- Email: [email protected]
Effect of Method of Determination on the Metabolizable Energy Value of Rapeseed Meal1
APLASTIC ANEMIA
REFERENCES Ahmad, M. M., R. E. Moreng and H. D. Muller, 1967. Breed response in body temperature to elevated environmental temperature and ascorbic acid. Poultry Sci. 46: 6-15. Challey, J. R., 1960. The effect of cecal coccidiosis infections and experimental hemorrhage upon adrenal ascorbic acid levels in the chicken. J. Parasit. 46: 727-731. Chatterjee, I. B., N. C. Carr, N. C. Ghosh and B. C. Guha, 1961. Aspects of ascorbic acid biosynthesis in animals. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 92: 36-56. Duncan, G. G., 1947. Diseases of Metabolism, Second Edition, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa. p. 366-367.
Ewing, W. R., 1963. Poultry Nutrition, Fifth Edition, Ray Ewing Co., Publisher, 2690 Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif, p. 868-887. Garner, R. J., 1963. Veterinary Toxicology, Second Edition, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, O. p. 201-202. Jofliff, E. E., F. F. Tisdall and P. R. Cannon, 1950. Clinical Nutrition, Paul B. Hoeber Inc., Harper and Brothers, New York, N.Y. p. 587601. Roy, R. N., and B. C. Guha, 1958. Production of experimental scurvy in a bird species. Nature, 182: 1689-1690. Sadek, S. E., L. E. Hanson and J. O. Alberts, 1955. Suspected drug induced anemias in the chicken. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 127: 201203. Sanger, V. L., H. Yacowitz and E. N. Moore, 1956. Micropathological changes in experimental hemorrhagic syndrome in chickens fed sulfaquinoxaline and suggested cause of the disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 17: 766-770. Shaffert, R. R., and G. R. Kingsley, 1955. A rapid simple method for the determination of reduced dehydro- and total ascorbic add in biological material. J. Biol. Chem. 212: 59-68. Simmonds, R. A., 1965. Ascorbic acid levels in the blood of growing chickens. Poultry Sci. 44: 308-310. Washburn, K. W., and T. M. Huston, 1968, Effects of environmental temperatures on iron deficiency anemia in Athens-Canadian random bred chicks. Poultry Sci. 47: 1532-1535.
Effect of Method of Determination on the Metabohzable Energy Value of Rapeseed Meal1 P. V. RAO2 AND D. R. CLANDININ Department of Animal Science, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Received for publication February 9. 1970)
ALTHOUGH the use of rapeseed meal -*V. (RSM) in poultry rations has been extensively studied (reviewed by Clandinin and Robblee, 1966), reports on the metab1 Supported in part by grants from the National Research Council of Canada and the Canada Department of Agriculture. 2 Postdoctoral Fellow at The University of Alberta.
olizable energy (ME) value of RSM are few in number. Sibbald and Slinger (1963b) reported a value of 1670 kcal./kg. for one sample of RSM with chickens and Sell (1966) obtained a value of 2290 kcal./ kg. for one sample of RSM with hens. Recently, Lodhi et al. (1969b), employing the ME method of Hill and Anderson (1958), obtained average ME values for nine sam-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
nations were made from chickens with sulfaquinoxaline induced aplastic anemia. The total ascorbic acid blood levels in the experimental birds were not significantly altered by either sulfonamide intoxication or ascorbic acid supplementation of the diet. No significant correlation of whole blood levels of ascorbic acid with packed cell volume levels was observed in any of the experimental groups. Supplementation of the diets with ascorbic acid, copper, iron, and B12 had no notable effect on the mortality rate of birds in the treated groups.
