jindal et al. [28] showed that both CR and IP together, raises BTE and lessens BSFC and smoke emissions for jatropha biodiesel. They concluded that optimum CR and IP are 18 and 250 bar respectively. Kumar et al. [29] established that improved BTE, BSFC and lessen exhaust emissions can be achieved at CR of 18:1, IT of 26 °CA and IP of 240 bar combination compared to standard values of CR, IT and IP for diesel engine. Sayin and Gumus [30] have shown that raise in CR, IT and IP results in increase of BTE, BSFC and NOx emission while decrease of CO, HC and smoke emission. Jindal [31] has shown that BTE and BSFC for pure karanja methyl ester (KME) were raised by 8.2% and 2.94% respectively and there were substantial drop of NOx, HC and smoke emission for CR of 18 and IP of 250 bar combination compared to neat diesel. Further, by raising combined CR and IP, performance can be enhanced and emission can be decreased for KME fuel operating in CI engine. Raheman and Ghadge [32] found that with advancement in IT and increase in CR leads to increase of BTE and EGT and decrease of BSFC for
mahua biodiesel. They further concluded that at CR 20 and IT 400, neat mahua biodiesel can be used in Ricardo engine without affecting its performance. Kumar et al. [33,49] performed test using B40 blends with CR of 16, 17, and 18, IP of 180, 210 and 240 bar and IT of 20°, 23°, 26° bTDC. They determined that at CR of 18:1, IT of 26°CA and IP of 240 bar, BTE and BSFC have significantly improved and exhaust emissions has reduced compared with diesel fuel for standard values of CR, IT and IP at full load. The effect of operating parameters on engine performance is shown in Table 1. 3. Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles It was observed that the use of pure biodiesel, the NOx level increases. This level can be supressed by adding some metal oxides of Cerium, Aluminium, Manganese, Copper and CNT. Lenin et al. [56] have found that by inclusion of CuO and MnO nano-particles in diesel result in considerable reduction of ignition delay and this leads to good combustion. Sajith et al. [63] experimented using CeO2 NPs dispersed with jatropha biodiesel in 4-S, single cylinder CI engine and reported the increase in BTE by 1.5% and significant reduction in UBHC and NOx by 40% and 30% respectively. Sadhik Basha et al. [64] investigated with Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) dispersed in Jatropha emulsion test fuel in 4-S, single cylinder DI diesel engine and reported 15% increase in BTE and 29% reduction in NOx. Prabhu experimented in 4-S single cylinder DI diesel engine at constant IT, IP and speed of 26° bTDC, 216 bar and 1500 rpm respectively using 30 ppm cerium oxide and 30 ppm alumina nanoparticles in different combinations of biodiesel-diesel blends such as 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20A30C30) and 100% biodiesel (B100A30C30) by volume. He found that test fuel B20A30C30 shows improved BTE of 12% and B100A30C30 test fuel shows 9% improvement compared to other tested blends. It was
Table 1 Comparison effect of Operating Parameters on Engine Performance. Author
Operating Parameter
Feedstock
Balakrishnan [2] Sayin et al. [3] Balakrishnan [2] Kassaby and Nemitallah [4] Rath et al. [5] Jose et al [6] Miraculas et al. [7] Sivaramakrishnan [34] Jindal et al. [28] Puhan et al. [9] Venkanna et al. [10] Imtenan et al. [11] Gumus et al. [12] Sayin and Canakci [14] Shehata et al. [15] Saravanan et al. [17] Ashrafur et al. [18] Sayin et al. [19] Ruijun Zhu et al. [20] Parlak et al. [21] Sakthivel [35] Panneerselvam et al. [24] Wamankar et al. [25] Arun kumar and Murugan [29] Sayin and Canakci [27] Ahmet murcak et al. [26] Kumar et al. [29] Sayin and Gumus [30] Jindal [31] Raheman and Ghadge [32] Niraj kumar et al. [33]
Increased CR Increased in CR Increased CR Increase in CR Increase in CR Increase in CR Increase in CR Increase in CR Increased CR and IP Increased IP Increased IP Increase in IP Increased IP Increase in IP Increase in IP Increased IP with EGR Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Retarded IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Increase in CR, IP and Advanced Increase in CR, IP and Advanced Increase in CR, IP and Advanced Increase in CR, IP and Advanced Increase in CR, IP and Advanced
Waste fried methyl ester EKO biodiesel Biodiesel with producer gas Waste oil Karaja oil-diesel blend (K10 & K20) Rubber seed biodiesel Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel Karanja biodiesel Jatropha methyl ester Linolenic linseed oil Pongamia pinnata oil Biodiesel-diesel blend Vegetable oil Canola oil methyl ester Corn and soybean biodiesel Diesel Vegetable oil Methanol blended diesel Di-methoxy methane Diesel fish oil biodiesel Biodiesel blend Synthetic fuel blend Synthetic fuel Ethanol blended diesel fuel Diesel– ethanol Biodiesel (B40) Biodiesel (B100) Karanja methyl ester Mahua biodiesel Biodiesel blend (B40)
