Effect of physical processing on the nutritive value of sugarcane bagasse in goats and sheep

Small Ruminant Research, 10 (1993) 25-31

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© 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved. 0921-4488/93/$06.00

Effect of physical processing on the nutritive value of sugarcane bagasse in goats and sheep M.R. Reddy a, M. Chandrasekharaiah", T. G o v i n d a i a h b and G.V.N. R e d d y a aDepartment of Feed and Fodder Technology, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030 and bDepartment of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, Chittoor (Dist) A.P., India (Accepted 6 May 1992 )

ABSTRACT Reddy, M.R., Chandrasekharaiah, M., Govindaiah, T. and Reddy, G.V.N., 1993. Effect of physical processing on the nutritive value of sugarcane bagasse in goats and sheep. Small Rumin. Res., 10: 25-31. Sugarcane bagasse, subjected to physical processing: ( 1 ) grinding and (2) pelleting, was fed ad lib. along with 200 g concentrate mixture/head per day to 12 adult Nellore brown rams and 12 adult male goats in a digestion trial using randomized block design. Sheep had higher (P<0.05) DM intake compared to goats. Pelleting increased the digestibility of CP (P < 0.05 ) and GE (P < 0.01 ). However, digestibilities of cell wall constituents were higher in ground ration. Sheep had higher (P < 0.01 ) digestibilities of all proximate principles, GE and neutral detergent solubles. Pelleting had no effect on nutritive value. Goats recorded higher DP (P < 0.05 ) and TDN (P < 0.01 ) compared to sheep on the combined ration and on bagasse alone obtained by the difference method. Experimental sheep could not meet their TDN requirements on the ground ration. The DP and TDN values were 1.1, 50.8 and 1.6, 49.2 for the ground and pelleted rations, respectively. DP and TDN values for goats and sheep were 1.7, 57.6 and 1.0 and 42.4, respectively. Certain physical characteristics like bulk density, particle size, modulus of uniformity and modulus of fineness of sugarcane bagasse were also assessed. Due to grinding of the unground bagasse there was an 80% increase in bulk density and 34% increase in modulus of fineness. These results indicate that ground sugarcane bagasse could be utilized as a roughage source for goats and sheep. Goats were superior to sheep in utilizing the nutrients from bagasse. Key words: Goat; Sheep; Sugarcane bagasse; Pelleting; Digestibility

INTRODUCTION

An area of 3055 thousand ha was under sugarcane cultivation in India producing 182.4 t million sugarcane (ASI, 1988 ). Bagasse production is equivalent to about 12% of the sugarcane crushed (Ranganekar, 1988). An estimated 21.9 million tons of bagasse is available as a renewable resource, but it Correspondence to." M.R. Reddy, Department of Feed and Fodder Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyberabad-500 030 (A.P.), India.

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M.R. REDDY ET AL.

is not palatable, the digestibility is as low as 25-30% (Ranganekar, 1988). However, in a country like India which is constantly facing severe shortage of feedstuffs, the ways of exploring increased use of sugarcane bagasse is of considerable importance. Sugarcane bagasse supplemented with molasses, urea and concentrate did not get good growth in crossbred heifers (Ranganekar et al., 1974). Bagasse responds to chemical treatment, particularly to the use of caustic soda (Devendra, 1979), and to physical treatment like steaming under high pressure (Ranganekar et al., 1982 ). Of interest in this study was the effect of physical processing (grinding and pelleting) of bagasse on intake, nutritive value and nutrient utilization in sheep and goats. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sugarcane bagasse obtained from M/s Nizam sugar Factory, Zaheerabad, Andhra Pradesh state, was ground in a hammer mill using an 8 mm sieve. Half of the ground material was subjected to steam (97-98 ° C, 30-40 s) pelleting. The two forms of bagasse (unground/ground) were tested for bulk density, modulus of fineness, modulus of uniformity (ASAE, 1970) and average particle size (Headley and Pfost, 1970). The two forms of bagasse thus obtained (ground/pellet) were offered ad lib. along with 200 g concentrates (48.5 g maize, 48.5 g groundnut cake, 2 g mineral mixture and 1 g salt) per head/day in a digestion trial to 12 adult Nellore brown rams (32.6 kg; 16-18 months) and 12 adult local ND male goats (27.8 kg; 15-18 months; six in each group) using randomized block design. All experimental animals were dewormed with panacur (Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd.) and kept in individual cages with feeding and watering arrangements. Fresh clean water was made available at all times. The experiment was conducted during July to September 1988, during which period the mean maximum and minimum temperature was 32.3 to 34.5 ° C and 19.1 to 21.7 ° C, respectively. The mean relative humidity during the period ranged from 57 to 73%. A total rainfall of 53.4 m m was recorded. After a 30-day preliminary feeding, a 7-day collection was made. Feed and faeces samples were analysed for proximate principles, and phosphorus (AOAC, 1980), calcium (Talapatra et al., 1940), cell wall constituents, and ADL (Van Soest and Moore, 1965). Gross energy of feed and faeces was determined by using a Gallanhamp adiabatic calorimeter. Metabolizable energy values were calculated using NRC ( 1981 ) factors. Statistical analyses of the data were carried out in accordance with Snedecor and Cochran ( 1968 ). The nutritive value of bagasse was calculated by the difference method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The chemical composition of bagasse (Table 1 ) was comparable to other poor quality roughages like rice straw, or wheat straw, etc. The bulk density