1069
1070
P. V. RAO AND D. R. CLANDININ
EXPERIMENTAL
The ME values of two samples of RSM were determined by the methods described by Hill and Anderson (1958) and by Sibbald and Slinger (1963a). The formulae of the reference rations used are given in Table 1. Rations containing RSM were formulated from the respective reference rations by substituting the meal for either part of the glucose in the semipurified-type reference ration used in the Hill and Anderson method or for part of the practicaltype reference ration (exclusive of vitamins and minerals) used in the Sibbald and Slinger method. All substitutions were made on a dry matter basis, weight for weight. The levels of substitution of RSM were 10, 20 and 30%. Crossbred (Dominant White male X White Plymouth Rock female) chicks of mixed sexes were used in the studies. They were reared, in electrically heated, thermostatically controlled battery brooders with raised screen floors in a temperature-controlled laboratory. During the period 0 to 7 days, the chicks were fed the reference rations, after which time they were distrib-
uted into groups of 10 chicks each (5 males and 5 females) according to the method of McKittrick (1947). Duplicate groups of 10 chicks were fed the reference and test rations from 7 to 42 days of age. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The RSM samples were analyzed for proximate composition by A.O.A.C. methods (1960). Contents of (-)-5-vinyl-2TABLE 1.—Composition of reference rations used in metabolizable energy determinations Reference rations Ingredients
l1
% Ground corn Ground wheat Ground barley Alfalfa meal Stabilized tallow Dried whey 2.0 Glucose (cerelose) 50.485 Soybean meal (48.5% protein) 35.0 Dried brewer's yeast 2.5 Glycine 1.0 DL-methionine 0.5 Soybean oil 2.0 Antioxidant (Ethoxyquin) 0.025 3 Chromic oxide mixture 1.0 Vitamin mixture 0.58 4 Mineral mixture 4.91 s
22
% 35.0 35.0 17.0 4.0 5.0 4.0
+67 +
1 Semipurified-type ration used by Lodhi, et al. (1969b), similar to ration used by Hill and Anderson (1958). 2 Practical-type ration used by Sibbald and Slinger (1963a). 3 Contained: chromic oxide, 30%; flour, 70%. 4 Supplied per 100 grams ration: thiamine, 1.0 mg.; riboflavin, 1.0 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 4.0 mg.; biotin, 0.04 mg.; pyridoxine, 2.0 mg.; niacin, 8.0 mg.; folacin, 0.3 mg.; menadione, 0.3 mg.; vitamin Bu, 0.5 yug.; choline chloride, 0.3 g.; vitamin A, 1000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 150 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 3.3 I.U., and aureomycin, 1.0 mg. 6 Supplied per 100 grams ration: riboflavin, 0.22 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 0.44 mg.; niacin, 1.11 mg.; menadione, 0.23 mg.; vitamin B, 2 , 1.0 jug.; choline chloride, 22.77 mg.; vitamin A, 500 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 80 I.C.U.; DL-methionine, 50 mg.; 3-nitro-4-hydroxyarsinilic acid, 5.0 mg. 6 Supplied in milligrams per 100 grams ration: CaHPO,, 2600; CaC0 3 , 1300; NaCl, 600; K 2 HPO <; 220; MgSCu, 115; FeSCv7H 2 0, 28; M n S C v H 2 0 33.5; ZnC0 3 , 9.7; CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 0.78; KI, 0.29; and Na 2 Se 2 0 3 , 0.022. 7 Supplied in milligrams per 100 grams ration: CaC0 3 , 1000; Ca 2 HP0 4 , 1040; NaCl, 240; MnSCvH 2 0, 13; ZnC0 3 , 6.5; Cr 2 0 3 , 300.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
pies of RSM of 1203, 1313, and 1782 kcal. /kg. with 4 week old chicks, 6 week old chicks and laying hens, respectively. The lack of agreement between ME values obtained with chickens of similar age causes one to wonder whether or not the differences in values reported were due to variations in samples of RSM studied or to the ME method employed. The object of the present study was to determine the ME value of RSM for starting chickens using two methods for the determination of ME: that of Hill and Anderson (1958); and that of Sibbald and Slinger (1963a). The effects of including different levels of RSM in the ration and of feeding the meal for different periods of time on ME values were also studied.
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY DETERMINATION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Metabolizable energy values (analysed by analysis of variance, Steele and Torrie, 1960) for the two samples of RSM, as deTABLE 2.—Composition of rapeseed meals1 RSM#1
% Moisture 7.35 Protein (NX6.25) 39.15 Fat 1.78 Ash 6.86 Crude fibre 12.10 Volatile isotMocyanates 0.39 (—)-5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinethione 0.37 1
RSM #2
% 7.09 40.55 1.83 5.81 12.00 0.31 0.64
Values are expressed on an air-dry basis.
termined by the two ME methods at three levels of dietary inclusion and with three ages of chicks, are shown in Table 3. The ME value of RSM as obtained by the method of Hill and Anderson (1958), which involves the use of semipurified-type rations was significantly lower (P<0.05) than when determined by the method of Sibbald and Slinger (1963a), which involves practical-type rations. The values found by the Hill and Anderson method for 4 and 6 week old chickens agree well with those reported by Lodhi et al. (1969b). Likewise, the values found by the method of Sibbald and Slinger are in good agreement with the value reported for one sample of RSM by Sibbald and Slinger (1963b). The fact that the ME value of a feedstuff may be affected by ration components has been reported by Sibbald et al. (1960). These workers found that the ME value of corn was significantly affected by the composition of the basal ration. Evidence of disagreement on the ME value of fats determined by ME methods involving the use of semipurified and practical-type rations was also obtained by Cullen et al. (1962). However, why lower ME values may be obtained by ME methods involving semipurified rations than by those involving practical-type rations, remains unexplained. Possibly the rate of passage of the test rations through the gastro-intestinal tract is one of the factors determining the availability of energy from dietary components. In this connection, it was shown that glucose takes less time to pass through the alimentary tract of chicken than more complex polysaccharides, such as starch (Monson et al., 1950). Alteration of the time required for the passage of compounded diets, depending upon the ingredients contained therein, was also reported by Vohra (1967). It may therefore be assumed that
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
oxazolidinethione and volatile isothiocyanates were determined by methods described by Astwood et al. (1949) and Wetter (19SS), respectively. The analytical data are presented in Table 2. For the ME determinations, excreta were collected at 24 hour intervals on the 12th, 13th and 14th day and on the 26th, 27th and 28th day and again on the 40th, 41st and 42nd day of age. The three 24 hour collections from each replicate, for each period, were pooled and maintained in the frozen state until processed for analysis. Chromic oxide was included at 0.3% in all rations as an index substance to eliminate the need for quantitative collection of excreta and weighing of feed consumed. The ME of glucose was assumed to be 3.64 kcal./ gram (Anderson et al., 1958). The methods for processing excreta and for analysis of excreta and feed samples for moisture, nitrogen, combustible energy and chromic oxide were similar to those employed by Hill and Anderson (1958) and Hill et al. (1960). At six weeks of age all chicks were weighed and four chicks (2 males and 2 females) from each replicate group were killed. Thyroid glands were removed and weighed, and thyroid-to-body weight ratios were calculated.