IT IT IT IT IT
Performance BSFC
BTE
Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase – Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase
Increase Increase Increase – Increase – – Decrease Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
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due to the test fuel having better atomization, quick evaporation rate and good combustion characteristics which leads to better mixing with air and permits large surface area of fuel exposed to oxygen molecules for reaction [65]. Kumar et al. [66] studied the effect of IP using WCO biodiesel and cerium oxide NPs in engine and found the positive impact on engine performance with increased IP. Higher injection pressure along with nano particle increases BTE and decreases BSFC, it was due to improvement in overall combustion resulting in higher cylinder pressure and faster heat release rate. Sabet Sarvestany et al. [67] reported that by adding 1% volume of magnetite ferrofluid in methyl esters of mustard oil increase BTE by 5.122% and reduce BSFC by 4.72%. 4. Effect of oxygenated additives Oxygenated additives such as Diethyl Ether (DEE) [44,45] have also been used for improvement in engine characteristics. DEE is derived from ethanol by dehydration process. The auto ignition temperature of Diethyl Ether is low and is a superb ignition magnifier. DEE has certain favourable properties as considerable energy density, high volatility, low auto-ignition temperature, high oxygen content and exceptional cetane number. It assist in cold starting, hence it is utilized as an ignition agitator for biodiesel and diesel. At atmospheric condition DEE remains in fluid form, thus it can be easily stored and handled. Babu et al. [46] reported that with addition of DEE in mahua methyl ester, CO and smoke lessened by more than half. Sivalaksmi and Balusamy [47] showed that by adding DEE at 5–15% with neat neem biodiesel, the BTE and BSFC was increased. Qi et al. [48] observed that by adding 5% DEE with soybean biodiesel–diesel blend, BSFC can be improved and CO emission can be reduced. Among several oxygenated additive, n-butanol appears to be most likely additives for enhancing the biodiesel and diesel fuel properties. It’s another name is 1-butanol and is produced from alcoholic fermentation of biomass feedstocks [51,60]. It has significant desirable properties as higher calorific value, less hydrophilic tendency, higher cetane number and higher miscibility with biodiesel and diesels [50,61]. Imtenan et al. [52] conducted experiment with blends of biodiesel originated from jatropha and palm oil (B20) along with additives n-butanol or diethyl ether in single cylinder CI engine at full load and over the range of speeds. They showed significant improvement in BP and BTE and reduction of CO and NOx emission but slightly increase in HC emission. Zhu et al. [55] conducted test in modified CI engine along with the effect of n-butanol, fraction EGR and various injection timings. They reported that the increase in EGR rate results in reduction of NOx emission but there was increase in smoke. Increase in nbutanol percentage results in reduction of smoke but with slightly rise in NOx. 5. Other operating parameters By modifying some design parameter such as nozzle geometry and shape of combustion chamber can give significant improvement in performance of the engine. Although, with the usage of blends of biodiesel in CI engine reduces the emission but due to improper air mixing and inadequate swirl with lower turbulence characteristics in the combustion chamber, the performance of engine decreases. This difficulty can be overcome by altering the shape of combustion chamber and nozzle geometry. The modification brings improvement of combustion process and combustion characteristics which results in improved thermal efficiency and reduction of emission as well. The viscosity of biodiesel fuel is comparatively higher, so nozzle geometry plays an important role. As by modifying the nozzle