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EFFECT OF PHYSICALPROCESSINGON NUTRITIVEVALUEOF SUGARCANEBAGASSE TABLE 1

Chemical composition (%) of the experimental feeds (DM basis) Nutrient

Concentrate

Sugarcane bagasse

mixture

OM CP Crude fibre Ether extract NFE

Total ash Ca P

Gross energy (keal/g) Neutral detergent solubles NDF ADF

Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin

Silica

ground

pelleted

95.0 3.4 41.9 1.0 48.7 5.0 0.6 0.1 2.8 29.9 70.1 44.3 40.3 25.8 3.3 0.7

93.7 3.4 40.1 1.2 49.0 6.3 0.5 0.1 2.9 29.6 70.4 44.5 40.7 25.9 3.5 0.4

88.7 26.4 3.5 6.0 52.8 11.3 1.4 0.7 3.6 81.7 18.3 8.8 4.9 9.5 1.1 2.8

ofunground bagasse was 56 k g / m 3. Average particle size was reduced by 56% by grinding (625/t) compared to unground bagasse ( 1429 #). The modulus of uniformity (distribution of coarse, medium and fine particles) was 2:6:2 for ground bagasse and 7:2:1 for unground bagasse. The modulus of uniformity (coarseness of particles) values were 3.57 for ground and 5.45 for unground bagasse. Grinding of bagasse increased the fineness of particles by 34%. Voluntary DMI was comparable for ground and pelleted rations (Table 2 ). However, the pelleted ration had 10.2% higher DMI than the ground rations and this may be due to increased palatability due to pelleting. The DMI was significantly (P < 0.05 ) higher ( 11.6%) in sheep compared to goats (Table 3 ). Sheep met the DM requirements for maintenance (NRC, 1975 ) on both rations, while goats met the DM requirements for maintenance (NRC, 1981 ) only on the pelleted ration. This indicates that goats did not relish this fibrous material well as compared to sheep. Digestibilities of CP and GE (P < 0.01 ) were significantly increased by pelleting of sugarcane bagasse. However, digestibilities of NDF, ADF (P < 0.05 ), cellulose, lignin and ether extract (P < 0.01 ) were significantly higher in the ground ration compared to the pelleted ration. This resulted in no change in the nutritive value of both rations. However, Ranganekar et al. ( 1982 ) have reported improved nutrient digestibility of bagasse due to steam treatment. Digestibilities of DM, all the proximate principles, GE and neutral detergent solubles were significantly (P < 0.01 ) higher in goats compared to sheep. Higher digestibilities of nu-

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M.R. REDDY ET AL.