1071
1072
P. V. RAO AND D. R.
CLANDININ
TABLE 3.—Melabolizable energy value1 of rapeseed meal as ajfected by type of ration, level of inclusion and age of chickens Type of ration Level Time on of RSM ration RSM
Semi-purified
Practical
Semi-purified
RSM #1
Practical
Averages for levels
RSM #2
days
%
kcal./kg.
kcal./kg.
kcal./kg.
kcal./kg.
7-14 7-14 7-14
10 20 30
1062 1306 1009
1682 1679 1398
914 1249 1413
1447 1468 1534
1276" 1426"' 1339''
1126
1586
1192
1483
1347=
1625 1526 1003
1835 1679 1587
1186 1115 1053
1966 1637 1410
1653B 1489'B
1385
1700
1118
1671
1468«d
1677 1418 1251
1794 1885 1748
1331 1207 1187
1848 1548 1621
1663« 1515'* 1452f
Averages
1449
1809
1200
1672
1533d
Grand Averages
1320"
1698b
1170"
1609b
Averages 10 20 30
Averages 7-42 7-42 7-42
10 20 30
1263"
1 Values are expressed on a dry matter basis. Values bearing the same superscript are not significantly different (P<0.05).
the rate of passage of semipurified rations through the gut is considerably faster than that of rations composed of practical ingredients. With longer periods of passage and hence longer periods of exposure to the enzymes of the gastro-intestinal tract, the utilization of nutrients and energy from practical-type rations could be greater than from semipurified-type rations. A further factor that might have a bearing on the problem concerns the fact that the determination of ME by the method of Hill and Anderson (1958) involves the substitution of a single ingredient in the basal diet with the test material and the use of a predetermined ME value for the substituted ingredient, the ME value of same being considered to be constant irrespective of the ration modifications introduced. This assumption need not necessarily be true and the utilization of either the reference material (glucose in the case of this study) or
other ingredients in the basal ration could be different from that of same in the test diets. Study of the data presented in Table 3 also indicates that the two samples of rapeseed meal did not differ significantly in ME content, regardless of the method by which the metabolizable energy determination was done, in spite of the fact that the two meals differed appreciably in progoitrin content. This finding supports the conclusion of Lodhi et al. (1969a) that neither synthetic DL-goitrin at a moderate level of inclusion nor the amount of L-goitrin released in rations containing as much as 30% RSM and an exogenous source of myrosinase has anymeasurable effect on the ME value of RSM. Level of inclusion of rapeseed meal in the reference rations did not appear to have any consistent effect on the ME values obtained. However, average ME values, based on fecal collections taken at 14, 28
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
7-28 7-28 7-28
kcal./kg.
1073
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY DETERMINATION TABLE 4.—Effect
of level of rapeseed meal on body weight and thyroid-to-body-weight ratio Type of ration
Time on RSM ration
Level of RSM fed
days
%
Semi -purified
Practical
Av body wt. 1
Thyroid per 100 g. body wt. 2
Av body wt. 1
Thyroid per 100 g. body wt.4
g-
rng.
g-
mg.