geometry, the spray characteristics can be improved which in turn enhances the mixing of fuel with air in combustion chamber. By increasing the holes in nozzle results in more fuels to be discharge in combustion chamber. The large quantity of fuel with smaller droplets having the large surface area eases the atomization of fuel and hence enhances the combustion process which in turn improves the engine efficiency and reduces the emission [36]. Some popular types of combustion chamber design are Torroidal Combustion Chamber (TCC), Hemispherical Combustion Chamber (HCC), Shallow-depth Combustion Chamber (SCC), Torroidal reentrant combustion chamber shape (TRCC) and cylindrical combustion chamber (CCC) etc. The BTE in TCC shape is greater than SCC and HCC shapes [37]. Larger BTE and lower emission at greater injection pressure was observed for TRCC shape compared to basic shaped combustion chamber POME blends at B20 in diesel engine [38]. Higher BTE and reduced BSFC and emissions at retarded injection timing was observed for Ultra sulphur diesel fuel in TRCC shape compared to basic shaped combustion chamber [39]. Better engine performance and reduced emission was obtained for the combination of multi-chambered combustion chamber shape and nozzle injection pressure of 200 bar, when Jatropha biodiesel was used in diesel engine [40]. By varying the nozzle injector holes, oxides of nitrogen in engine can be reduced and also BSFC, CO and UHC can be minimized [41]. The use of biodiesel in CCC shape and by altering the nozzle geometry, the NOx was reduced up to 45% and slightly reduction in BTE was observed [42].Improved BTE was found in CCC shape up to B60 blends of biodiesel and NOx reduction was observed to be 40% as compared to basic shaped geometry of combustion chamber [43].
6. Conclusions Based on the above review, following conclusions have been made. The effect of metal oxides such as CeO2, Al2O3, MnO, Fe3O4 and CNT with biodiesel improves the performance .i.e. increases BTE and reduced BSFC and also reduces the emissions of engine. It is due to the test fuel having better atomization, quick evaporation rate and good combustion characteristics which leads to better mixing with air and permits large surface area of fuel exposed to oxygen molecules for reaction The use of oxygenated additives (n-butanol & DEE) with biodiesel improves the BTE and BSFC and reduces the emissions of engine except NOx. Due to different calorific value of the biodiesel, the BSFC is higher compared to diesel. Thus to reduce the variation in calorific value, larger amount of biodiesel has to be supplied for same power production. Primarily majority of researches displayed an increase in operating parameters such as CR, IT and IP with B20 providing an improvement in BTE. Most of researches showed that higher BTE at larger CR. Further, reduction of CO, HC and smoke emissions and increase of NOx was observed with increase of CR, IT and IP. Among these parameters, CR is one of the important parameter to control emission except NOx and for improving the performance.
Author contribution Mr. Ashish Dewangan conceived the idea of review work. Dr. Ashok Kumar Yadav and Dr. Ashis Mallick encouraged and supervised the work. Mr. Amit Kumar Richhariya assisted in writing
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
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Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review Ashish Dewangan a,b,⇑, Ashis Mallick b, Ashok Kumar Yadav c, Amit Kumar Richhariya a a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad, India b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 26 October 2019 Received in revised form 10 December 2019 Accepted 13 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Diesel engine Metal oxide nanoparticles Biodiesel Engine parameters Performance and emission
a b s t r a c t In today’s growing population, it can be easily formulated that fossil fuels will eventually get depleted one day; which increases the need for an alternative fuel to satisfy the energy demands of the world. Bio-diesel is one of the prime available sources to fulfil the demand. With the use of alternate fuels such as biodiesel, environmental emission can be reduced but with a slight compromise of decrease in engine performance. There is additional scope for improvement in fuel properties and engine characteristics by addition of metal oxide nanoparticles as fuel additives. Improvement in engine performance may also be achieved by varying the engine operating parameters such as compression ratio (CR), injection timing (IT) and injection pressure (IP) which are used in improving the engine performance. Hence, in the current paper, the effect of operating parameters CR, IT and IP on the engine performance and also along with some other parameters as modification of combustion chamber shapes, nozzle geometry and addition of oxygenated additives on engine performance has been explained. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Mechanical and Energy Technologies.