TABLE 2 Effect of processing of sugarcane bagasse on DMI, nutrient digestibility and nutritive value in goats

and sheep Item

Experimental rations (bagasse + conc. )

ground BW (kg) DMlg/d DMIkg/100kgBW D M I / k g (BW) 075

30.0 641.7 2.2 50.1

pelleted + 1.3 -+ 1.3 _+0.1

30.4-+ 1.2 715.8+ 1.4 2.3+0.1 55.3

Digestibility (%) DM OM CP Crude fibre Ether extract NFE GE Neutral detergent solubles NDF ADF Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin

55.4 +1.4 56.5 -+ 1.8 63.6* _+0.9 52.1 + 1.6 76.1 ** _+0.9 57.5 _+ 1.5 47.6**_+ 1.5 70.7 _+3.0 44.8* +0.8 42.8* _+ 1.6 44.8** _+ 1.1 48.1 + 2.6 15.3** _+0.3

54.1-+1.0 55.6-+1.1 66.4_+ 1.1 51.7_+ 1.1 65.8 _+ 1.6 56.2_+ 1.2 53.9_+ 1.0 72.0 + 2.2 42.3-+ 1.0 39.7-+0.7 40.6 + 1.0 46.6 + 2.4 13.6 + 0.4

Nutritive value DP(%) TDN (%)

5.3 +0.8 55.2 _+ 1.1

5.2_+0.7 55.5 _+ 1.2

Sugar bagasse alone (difference method) Digestibility coefficients (%) CP Crudefibre Ether extract NFE

33.2**_+ 1.0 53.4 + 1.5 69.9**_+ 1.0 52.8 +1.6

45.7 _+ 1.2 52.5_+ 1.2 48.9 + 1.7 51.6_+ 1.3

Nutritive value DP(%) TDN(5)

1.1 +0.7 50.8 + l . 0

1.6+0.6 49.2+1.1

*P<0.05. **P<0.01.

trients were recorded in goats compared to sheep on maize silage as sole ration (Reddy and Reddy, 1988). DP ( P < 0 . 0 5 ) and T D N ( P < 0 . 0 1 ) were higher in goats compared to sheep, indicating that goats were superior to sheep in utilizing the nutrients from bagasse. The DP and T D N contents were higher than the requirements for maintenance for sheep on the pelleted ration (NRC,

EFFECT OF PHYSICAL PROCESSING ON NUTRITIVE VALUEOF SUGARCANEBAGASSE

29

TABLE 3 Effect of species difference on DMI, nutrient digestibility and nutritive value of processed sugarcane bagasse Item

Experimental rations (bagasse + conc. ) goat

sheep

Combined ration 32.6 + 1.4 690.5 +_ 1.4 2.1" -+ 0.1 50.6

27.8-+1.1 607.0_+1.2 2.4±0.1 55.1

Digestibility (%) DM 0M CP Ether extract Crude fibre NFE GE Neutral detergent solubles NDF ADF Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin

61.5"*+ 1.0 62.7**+ 1.5 68.1"*+0.8 67.5** + 0.8 55.8**+ 1.3 66.3**+ 1.0 57.9"*-+ 1.1 87.9** -+ 2.4 44.3 _+0.8 41.2 -+0.7 43.3 -+0.9 49.4 +2.5 14.7 +0.2

48.0_+ 1.4 49.4+ 1.3 61.8-+ 1.1 74.5 + 1.7 47.9 -+ 1.4 47.4+ 1.7 43.5 + 2.5 55.6 -+ 2.8 42.8+ 1.0 41.3-+1.6 42.1_+ 1.1 45.4-+ 2.5 14.3-+0.5

Nutritive value DP (%) TDN (%)

5.4* _+0.7 60.3"*1.2

5.0+0.8 50.4_+ 1.l

BW (kg) DMI g / d DMI kg/100 kg BW D M I / k g ( B W ) 0"75

Sugar bagasse alone (difference method) Digestible coefficients (%) CP Crude fibre Ether extract NFE

49.5**+ 0.9 56.8* + 1.3 50.8**+ 0.7 64.2** + 1.1

29.2_+ 1.1 43.1 + 1.2 67.9 + 1.5 40.2 _+ 1.6

Nutritive value DP (%) T D N (%)

1.7" +0.6 57.6"* £ 1.2

1.0___0.7 42.4+ 1.2

* P < 0.05

**P<0.01.

1975 ), and goats on both rations (NRC, 1981 ). T D N content on the ground ration in sheep was less than the recommended level (NRC, 1975 ). Although, the DMI in goats was lower than the recommended level, these animals met

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M.R. REDDYET AL.