Control RSM#1 RSM#1 RSM#1
7-42 7-42 7-42 7-42
0 10 20 30
770 814 782 714
6.7 10.6 11.5 12.9
187 487 554 701
6.6 13.5 18.7 19.4
RSM #2 RSM #2 RSM #2
7-42 7-42 7-42
10 20 30
826 753 718
15.5 15.2 17.2
428 633 710
17.9 14.1 20.1
Each value represents the average of duplicate lots of 10 chicks at 42 days. Each value represents the average of eight chicks (2 males and 2 females from each duplicate group) at 42 days. 2
and 42 days of age, showed an increase in ME as the age at which fecal collections were taken increased. This is in agreement with the observation of Lodhi et al. (1969b) that the ME value of RSM is higher for 6 week old chickens than for 4 week old chickens. Thyroid-to-body weight ratios (Table 4) of the chicks on the RSM rations showed a two to three-fold increase in thyroid size over the soybean meal control. No appreciable difference in thyroid-to-body weight ratio between chicks fed RSM # 1 and those fed RSM #2 was noted in spite of the fact that the latter meal contained about twice as much progoitrin (Table 2) as the former meal. However, one must remember that during the processing of RSM, the enzyme myrosinase, needed to liberate goitrin from its precursor is destroyed. Had an ample supply of myrosinase been present, RSM #2 would, on the basis of previously published work (Lodhi et al., 1969a), have been expected to be more goitrogenic than RSM #1. SUMMARY Studies were conducted to determine whether the metabolizable energy (ME)
value of rapeseed meal was affected by the type of reference ration used in the procedure for the determination of ME. The ME value for rapeseed meal obtained when the procedure followed involved the substitution of rapeseed meal for glucose in a semipurified-type reference ration was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than when the value was obtained by a procedure involving the substitution of rapeseed meal for part of a practical-type reference ration. The data confirm the finding that the ME value of rapeseed meal is unaffected by the presence of progoitrin in rapeseed meal and that the ME value of rapeseed meal for chickens increases as the age of the chickens increases. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the assitance of Dr. R. T. Hardin, Associate Professor of Poultry Genetics, Department of Animal Science, in connection with the statistical analysis of the data. The technical assistance of Messrs. A. Sheikh and A. Hoda is also acknowledged. REFERENCES Anderson, D. L., F. W. Hill and R. Renner, 19S8. Studies of the metabolizable and productive en-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
1
1074
P. V. RAO AND D. R. CLANDININ McKittrick, D. S., 1947. The selection of chicks for growth experiments and the evaluation of growth. Growth, 11: 89-99. Monson, W. J., L. S. Dietrich and C. A. Elvehjem, 1950. Studies on the effect of different carbohydrates on chick growth. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 75: 256-259. Sell, J. L., 1966. Metabolizable energy for rapeseed meal for the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 4 5 : 854856. Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger, 1963a. A biological assay for metabolizable energy in poultry feed ingredients together with findings which demonstrate some of the problems associated with the evaluation of fats. Poultry Sci. 42 : 313-325. Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger, 1963b. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. 12. Protein quality. Poultry Sci. 42: 707-710. Sibbald, I. R., J. D. Summers and S. J. Slinger, 1960. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. Poultry Sci. 39: 544556. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Vohra, P., 1967. Requirement of poultry for carbohydrates. World's Poultry Sci. J. 23: 20-31. Wetter, L. R., 1955. The determination of mustard oils in rapeseed meal. Can J. Biochem. Physiol. 33: 980-984.
A Restraint Table for the Chicken1 J. C. CARLISLE AND R. R. BURTON Department of Animal Physiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication February 9, 1970)
INTRODUCTION
T
HE chicken has been used as an experimental animal since the time of Hippocrates (Hutt, 1933) and even today it is one of the most popular animals used in the laboratory (Lane-Petter, 1953). It is an important biological assay animal (Bergman, 1965) and recently, Jones 1
Supported by NASA (Grant NGR 05-004-008).
(1969) lists the chicken or allied avian species as the model animal for several diseases in man. Its value as an experimental subject has been reviewed by Biester (1953) who stated, "Undoubtedly more is known about the chicken than any other animal species." Our laboratory has used the chicken as its principal experimental animal in conducting pathophysiological environmental inves-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
ergy of glucose for the growing chick. J. Nutrition, 65: 561-574. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1960. Official Methods of Analysis, 9th Edition, Washington, D.C. Astwood, E. B., M. A. Greer and M. G. Ettlinger, 1949. L-S-vinyl-2-thioxazolidone, an antithyroid compound from yellow turnip and from Brassica seeds. J. Biol. Chem. 181: 121-130. Clandinin, D. R., and A. R. Robblee, 1966. Rapeseed meal for poultry—a review. World Poultry Sci. J. 22: 217-232. Cullen, M. P., O. G. Rasmussen and O. H. M. Wilder, 1962. Metabolizable energy value and utilization of different types and grades of fat by the chick. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 360-367. Hill, F. W., and D. L. Anderson, 1958. Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive energy determinations with growing chicks. J. Nutrition, 64: 587-603. Hill, F. W., D. L. Anderson, R. Renner and L. B. Carew, Jr., 1960. Studies on the metabolizable energy of grains and grain products for chickens. Poultry Sci. 39: 573-579. Lodhi, G. N., D. R. Clandinin and R. Renner, 1969a. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal. 1. Goitrin. Poultry Sci. 48: 1836. Lodhi, G. N., R. Renner and D. R. Clandinin, 1969b. Studies on the metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal for growing chicks and laying hens. Poultry Sci. 48: 964-970.