1. Introduction In the world of rapid modernization and industrialization, the demand of energy of developing nation has been steeply increases. The most of these energy requirements is fulfilled by the petroleum products. In India, the demand of energy is raising at the average rate of 6.5% annually. The 80% demand of crude oil of India is fulfilled by imports from other countries. Petroleum fuels are derived from fossil fuel sources and these sources are limited. Due to excessive energy demand, fossil fuel sources are depleting rapidly. Therefore, energy security is being the critical and important issue for the nation. Also it has environment concern as its utilization leads to emission which causes environment pollution. However, if no serious action has been taken then it is predicted that up to 2030 the greenhouse gases originated from petroleum sources will rise by almost 39%. To overcome these problems several developed and developing countries have advanced their research work on alternative fuels which are renewable and ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Dewangan).
sustainable in nature and also cause less emission in environment. Biodiesel has emerged as best alternative fuel to the existing diesel engine. It is produced from vegetable oil, plant seed, animal fats and microalgae as well [1,59,62]. The recent auto fuel policy document states that bio-fuels are efficient, eco-friendly and 100% natural energy alternative to petroleum fuels Biodiesel has all desirable properties as it is non-toxic, biodegradable, efficient and eco-friendly in nature. Therefore, the use of biodiesel has gained the pace in all over the world. The prediction of biofuel consumption in 2023 in various sectors is shown in Fig. 1 [59]. Viscosity and auto ignition temperature of biodiesel is high compared to diesel, which is the main complication for biodiesel to be used as a potential fuel. This difficulty can be overcome by using small portions of oxygenated additives like diethyl ether (DEE) and n-butanol. The additive keeps the lubrication at sufficient levels and also facilitates in increasing the fuel bond oxygen. When the engine is fuelled with biodiesel, the performance downgrades and the NOx emission level increases. Changing the operating parameters (Compression Ratio, Injection Pressure and Injection Timing) can be done to overcome these difficulties. The design and operating parameters include high compression ratio
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Mechanical and Energy Technologies.
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
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Fig. 1. Renewable consumption in transport in 2023.
(CR), improved fuel injection techniques, air management methods, combustion chamber design, improved oil control, adiabatic engine, etc. Performance of diesel engine can be affected by changing the operating parameters- CR, IP and IT by using different biodiesel or by mixing additives. This study is focussed on improving the performance of CI engine by using different metal oxides such as Cerium oxide (CeO2), Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), manganese oxide (MnO), copper oxide (CuO) and Carbon nano tube (CNT) as well as by varying operating parameters mainly compression ratio (CR), injection pressure (IP) and injection timing (IT) which also helpful in reducing exhaust emissions of engine. 2. Effect of engine parameters 2.1. Effect of compression ratio Balakrishnan [2] studied biodiesel with producer gas and observed 12.81% decrease in BSEC and 28.1% increase in BTE for CR at 20. Sayin et al. [3] has shown that increase in BSFC and NOx emission and decrease in BTE, HC, CO and smoke with the increase in percentage of biodiesel blends. Further, with the increase in values of CR, IP and IT results in rise in BSFC and BTE and decrease in exhaust emissions. Kassaby et al. [4] reported the percentage rise in BTE for Biodiesel blends of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% volume as 18.39%, 27.48%, 18.5%, and 19.82% respectively for increase in CR. For increase in CR from 14 to 18, 36.84% increase was reported in NOx and 52% and 37.5% reduction in HC and CO emissions. Also ignition delay period was observed to be reduced by 13.95% with the increase in CR. Rath et al. [5] stated the decrease in EGT and BSFC for increase in CR from 16 to 18 with karanja oil biodiesel blends (K10 and K20) in CI engine at full load condition. Jose et al. [6] have done experiment with rubber seed oil biodiesel in CI engine and found the maximum efficiency as 35.96% and reported that with rise in the value of CR, the EGT, NOx and CO decreases. Miraculas et al. [7] have reported that at higher biofuel blends with rise in value of CR, the NOx emission increases but CO and HC emissions decreases. Muralidharan and Vasudevan [8] have found higher BTE and lower SFC for waste cooking oil (B40) biodiesel compared to diesel fuel at high CR. 2.2. Effect of injection pressure Puhan et al. [9] have performed combustion and emission analysis in a DI diesel engine with high linolenic-lenseed oil methyl ester and found that at optimum IP of 240 bar, BTE was higher