TABLE 4

Plane of nutrition of experimental animals as affected by different physical treatments of sugarcane bagasse Species

Ration

BW

DP

TDN

(kg)

%in ration

intake/ day

%in ration

(g)

Goats

Sheep

ground pellet requirements I ground pellet requirements2

32.7 32.5 30.0 28.0 27.6 30.0

5.4 5.4 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.8

36.1 38.6 35.0 31.4 35.2 29.0

intake/ day

DM intake

DE intake/

ME intake/

kg/100

day

day

kg BW

(Mcal)

(Mcal)

2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.0

1.8 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.5

1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.2

(g) 60.7 59.8 55.7 49.6 51.1 55.0

405.5 427.0 362.0 305.5 366.9 330.0

'Maintenance requirements of goats (NRC, 1981 ). 2Maintenance requirements of ewes extrapolated to 30 kg body weight (NRC, 1975 ).

the DP and T D N requirements, because of much higher DP and TDN contents in these rations. The nutritive value data of bagasse obtained by the difference method indicated that there was higher protein digestibility (P < 0.01 ) in pelleted bagasse and higher ether extract digestibility ( P < 0 . 0 1 ) in ground bagasse. However, the DP and T D N contents of 1.1, 50.8 and 1.6, 49.2% on ground and pelleted bagasse, respectively, were comparable indicating that pelleting did not have beneficial effects on nutrient utilization compared to ground bagasse among small ruminants. Goats had higher digestibilities of CP, NFE (P < 0.01 ) and crude fibre (P < 0.05 ), while sheep had higher digestibility of ether extract. This resulted in higher DP (P < 0.05 ) and T D N (P < 0.01 ) contents in pelleted bagasse. The DP and T D N contents were 1.7, 57.6 and 1.0, 42.4% for goats and sheep, respectively. These results indicate that ground sugarcane bagasse can be utilized as sole roughage for maintenance in goats and sheep. Goats utilized this fibrous, low density roughage more efficiently than sheep. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Research was funded under IDRC Grant No. 3-P-86-0265 as part of Goat and Sheep Feeding (India). REFERENCES ASAE, 1970. Methods of determining modulus of uniformity and modulus of fineness of ground

feed. In: Feed Manufacturing Technology by Feed Production Council, American Soc. Agri. Engineers, American Feed Manufacturers Association INC, Chicago, IL, pp. 560.

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ASI, 1988. Agriculture Situation in India. June. Directorate of Economics and Statistics. New Delhi, India, pp. 266. AOAC, 1980. Official Methods of Analysis. 13th Edn. Assoc. Offic. Agric. Chem., Washington, DC, USA. Devendra, C., 1979. The digestibility of chemically treated bagasse in molasses based diets for sheep and goats. Mardi Res. Bull., I: 103-115. Headley, V. and Pfost, H., 1970. Describing particle size. In: Feed Manufacturing Technology by Feed Production Council, American Feed Manufacturers Association, INC, Chicago, IL, pp. 563. NRC, 1975. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. Subcommittee on Sheep Nutrition. National Academy Press. Nation Research Council. Washington, DC, USA. NRC, 1981. Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries. Subcommittee on Goat Nutrition. National Academy Press. National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA, pp 91. Ranganekar, D.V., 1988. Availability and intensive utilization of sugarcane by-products. In: C. Devendra (Editor), Non-conventional Feed Resources and Fibrous Agricultural Residue Strategies for Expanded Utilization. Proceedings of consultation Hisar, India, 21-29 March, pp. 76-93. Ranganekar, D.V., Badve, V.C., Kharat, S.T., Soble, B.N. and Joshi, A.L., 1982. Effect of high pressure steam treatment on chemical composition and digestibility in vitro of roughages. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 7:61-70. Ranganekar, D.V., Nigadikar, V.P., Sobale, B.N., Joshi, A.L. and Patil, R.E., 1974. A pilot study on the use of sugarcane by-products for growing crossbred heifers. Proceedings Conf. Animal Feeds Tropical & Subtropical Origin. Tropical Products Institute, London, 335 pp. Reddy, G.V.N. and Reddy, M.R., 1988. Maize silage as sole ration for sheep and goats. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 5: 160-162. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G., 1968. Statistical Methods 6th Edition. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, Calcutta, India. Talapatra, S.K., Ray, S.C. and Sen, K.C., 1940. The analysis of mineral constituents in biological materials, Part I. Estimation of phosphorus, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in foodstuffs. Indian J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb., 10: 243-58. Van Soest, P.J. and Moore, L.A., 1965. New chemical methods for analysis of forages for the purpose of predicting nutritive value. Proceedings 9th International Grassland Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Paper No. 424.