REFERENCES Ahmad, M. M., R. E. Moreng and H. D. Muller, 1967. Breed response in body temperature to elevated environmental temperature and ascorbic acid. Poultry Sci. 46: 6-15. Challey, J. R., 1960. The effect of cecal coccidiosis infections and experimental hemorrhage upon adrenal ascorbic acid levels in the chicken. J. Parasit. 46: 727-731. Chatterjee, I. B., N. C. Carr, N. C. Ghosh and B. C. Guha, 1961. Aspects of ascorbic acid biosynthesis in animals. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 92: 36-56. Duncan, G. G., 1947. Diseases of Metabolism, Second Edition, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa. p. 366-367.
Ewing, W. R., 1963. Poultry Nutrition, Fifth Edition, Ray Ewing Co., Publisher, 2690 Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif, p. 868-887. Garner, R. J., 1963. Veterinary Toxicology, Second Edition, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, O. p. 201-202. Jofliff, E. E., F. F. Tisdall and P. R. Cannon, 1950. Clinical Nutrition, Paul B. Hoeber Inc., Harper and Brothers, New York, N.Y. p. 587601. Roy, R. N., and B. C. Guha, 1958. Production of experimental scurvy in a bird species. Nature, 182: 1689-1690. Sadek, S. E., L. E. Hanson and J. O. Alberts, 1955. Suspected drug induced anemias in the chicken. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 127: 201203. Sanger, V. L., H. Yacowitz and E. N. Moore, 1956. Micropathological changes in experimental hemorrhagic syndrome in chickens fed sulfaquinoxaline and suggested cause of the disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 17: 766-770. Shaffert, R. R., and G. R. Kingsley, 1955. A rapid simple method for the determination of reduced dehydro- and total ascorbic add in biological material. J. Biol. Chem. 212: 59-68. Simmonds, R. A., 1965. Ascorbic acid levels in the blood of growing chickens. Poultry Sci. 44: 308-310. Washburn, K. W., and T. M. Huston, 1968, Effects of environmental temperatures on iron deficiency anemia in Athens-Canadian random bred chicks. Poultry Sci. 47: 1532-1535.
Effect of Method of Determination on the Metabohzable Energy Value of Rapeseed Meal1 P. V. RAO2 AND D. R. CLANDININ Department of Animal Science, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Received for publication February 9. 1970)
ALTHOUGH the use of rapeseed meal -*V. (RSM) in poultry rations has been extensively studied (reviewed by Clandinin and Robblee, 1966), reports on the metab1 Supported in part by grants from the National Research Council of Canada and the Canada Department of Agriculture. 2 Postdoctoral Fellow at The University of Alberta.
olizable energy (ME) value of RSM are few in number. Sibbald and Slinger (1963b) reported a value of 1670 kcal./kg. for one sample of RSM with chickens and Sell (1966) obtained a value of 2290 kcal./ kg. for one sample of RSM with hens. Recently, Lodhi et al. (1969b), employing the ME method of Hill and Anderson (1958), obtained average ME values for nine sam-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
nations were made from chickens with sulfaquinoxaline induced aplastic anemia. The total ascorbic acid blood levels in the experimental birds were not significantly altered by either sulfonamide intoxication or ascorbic acid supplementation of the diet. No significant correlation of whole blood levels of ascorbic acid with packed cell volume levels was observed in any of the experimental groups. Supplementation of the diets with ascorbic acid, copper, iron, and B12 had no notable effect on the mortality rate of birds in the treated groups.
