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Effect of Procain Penicillin, Potassium Para-Amino Salicylate, and Isoniazid on Young Calves1
]]]2
JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE
milk was s u p e r i o r to one p a r t seminal plasma. Lesser p r o p o r t i o n s of milk were g e n e r a l l y inf e r i o r to p l a s m a in the m a i n t e n a n c e of motility. Since o t h e r evidence f r o m the e x p e r i m e n t indicates suitable physiological characteristics f o r milk, it is assumed t h a t lesser p r o p o r t i o n s of milk in these two trials indicate i n a d e q u a t e n u t r i e n t supply. I f this is correct, the a m o u n t of usable e n e r g y f o r s p e r m in milk can r o u g h l y be a p p r o x i m a t e d a t o n e - f o u r t h the a m o u n t in plasma. The a m o u n t of lactose in milk is at least five times the a m o u n t of f r u c t o s e in semen. This would indicate t h a t if s p e r m use a n y lactose it is n o t a h i g h - p e r c e n t a g e utilization. I n a s y n t h e t i c medium, s p e r m are r e p o r t e d l y i n c a p a b l e of lactose utilization (10). Glycolysis, however, is a p r i n c i p a l m e a n s b y which s p e r m obtain e n e r g y f r o m milk as well as f r o n l o t h e r media (3). The p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t shows t h a t s p e r m can o b t a i n e n e r g y f r o m milk, b u t the exact source of n u t r i e n t s is not established. Milk m a y also have a f a v o r a b l e physiological influence, because as little as one-half p a r t milk to whole semen i m p r o v e d m o t i l i t y d u r i n g incubation. This is in a d d i t i o n to the n u t r i e n t value of milk as d e m o n s t r a t e d f r o m u s i n g washed sperm.
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
W. H. Practical Physiological Chemistry, (7)
(8)
(9)
J . L. ALBRIGHT ~ M. H . EHLBRS R. E. ERB
(10)
Department of Dairy Sciencej State College of Washington~ Pullman
(11)
2 Permanent address: California Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo, California.
(12)
REFERENCES (1) ALBRIGHT, J. A., EHLLRS, M. H., ANn EEB, R . E . Motility of Sperm in Milk Diluent With and Without Seminal Plasma. J. Dairy Sci., 39: 922. 1956. (2) ALMQUIS~, J. O., ANI) THACKE~, D. L. Fer-
EFFECT
OF
PROCAIN
SALICYLATE,
AND
(13)
13th ed. The Blakiston Company, Inc., New York. 1954. JOHNSOINv, P. E., FLIPSE, ]~. J., AN]) ALMQVrS% J. O. Diluters for Bovine Semen. VI. The Effect of Cysteine Hydroehloride on the Livability of Bull Spermatozoa in Unheated Skimmilk. J. Dairy Sci, 38: 53. 1955. MANN, T., AND L~TWAK-MANN, C. Studies on the Metabolism of Semen. 4. Aerobic and Anaerobic Utilization of Fructose by Spermatozoa and Seminal Vesicles. Biochem. J., 43: 266. 1948. MICHAJILOV, N. N. Sperm Dilation in Milk. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 117: 337. 1950. RE~E~'CZ, E. Uber den Spaltungstoffwechsel der Spermatozoen in Zusammenhang mit der B e w e g l i c h k e i t . Biochem. Ztschr., 256: 234. 1933. SNEImCOR, G. W. Statistical Methods. 4¢h ed. Iowa State College Press, Ames. 1946. THACKE~, D. L., A~D ALh{QUIST, J. O. Fertility and Motility of Bovine Spernmtozoa in Boiled Milk. J. Dairy Sci., 36: 173. 1953. VAN TIENHOVE~, A., SALISBV~% G. W., VANDEMAI~K, ~ . L., AND HANSEN~ ]:~. G. The Preferential Utilization by Bull Spermatozoa of Glucose as Compared to Fructose. J. Dairy Sci., 35: 637. 1952.