and HC, CO, smoke emission were observed to be lower. However, the NOx emission was reported to be increased. Venkanna et al. [10] stated that at large value of IP, the pongamia biodiesel blend at 30% shows better performance and emission characteristics compared to diesel. Imtenan et al. [11] have reported a reduction of 18% and 9% in BSFC and BTE respectively at higher IP. They further concluded that with increase in IP, the HC and CO is lowered by 50% and NOx is by 28%. Gumus et al. [12] have found that at IP of 24 MPa, the BTE obtained was maximum and the BSFC was minimum at the blends of B100. At higher blends of biodiesel and at larger value of IP, the BSFC, CO2 and NOx emission was reported to be lower. At the same IP, the HC was lowered by 0.03 g/kWh and CO was lowered by 1.33 g/kWh. They also found that for biodiesel B100, at IP of 18, 20, 22 and 24 MPa, the NOx emission were 2.04, 1.76, 0.95 and 1.91 g/kWh respectively. Sayin and Canakci [13,14] used canola oil methyl esters (COME) blends in diesel engine and performed experiments at different IP of 18, 20, 22 and 24 MPa. They showed improved performance (BTE, BSEC, BSFC) and reduced emissions (except NOx) at IP of 24 MPa. At IP of 200 bar, soybean biodiesel (S20) and corn biodiesel (C20) shows higher BTE and the lower BSFC [54,57,58]. Ozturk [16] has seen that BSFC and BTE was not affected by 5% canola oil–hazelnut soap-stock biodiesel blends at all loads. HC, CO and smoke emission decreases at this blends but NOx emission slightly increases. At 10% blends, it negatively affects the BSFC and BTE and at all loads HC, smoke emission slightly increases at this blend but no substantial change was observed in CO emission. Fuel IP has important role in lowering the NOx along with slightly rise in smoke emission. At standard IP with retarding IT is the optimum operating parametric combination for NOx reduction. Shehata et al. [15,53] conducted experiments taking various engine loads and speeds with Soybean and Corn biodiesel blends (S20 and C20) with IP of 180, 190 and 200 bar. At 200 bar IP and at maximum load, BTE was observed to be maximum and BSFC to be minimum. 2.3. Effect of injection timing Ashrafur et al. [18] have conducted experiments with alternative fuels such as biodiesel, alcohol etc. and found that by advancement on IT, the BTE and EGT increases while the BSFC decreases. Also CO, HC was observed to be decreases and NOx to be increases. Sayin et al. [19] found that by advance in IT, the CO, HC emission and smoke decreases while NOx emission increases for all blends of fuels. Zhu et al. [20] used diesel- Di-methoxy methane (DMM) blends and reported that by advancing fuel IT, there was improvement in BTE and reduction of smoke while rise in NOx. Parlak et al. [21] reported that in comparison to diesel engine, in LHR engine optimum IT was observed at 40 crank angle retarded to TDC. Also 40% declined in NOx was reported in LHR engine. Sayin and Canakci [22] have used ethanol blended diesel fuel and compared original IT (27 °CA bTDC) with retarded IT (21° and 24 °CA bTDC). They found that at retarded IT, the emissions CO2 and NOx increases while CO and HC decreases comparatively. Further, they established that advanced and retarded IT has undesirable effects on BSFC and BTE at entire speed and load conditions. Sayin and Canakci [23] observed that advance in IT results in increase of CO2 and NOx emission and decrease of HC, CO and smoke emission. Further reduced IT results in increase of HC, CO and smoke emission whereas decrease of CO2 and NOx emission. These results were obtained by comparing it with original IT for entire test conditions. Panneer Selvam et al. [24] have shown the retarded IT results in increase of BSFC, HC, CO and smoke emission and decrease of BTE and NOx. Further, advanced in IT resulted in increase of BTE and NOx emission and decrease of CO, HC and smoke emission. Wamankar et al. [25] shown that by advancing