1069
1070
P. V. RAO AND D. R. CLANDININ
EXPERIMENTAL
The ME values of two samples of RSM were determined by the methods described by Hill and Anderson (1958) and by Sibbald and Slinger (1963a). The formulae of the reference rations used are given in Table 1. Rations containing RSM were formulated from the respective reference rations by substituting the meal for either part of the glucose in the semipurified-type reference ration used in the Hill and Anderson method or for part of the practicaltype reference ration (exclusive of vitamins and minerals) used in the Sibbald and Slinger method. All substitutions were made on a dry matter basis, weight for weight. The levels of substitution of RSM were 10, 20 and 30%. Crossbred (Dominant White male X White Plymouth Rock female) chicks of mixed sexes were used in the studies. They were reared, in electrically heated, thermostatically controlled battery brooders with raised screen floors in a temperature-controlled laboratory. During the period 0 to 7 days, the chicks were fed the reference rations, after which time they were distrib-
uted into groups of 10 chicks each (5 males and 5 females) according to the method of McKittrick (1947). Duplicate groups of 10 chicks were fed the reference and test rations from 7 to 42 days of age. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The RSM samples were analyzed for proximate composition by A.O.A.C. methods (1960). Contents of (-)-5-vinyl-2TABLE 1.—Composition of reference rations used in metabolizable energy determinations Reference rations Ingredients
l1
% Ground corn Ground wheat Ground barley Alfalfa meal Stabilized tallow Dried whey 2.0 Glucose (cerelose) 50.485 Soybean meal (48.5% protein) 35.0 Dried brewer's yeast 2.5 Glycine 1.0 DL-methionine 0.5 Soybean oil 2.0 Antioxidant (Ethoxyquin) 0.025 3 Chromic oxide mixture 1.0 Vitamin mixture 0.58 4 Mineral mixture 4.91 s
22
% 35.0 35.0 17.0 4.0 5.0 4.0
+67 +
1 Semipurified-type ration used by Lodhi, et al. (1969b), similar to ration used by Hill and Anderson (1958). 2 Practical-type ration used by Sibbald and Slinger (1963a). 3 Contained: chromic oxide, 30%; flour, 70%. 4 Supplied per 100 grams ration: thiamine, 1.0 mg.; riboflavin, 1.0 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 4.0 mg.; biotin, 0.04 mg.; pyridoxine, 2.0 mg.; niacin, 8.0 mg.; folacin, 0.3 mg.; menadione, 0.3 mg.; vitamin Bu, 0.5 yug.; choline chloride, 0.3 g.; vitamin A, 1000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 150 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 3.3 I.U., and aureomycin, 1.0 mg. 6 Supplied per 100 grams ration: riboflavin, 0.22 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 0.44 mg.; niacin, 1.11 mg.; menadione, 0.23 mg.; vitamin B, 2 , 1.0 jug.; choline chloride, 22.77 mg.; vitamin A, 500 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 80 I.C.U.; DL-methionine, 50 mg.; 3-nitro-4-hydroxyarsinilic acid, 5.0 mg. 6 Supplied in milligrams per 100 grams ration: CaHPO,, 2600; CaC0 3 , 1300; NaCl, 600; K 2 HPO <; 220; MgSCu, 115; FeSCv7H 2 0, 28; M n S C v H 2 0 33.5; ZnC0 3 , 9.7; CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 0.78; KI, 0.29; and Na 2 Se 2 0 3 , 0.022. 7 Supplied in milligrams per 100 grams ration: CaC0 3 , 1000; Ca 2 HP0 4 , 1040; NaCl, 240; MnSCvH 2 0, 13; ZnC0 3 , 6.5; Cr 2 0 3 , 300.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
pies of RSM of 1203, 1313, and 1782 kcal. /kg. with 4 week old chicks, 6 week old chicks and laying hens, respectively. The lack of agreement between ME values obtained with chickens of similar age causes one to wonder whether or not the differences in values reported were due to variations in samples of RSM studied or to the ME method employed. The object of the present study was to determine the ME value of RSM for starting chickens using two methods for the determination of ME: that of Hill and Anderson (1958); and that of Sibbald and Slinger (1963a). The effects of including different levels of RSM in the ration and of feeding the meal for different periods of time on ME values were also studied.
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY DETERMINATION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Metabolizable energy values (analysed by analysis of variance, Steele and Torrie, 1960) for the two samples of RSM, as deTABLE 2.—Composition of rapeseed meals1 RSM#1
% Moisture 7.35 Protein (NX6.25) 39.15 Fat 1.78 Ash 6.86 Crude fibre 12.10 Volatile isotMocyanates 0.39 (—)-5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinethione 0.37 1
RSM #2
% 7.09 40.55 1.83 5.81 12.00 0.31 0.64
Values are expressed on an air-dry basis.
termined by the two ME methods at three levels of dietary inclusion and with three ages of chicks, are shown in Table 3. The ME value of RSM as obtained by the method of Hill and Anderson (1958), which involves the use of semipurified-type rations was significantly lower (P<0.05) than when determined by the method of Sibbald and Slinger (1963a), which involves practical-type rations. The values found by the Hill and Anderson method for 4 and 6 week old chickens agree well with those reported by Lodhi et al. (1969b). Likewise, the values found by the method of Sibbald and Slinger are in good agreement with the value reported for one sample of RSM by Sibbald and Slinger (1963b). The fact that the ME value of a feedstuff may be affected by ration components has been reported by Sibbald et al. (1960). These workers found that the ME value of corn was significantly affected by the composition of the basal ration. Evidence of disagreement on the ME value of fats determined by ME methods involving the use of semipurified and practical-type rations was also obtained by Cullen et al. (1962). However, why lower ME values may be obtained by ME methods involving semipurified rations than by those involving practical-type rations, remains unexplained. Possibly the rate of passage of the test rations through the gastro-intestinal tract is one of the factors determining the availability of energy from dietary components. In this connection, it was shown that glucose takes less time to pass through the alimentary tract of chicken than more complex polysaccharides, such as starch (Monson et al., 1950). Alteration of the time required for the passage of compounded diets, depending upon the ingredients contained therein, was also reported by Vohra (1967). It may therefore be assumed that
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
oxazolidinethione and volatile isothiocyanates were determined by methods described by Astwood et al. (1949) and Wetter (19SS), respectively. The analytical data are presented in Table 2. For the ME determinations, excreta were collected at 24 hour intervals on the 12th, 13th and 14th day and on the 26th, 27th and 28th day and again on the 40th, 41st and 42nd day of age. The three 24 hour collections from each replicate, for each period, were pooled and maintained in the frozen state until processed for analysis. Chromic oxide was included at 0.3% in all rations as an index substance to eliminate the need for quantitative collection of excreta and weighing of feed consumed. The ME of glucose was assumed to be 3.64 kcal./ gram (Anderson et al., 1958). The methods for processing excreta and for analysis of excreta and feed samples for moisture, nitrogen, combustible energy and chromic oxide were similar to those employed by Hill and Anderson (1958) and Hill et al. (1960). At six weeks of age all chicks were weighed and four chicks (2 males and 2 females) from each replicate group were killed. Thyroid glands were removed and weighed, and thyroid-to-body weight ratios were calculated.