PENICILLIN,
POTASSIU~
ISONIAZID
ON YOUNG
Para-amino salicylic acid ( P A S ) a n d isoniazid have influenced the effect of wide-spect r u m antibiotics in y o u n g calves. P A S a p p e a r e d to c o u n t e r a c t the effect of c h l o r t e t r a cyeline (4). I s o n i a z i d e n h a n c e d the effect of c h l o r t e t r a c y e l i n e b u t c o u n t e r a c t e d the effect of oxytetracyciine (3). The n a t u r e of this i n t e r a c tion is n o t clear, b u t it m a y have been due to a change in the t y p e of m i c r o o r g a n i s m s affected. I t seemed possible, therefore, t h a t the influence of these substances could enhance the value 1Florida Agriculture E x p e r i m e n t Journal Series, No. 727.
tility of Bull Semen Diluted with Boiled Homogenized Milk and Boiled Skimmflk. J. Animal Sci., 11: 787. 1952. EHLERS, M. H., ~ND ERB, R. E. Metabolism of Bull Semen. V. Influence of Dilution Rate and Time. Wash. Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bull. 20. 1956. FLEBLCHINGE~,F. l-I., EKB, t~. E., AND EttLEltS, M. H. The Use of Heated Homogenized Milk as a Diluter for Bull Semen. J. Dairy Sci., 36: 1016. 1953. HAFS, H. D., A~D ELLIOT% F. I. The Effect of Adding Egg Yolk and Monosaccharides on the Survival of Frozen Bull Spermatozoa. J. Dair?l Sci., 38: 811. 1955. HA~¥K, P. B., Os]~l¢, B. :L., AN]) SUMEI~SON,
Station
PARA-AMINO CALVES
1
of n a r r o w - s p e c t r u m antibiotics. P e n i c i l l i n was chosen f o r this s t u d y because r e p o r t s concerning the n u t r i t i o n a l use of this antibiotic are highly v a r i a b l e (1). T w e n t y - f o u r n e w - b o r n calves, f o u r Holsteins a n d 20 J e r s e y s , were assigned to f o u r c o m p a r a b l e groups. All calves were removed f r o m t h e i r dams a t b i r t h a n d confined in indoor, i n d i v i d u a l metal p e n s with concrete floors. The b e d d i n g m a t e r i a l was wood s h a v i n g s a n d was changed daily. D r y mixed concentrates a n d c h o p p e d p a n g o l a grass h a y were f e d in removable m e t a l con-
TECHNICAL NOTES
tainers. Milk was fed at the rate of 9% of body weight in two equal portions daily according to the following schedule: birth through four days, colostrum only; five through 21 days, one-half colostrmn and one-half skimmilk; 22 through 60 days, skimmilk only. Ninety milligrams of one or more medicaments were dispersed in the nfilk fed to calves in respective groups as follows: Group 1, n o n e - control; Group 2, penicillin; Group 3, PAS and penicillin, Group 4, isoniazid and penicillin. Daily records included consumption of both milk and solids feeds, evidence of scours, and general appearance. At weekly intervals each calf was weighed and height at withers was measured. Records were terminated at the end of the 60th day after birth and the data were analyzed statistically, using an analysis of variance technique. The group mean gain in body weight of the control calves was 51 lb. This compares with a computed normal average for these calves of 42 lb. according to the Ragsdale Standard (2). There was no evidence of infection. No scouring or other abnormality was observed, and general thriftiness was excellent in all
1113
subjects. Careful observations did not show any appreciable differences between groups with respect to general physical well-being. Table 1 shows that calves receiving penicillin as the only supplement (Group 2) and those receiving a combination of isoniazid and penicillin (Group 4) gained 60 lb. This is an increase of almost :18% over the controls, and the difference is significant at P----0.05. The calves which received PAS in addition to penicillin gained 52 lb., as compared to 51 lb. for the controls. Gains in height at withers were highly variable, and the small differences between group means were not significant. I t seems evident that, under conditions of this experiment, penicillin was beneficial to young calves. Addition of isoniazid had no effect which could be observed by the methods available. The use of PAS and penicillin together had no obselwable effect. These two supplements possibly were incompatible with respect to the growth-promoting effect of either. J. M. WING Department of Dairy Seience~ Florida Agricultural Experiment Station~ Gainesville
TABLE 1 Ef/ect of ~genicillin alone and co~nbined with isoniazid or PAS on feed consumption and growth o/ calves Average total feed consumption Diluted colDs- Skimtrum milk
Group Control Penicillin Penicillin and PAS Penicillin and isoniazid
Mean body weight
Mean height at withers
]~ange in Range in Concenweight height I-Iay trates Initial Gain gained Initial Gain gained
90.6 90.1
292.6 299.5
(lb.) 10.6 13.0
48.7 60.1
56 56
51 60
(c,~.) 43-74 67 46-74 67
88.0
286.5
11.7
54.7
56
52
42-66
89.6
299.1
8.2
67.9
56
60
53-76
REFERENCES (i) LASSITEa, C. A. Antibiotics as Growth Stimulants for Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 38: 1102. 1955.