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
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the IT at 26 °CA bTDC, the BTE and NOx were increased by 6.4% and 23% respectively for synthetic fuel CB10 and BSFC and smoke emissions were lowered by 11.9% and 13.5% respectively compared with original IT. Murcak et al. [26] conducted experiment in CI engine with different ethanol–diesel mixtures and studied the impact of variation of IT on engine performance. Among the various blends BSFC was reported to be minimum at 5% and 10% blends for advance IT of 45°CA at 1400 rpm and at full load. Kumar and Murugan [27] used synthetic fuel–diesel blends (10% blending) at numerous IT. By advancing the IT of 26°CA, the BSFC, CO, HC and smoke emission were lowered while BTE and NOx were increased. At this IT, BTE raised by 6.4% and the BSFC lowered by 11.9% comparatively at full load. 2.4. Combined effect of operating parameters Jindal et al. [28] showed that both CR and IP together, raises BTE and lessens BSFC and smoke emissions for jatropha biodiesel. They concluded that optimum CR and IP are 18 and 250 bar respectively. Kumar et al. [29] established that improved BTE, BSFC and lessen exhaust emissions can be achieved at CR of 18:1, IT of 26 °CA and IP of 240 bar combination compared to standard values of CR, IT and IP for diesel engine. Sayin and Gumus [30] have shown that raise in CR, IT and IP results in increase of BTE, BSFC and NOx emission while decrease of CO, HC and smoke emission. Jindal [31] has shown that BTE and BSFC for pure karanja methyl ester (KME) were raised by 8.2% and 2.94% respectively and there were substantial drop of NOx, HC and smoke emission for CR of 18 and IP of 250 bar combination compared to neat diesel. Further, by raising combined CR and IP, performance can be enhanced and emission can be decreased for KME fuel operating in CI engine. Raheman and Ghadge [32] found that with advancement in IT and increase in CR leads to increase of BTE and EGT and decrease of BSFC for
mahua biodiesel. They further concluded that at CR 20 and IT 400, neat mahua biodiesel can be used in Ricardo engine without affecting its performance. Kumar et al. [33,49] performed test using B40 blends with CR of 16, 17, and 18, IP of 180, 210 and 240 bar and IT of 20°, 23°, 26° bTDC. They determined that at CR of 18:1, IT of 26°CA and IP of 240 bar, BTE and BSFC have significantly improved and exhaust emissions has reduced compared with diesel fuel for standard values of CR, IT and IP at full load. The effect of operating parameters on engine performance is shown in Table 1. 3. Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles It was observed that the use of pure biodiesel, the NOx level increases. This level can be supressed by adding some metal oxides of Cerium, Aluminium, Manganese, Copper and CNT. Lenin et al. [56] have found that by inclusion of CuO and MnO nano-particles in diesel result in considerable reduction of ignition delay and this leads to good combustion. Sajith et al. [63] experimented using CeO2 NPs dispersed with jatropha biodiesel in 4-S, single cylinder CI engine and reported the increase in BTE by 1.5% and significant reduction in UBHC and NOx by 40% and 30% respectively. Sadhik Basha et al. [64] investigated with Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) dispersed in Jatropha emulsion test fuel in 4-S, single cylinder DI diesel engine and reported 15% increase in BTE and 29% reduction in NOx. Prabhu experimented in 4-S single cylinder DI diesel engine at constant IT, IP and speed of 26° bTDC, 216 bar and 1500 rpm respectively using 30 ppm cerium oxide and 30 ppm alumina nanoparticles in different combinations of biodiesel-diesel blends such as 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20A30C30) and 100% biodiesel (B100A30C30) by volume. He found that test fuel B20A30C30 shows improved BTE of 12% and B100A30C30 test fuel shows 9% improvement compared to other tested blends. It was
Table 1 Comparison effect of Operating Parameters on Engine Performance. Author
Operating Parameter
Feedstock
Balakrishnan [2] Sayin et al. [3] Balakrishnan [2] Kassaby and Nemitallah [4] Rath et al. [5] Jose et al [6] Miraculas et al. [7] Sivaramakrishnan [34] Jindal et al. [28] Puhan et al. [9] Venkanna et al. [10] Imtenan et al. [11] Gumus et al. [12] Sayin and Canakci [14] Shehata et al. [15] Saravanan et al. [17] Ashrafur et al. [18] Sayin et al. [19] Ruijun Zhu et al. [20] Parlak et al. [21] Sakthivel [35] Panneerselvam et al. [24] Wamankar et al. [25] Arun kumar and Murugan [29] Sayin and Canakci [27] Ahmet murcak et al. [26] Kumar et al. [29] Sayin and Gumus [30] Jindal [31] Raheman and Ghadge [32] Niraj kumar et al. [33]