1071
1072
P. V. RAO AND D. R.
CLANDININ
TABLE 3.—Melabolizable energy value1 of rapeseed meal as ajfected by type of ration, level of inclusion and age of chickens Type of ration Level Time on of RSM ration RSM
Semi-purified
Practical
Semi-purified
RSM #1
Practical
Averages for levels
RSM #2
days
%
kcal./kg.
kcal./kg.
kcal./kg.
kcal./kg.
7-14 7-14 7-14
10 20 30
1062 1306 1009
1682 1679 1398
914 1249 1413
1447 1468 1534
1276" 1426"' 1339''
1126
1586
1192
1483
1347=
1625 1526 1003
1835 1679 1587
1186 1115 1053
1966 1637 1410
1653B 1489'B
1385
1700
1118
1671
1468«d
1677 1418 1251
1794 1885 1748
1331 1207 1187
1848 1548 1621
1663« 1515'* 1452f
Averages
1449
1809
1200
1672
1533d
Grand Averages
1320"
1698b
1170"
1609b
Averages 10 20 30
Averages 7-42 7-42 7-42
10 20 30
1263"
1 Values are expressed on a dry matter basis. Values bearing the same superscript are not significantly different (P<0.05).
the rate of passage of semipurified rations through the gut is considerably faster than that of rations composed of practical ingredients. With longer periods of passage and hence longer periods of exposure to the enzymes of the gastro-intestinal tract, the utilization of nutrients and energy from practical-type rations could be greater than from semipurified-type rations. A further factor that might have a bearing on the problem concerns the fact that the determination of ME by the method of Hill and Anderson (1958) involves the substitution of a single ingredient in the basal diet with the test material and the use of a predetermined ME value for the substituted ingredient, the ME value of same being considered to be constant irrespective of the ration modifications introduced. This assumption need not necessarily be true and the utilization of either the reference material (glucose in the case of this study) or
other ingredients in the basal ration could be different from that of same in the test diets. Study of the data presented in Table 3 also indicates that the two samples of rapeseed meal did not differ significantly in ME content, regardless of the method by which the metabolizable energy determination was done, in spite of the fact that the two meals differed appreciably in progoitrin content. This finding supports the conclusion of Lodhi et al. (1969a) that neither synthetic DL-goitrin at a moderate level of inclusion nor the amount of L-goitrin released in rations containing as much as 30% RSM and an exogenous source of myrosinase has anymeasurable effect on the ME value of RSM. Level of inclusion of rapeseed meal in the reference rations did not appear to have any consistent effect on the ME values obtained. However, average ME values, based on fecal collections taken at 14, 28
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
7-28 7-28 7-28
kcal./kg.
1073
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY DETERMINATION TABLE 4.—Effect
of level of rapeseed meal on body weight and thyroid-to-body-weight ratio Type of ration
Time on RSM ration
Level of RSM fed
days
%
Semi -purified
Practical
Av body wt. 1
Thyroid per 100 g. body wt. 2
Av body wt. 1
Thyroid per 100 g. body wt.4
g-
rng.
g-
mg.