(2) RAGSDAL•, A. C. Growth Standards for Dairy Cattle. Missouri Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 336. 1934.
10 8
7-11 6-10
65
9
8-10
66
10
9-11
(3) WING, ,]-. M. Effect of Para-Amino Salicylic
Acid and Chlortetracycline Alone and in Combination on Dairy Calves. J. Animal Sci., 16: 854. 1957. (4) WING, 5. M., AND ARNOLD, P. T. D. Unpublished data. University of Florida,
Gainesville. ]957.
JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE
milk was s u p e r i o r to one p a r t seminal plasma. Lesser p r o p o r t i o n s of milk were g e n e r a l l y inf e r i o r to p l a s m a in the m a i n t e n a n c e of motility. Since o t h e r evidence f r o m the e x p e r i m e n t indicates suitable physiological characteristics f o r milk, it is assumed t h a t lesser p r o p o r t i o n s of milk in these two trials indicate i n a d e q u a t e n u t r i e n t supply. I f this is correct, the a m o u n t of usable e n e r g y f o r s p e r m in milk can r o u g h l y be a p p r o x i m a t e d a t o n e - f o u r t h the a m o u n t in plasma. The a m o u n t of lactose in milk is at least five times the a m o u n t of f r u c t o s e in semen. This would indicate t h a t if s p e r m use a n y lactose it is n o t a h i g h - p e r c e n t a g e utilization. I n a s y n t h e t i c medium, s p e r m are r e p o r t e d l y i n c a p a b l e of lactose utilization (10). Glycolysis, however, is a p r i n c i p a l m e a n s b y which s p e r m obtain e n e r g y f r o m milk as well as f r o n l o t h e r media (3). The p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t shows t h a t s p e r m can o b t a i n e n e r g y f r o m milk, b u t the exact source of n u t r i e n t s is not established. Milk m a y also have a f a v o r a b l e physiological influence, because as little as one-half p a r t milk to whole semen i m p r o v e d m o t i l i t y d u r i n g incubation. This is in a d d i t i o n to the n u t r i e n t value of milk as d e m o n s t r a t e d f r o m u s i n g washed sperm.
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
W. H. Practical Physiological Chemistry, (7)
(8)
(9)
J . L. ALBRIGHT ~ M. H . EHLBRS R. E. ERB
(10)
Department of Dairy Sciencej State College of Washington~ Pullman
(11)