Increased CR Increased in CR Increased CR Increase in CR Increase in CR Increase in CR Increase in CR Increase in CR Increased CR and IP Increased IP Increased IP Increase in IP Increased IP Increase in IP Increase in IP Increased IP with EGR Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Retarded IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Advanced IT Increase in CR, IP and Advanced Increase in CR, IP and Advanced Increase in CR, IP and Advanced Increase in CR, IP and Advanced Increase in CR, IP and Advanced
Waste fried methyl ester EKO biodiesel Biodiesel with producer gas Waste oil Karaja oil-diesel blend (K10 & K20) Rubber seed biodiesel Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel Karanja biodiesel Jatropha methyl ester Linolenic linseed oil Pongamia pinnata oil Biodiesel-diesel blend Vegetable oil Canola oil methyl ester Corn and soybean biodiesel Diesel Vegetable oil Methanol blended diesel Di-methoxy methane Diesel fish oil biodiesel Biodiesel blend Synthetic fuel blend Synthetic fuel Ethanol blended diesel fuel Diesel– ethanol Biodiesel (B40) Biodiesel (B100) Karanja methyl ester Mahua biodiesel Biodiesel blend (B40)
IT IT IT IT IT
Performance BSFC
BTE
Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase – Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase
Increase Increase Increase – Increase – – Decrease Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase
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due to the test fuel having better atomization, quick evaporation rate and good combustion characteristics which leads to better mixing with air and permits large surface area of fuel exposed to oxygen molecules for reaction [65]. Kumar et al. [66] studied the effect of IP using WCO biodiesel and cerium oxide NPs in engine and found the positive impact on engine performance with increased IP. Higher injection pressure along with nano particle increases BTE and decreases BSFC, it was due to improvement in overall combustion resulting in higher cylinder pressure and faster heat release rate. Sabet Sarvestany et al. [67] reported that by adding 1% volume of magnetite ferrofluid in methyl esters of mustard oil increase BTE by 5.122% and reduce BSFC by 4.72%. 4. Effect of oxygenated additives Oxygenated additives such as Diethyl Ether (DEE) [44,45] have also been used for improvement in engine characteristics. DEE is derived from ethanol by dehydration process. The auto ignition temperature of Diethyl Ether is low and is a superb ignition magnifier. DEE has certain favourable properties as considerable energy density, high volatility, low auto-ignition temperature, high oxygen content and exceptional cetane number. It assist in cold starting, hence it is utilized as an ignition agitator for biodiesel and diesel. At atmospheric condition DEE remains in fluid form, thus it can be easily stored and handled. Babu et al. [46] reported that with addition of DEE in mahua methyl ester, CO and smoke lessened by more than half. Sivalaksmi and Balusamy [47] showed that by adding DEE at 5–15% with neat neem biodiesel, the BTE and BSFC was increased. Qi et al. [48] observed that by adding 5% DEE with soybean biodiesel–diesel blend, BSFC can be improved and CO emission can be reduced. Among several oxygenated additive, n-butanol appears to be most likely additives for enhancing the biodiesel and diesel fuel properties. It’s another name is 1-butanol and is produced from alcoholic fermentation of biomass feedstocks [51,60]. It has significant desirable properties as higher calorific value, less hydrophilic tendency, higher cetane number and higher miscibility with biodiesel and diesels [50,61]. Imtenan et al. [52] conducted experiment with blends of biodiesel originated from jatropha and palm oil (B20) along with additives n-butanol or diethyl ether in single cylinder CI engine at full load and over the range of speeds. They showed significant improvement in BP and BTE and reduction of CO and NOx emission but slightly increase in HC emission. Zhu et al. [55] conducted test in modified CI engine along with the effect of n-butanol, fraction EGR and various injection timings. They reported that the increase in EGR rate results in reduction