Control RSM#1 RSM#1 RSM#1
7-42 7-42 7-42 7-42
0 10 20 30
770 814 782 714
6.7 10.6 11.5 12.9
187 487 554 701
6.6 13.5 18.7 19.4
RSM #2 RSM #2 RSM #2
7-42 7-42 7-42
10 20 30
826 753 718
15.5 15.2 17.2
428 633 710
17.9 14.1 20.1
Each value represents the average of duplicate lots of 10 chicks at 42 days. Each value represents the average of eight chicks (2 males and 2 females from each duplicate group) at 42 days. 2
and 42 days of age, showed an increase in ME as the age at which fecal collections were taken increased. This is in agreement with the observation of Lodhi et al. (1969b) that the ME value of RSM is higher for 6 week old chickens than for 4 week old chickens. Thyroid-to-body weight ratios (Table 4) of the chicks on the RSM rations showed a two to three-fold increase in thyroid size over the soybean meal control. No appreciable difference in thyroid-to-body weight ratio between chicks fed RSM # 1 and those fed RSM #2 was noted in spite of the fact that the latter meal contained about twice as much progoitrin (Table 2) as the former meal. However, one must remember that during the processing of RSM, the enzyme myrosinase, needed to liberate goitrin from its precursor is destroyed. Had an ample supply of myrosinase been present, RSM #2 would, on the basis of previously published work (Lodhi et al., 1969a), have been expected to be more goitrogenic than RSM #1. SUMMARY Studies were conducted to determine whether the metabolizable energy (ME)
value of rapeseed meal was affected by the type of reference ration used in the procedure for the determination of ME. The ME value for rapeseed meal obtained when the procedure followed involved the substitution of rapeseed meal for glucose in a semipurified-type reference ration was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than when the value was obtained by a procedure involving the substitution of rapeseed meal for part of a practical-type reference ration. The data confirm the finding that the ME value of rapeseed meal is unaffected by the presence of progoitrin in rapeseed meal and that the ME value of rapeseed meal for chickens increases as the age of the chickens increases. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the assitance of Dr. R. T. Hardin, Associate Professor of Poultry Genetics, Department of Animal Science, in connection with the statistical analysis of the data. The technical assistance of Messrs. A. Sheikh and A. Hoda is also acknowledged. REFERENCES Anderson, D. L., F. W. Hill and R. Renner, 19S8. Studies of the metabolizable and productive en-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
1
1074
P. V. RAO AND D. R. CLANDININ McKittrick, D. S., 1947. The selection of chicks for growth experiments and the evaluation of growth. Growth, 11: 89-99. Monson, W. J., L. S. Dietrich and C. A. Elvehjem, 1950. Studies on the effect of different carbohydrates on chick growth. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 75: 256-259. Sell, J. L., 1966. Metabolizable energy for rapeseed meal for the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 4 5 : 854856. Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger, 1963a. A biological assay for metabolizable energy in poultry feed ingredients together with findings which demonstrate some of the problems associated with the evaluation of fats. Poultry Sci. 42 : 313-325. Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger, 1963b. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. 12. Protein quality. Poultry Sci. 42: 707-710. Sibbald, I. R., J. D. Summers and S. J. Slinger, 1960. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. Poultry Sci. 39: 544556. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Vohra, P., 1967. Requirement of poultry for carbohydrates. World's Poultry Sci. J. 23: 20-31. Wetter, L. R., 1955. The determination of mustard oils in rapeseed meal. Can J. Biochem. Physiol. 33: 980-984.
A Restraint Table for the Chicken1 J. C. CARLISLE AND R. R. BURTON Department of Animal Physiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication February 9, 1970)
INTRODUCTION
T
HE chicken has been used as an experimental animal since the time of Hippocrates (Hutt, 1933) and even today it is one of the most popular animals used in the laboratory (Lane-Petter, 1953). It is an important biological assay animal (Bergman, 1965) and recently, Jones 1
Supported by NASA (Grant NGR 05-004-008).
(1969) lists the chicken or allied avian species as the model animal for several diseases in man. Its value as an experimental subject has been reviewed by Biester (1953) who stated, "Undoubtedly more is known about the chicken than any other animal species." Our laboratory has used the chicken as its principal experimental animal in conducting pathophysiological environmental inves-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 23, 2015
ergy of glucose for the growing chick. J. Nutrition, 65: 561-574. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1960. Official Methods of Analysis, 9th Edition, Washington, D.C. Astwood, E. B., M. A. Greer and M. G. Ettlinger, 1949. L-S-vinyl-2-thioxazolidone, an antithyroid compound from yellow turnip and from Brassica seeds. J. Biol. Chem. 181: 121-130. Clandinin, D. R., and A. R. Robblee, 1966. Rapeseed meal for poultry—a review. World Poultry Sci. J. 22: 217-232. Cullen, M. P., O. G. Rasmussen and O. H. M. Wilder, 1962. Metabolizable energy value and utilization of different types and grades of fat by the chick. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 360-367. Hill, F. W., and D. L. Anderson, 1958. Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive energy determinations with growing chicks. J. Nutrition, 64: 587-603. Hill, F. W., D. L. Anderson, R. Renner and L. B. Carew, Jr., 1960. Studies on the metabolizable energy of grains and grain products for chickens. Poultry Sci. 39: 573-579. Lodhi, G. N., D. R. Clandinin and R. Renner, 1969a. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal. 1. Goitrin. Poultry Sci. 48: 1836. Lodhi, G. N., R. Renner and D. R. Clandinin, 1969b. Studies on the metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal for growing chicks and laying hens. Poultry Sci. 48: 964-970.