of NOx emission but there was increase in smoke. Increase in nbutanol percentage results in reduction of smoke but with slightly rise in NOx. 5. Other operating parameters By modifying some design parameter such as nozzle geometry and shape of combustion chamber can give significant improvement in performance of the engine. Although, with the usage of blends of biodiesel in CI engine reduces the emission but due to improper air mixing and inadequate swirl with lower turbulence characteristics in the combustion chamber, the performance of engine decreases. This difficulty can be overcome by altering the shape of combustion chamber and nozzle geometry. The modification brings improvement of combustion process and combustion characteristics which results in improved thermal efficiency and reduction of emission as well. The viscosity of biodiesel fuel is comparatively higher, so nozzle geometry plays an important role. As by modifying the nozzle
geometry, the spray characteristics can be improved which in turn enhances the mixing of fuel with air in combustion chamber. By increasing the holes in nozzle results in more fuels to be discharge in combustion chamber. The large quantity of fuel with smaller droplets having the large surface area eases the atomization of fuel and hence enhances the combustion process which in turn improves the engine efficiency and reduces the emission [36]. Some popular types of combustion chamber design are Torroidal Combustion Chamber (TCC), Hemispherical Combustion Chamber (HCC), Shallow-depth Combustion Chamber (SCC), Torroidal reentrant combustion chamber shape (TRCC) and cylindrical combustion chamber (CCC) etc. The BTE in TCC shape is greater than SCC and HCC shapes [37]. Larger BTE and lower emission at greater injection pressure was observed for TRCC shape compared to basic shaped combustion chamber POME blends at B20 in diesel engine [38]. Higher BTE and reduced BSFC and emissions at retarded injection timing was observed for Ultra sulphur diesel fuel in TRCC shape compared to basic shaped combustion chamber [39]. Better engine performance and reduced emission was obtained for the combination of multi-chambered combustion chamber shape and nozzle injection pressure of 200 bar, when Jatropha biodiesel was used in diesel engine [40]. By varying the nozzle injector holes, oxides of nitrogen in engine can be reduced and also BSFC, CO and UHC can be minimized [41]. The use of biodiesel in CCC shape and by altering the nozzle geometry, the NOx was reduced up to 45% and slightly reduction in BTE was observed [42].Improved BTE was found in CCC shape up to B60 blends of biodiesel and NOx reduction was observed to be 40% as compared to basic shaped geometry of combustion chamber [43].
6. Conclusions Based on the above review, following conclusions have been made. The effect of metal oxides such as CeO2, Al2O3, MnO, Fe3O4 and CNT with biodiesel improves the performance .i.e. increases BTE and reduced BSFC and also reduces the emissions of engine. It is due to the test fuel having better atomization, quick evaporation rate and good combustion characteristics which leads to better mixing with air and permits large surface area of fuel exposed to oxygen molecules for reaction The use of oxygenated additives (n-butanol & DEE) with biodiesel improves the BTE and BSFC and reduces the emissions of engine except NOx. Due to different calorific value of the biodiesel, the BSFC is higher compared to diesel. Thus to reduce the variation in calorific value, larger amount of biodiesel has to be supplied for same power production. Primarily majority of researches displayed an increase in operating parameters such as CR, IT and IP with B20 providing an improvement in BTE. Most of researches showed that higher BTE at larger CR. Further, reduction of CO, HC and smoke emissions and increase of NOx was observed with increase of CR, IT and IP. Among these parameters, CR is one of the important parameter to control emission except NOx and for improving the performance.
Author contribution Mr. Ashish Dewangan conceived the idea of review work. Dr. Ashok Kumar Yadav and Dr. Ashis Mallick encouraged and supervised the work. Mr. Amit Kumar Richhariya assisted in writing
Please cite this article as: A. Dewangan, A. Mallick, A. K. Yadav et al., Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and engine parameters on the performance of a diesel engine: A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.117
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