2 Permanent address: California Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo, California.
(12)
REFERENCES (1) ALBRIGHT, J. A., EHLLRS, M. H., ANn EEB, R . E . Motility of Sperm in Milk Diluent With and Without Seminal Plasma. J. Dairy Sci., 39: 922. 1956. (2) ALMQUIS~, J. O., ANI) THACKE~, D. L. Fer-
EFFECT
OF
PROCAIN
SALICYLATE,
AND
(13)
13th ed. The Blakiston Company, Inc., New York. 1954. JOHNSOINv, P. E., FLIPSE, ]~. J., AN]) ALMQVrS% J. O. Diluters for Bovine Semen. VI. The Effect of Cysteine Hydroehloride on the Livability of Bull Spermatozoa in Unheated Skimmilk. J. Dairy Sci, 38: 53. 1955. MANN, T., AND L~TWAK-MANN, C. Studies on the Metabolism of Semen. 4. Aerobic and Anaerobic Utilization of Fructose by Spermatozoa and Seminal Vesicles. Biochem. J., 43: 266. 1948. MICHAJILOV, N. N. Sperm Dilation in Milk. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 117: 337. 1950. RE~E~'CZ, E. Uber den Spaltungstoffwechsel der Spermatozoen in Zusammenhang mit der B e w e g l i c h k e i t . Biochem. Ztschr., 256: 234. 1933. SNEImCOR, G. W. Statistical Methods. 4¢h ed. Iowa State College Press, Ames. 1946. THACKE~, D. L., A~D ALh{QUIST, J. O. Fertility and Motility of Bovine Spernmtozoa in Boiled Milk. J. Dairy Sci., 36: 173. 1953. VAN TIENHOVE~, A., SALISBV~% G. W., VANDEMAI~K, ~ . L., AND HANSEN~ ]:~. G. The Preferential Utilization by Bull Spermatozoa of Glucose as Compared to Fructose. J. Dairy Sci., 35: 637. 1952.
PENICILLIN,
POTASSIU~
ISONIAZID
ON YOUNG
Para-amino salicylic acid ( P A S ) a n d isoniazid have influenced the effect of wide-spect r u m antibiotics in y o u n g calves. P A S a p p e a r e d to c o u n t e r a c t the effect of c h l o r t e t r a cyeline (4). I s o n i a z i d e n h a n c e d the effect of c h l o r t e t r a c y e l i n e b u t c o u n t e r a c t e d the effect of oxytetracyciine (3). The n a t u r e of this i n t e r a c tion is n o t clear, b u t it m a y have been due to a change in the t y p e of m i c r o o r g a n i s m s affected. I t seemed possible, therefore, t h a t the influence of these substances could enhance the value 1Florida Agriculture E x p e r i m e n t Journal Series, No. 727.
tility of Bull Semen Diluted with Boiled Homogenized Milk and Boiled Skimmflk. J. Animal Sci., 11: 787. 1952. EHLERS, M. H., ~ND ERB, R. E. Metabolism of Bull Semen. V. Influence of Dilution Rate and Time. Wash. Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bull. 20. 1956. FLEBLCHINGE~,F. l-I., EKB, t~. E., AND EttLEltS, M. H. The Use of Heated Homogenized Milk as a Diluter for Bull Semen. J. Dairy Sci., 36: 1016. 1953. HAFS, H. D., A~D ELLIOT% F. I. The Effect of Adding Egg Yolk and Monosaccharides on the Survival of Frozen Bull Spermatozoa. J. Dair?l Sci., 38: 811. 1955. HA~¥K, P. B., Os]~l¢, B. :L., AN]) SUMEI~SON,
Station
PARA-AMINO CALVES
1
of n a r r o w - s p e c t r u m antibiotics. P e n i c i l l i n was chosen f o r this s t u d y because r e p o r t s concerning the n u t r i t i o n a l use of this antibiotic are highly v a r i a b l e (1). T w e n t y - f o u r n e w - b o r n calves, f o u r Holsteins a n d 20 J e r s e y s , were assigned to f o u r c o m p a r a b l e groups. All calves were removed f r o m t h e i r dams a t b i r t h a n d confined in indoor, i n d i v i d u a l metal p e n s with concrete floors. The b e d d i n g m a t e r i a l was wood s h a v i n g s a n d was changed daily. D r y mixed concentrates a n d c h o p p e d p a n g o l a grass h a y were f e d in removable m e t a l con-
TECHNICAL NOTES
tainers. Milk was fed at the rate of 9% of body weight in two equal portions daily according to the following schedule: birth through four days, colostrum only; five through 21 days, one-half colostrmn and one-half skimmilk; 22 through 60 days, skimmilk only. Ninety milligrams of one or more medicaments were dispersed in the nfilk fed to calves in respective groups as follows: Group 1, n o n e - control; Group 2, penicillin; Group 3, PAS and penicillin, Group 4, isoniazid and penicillin. Daily records included consumption of both milk and solids feeds, evidence of scours, and general appearance. At weekly intervals each calf was weighed and height at withers was measured. Records were terminated at the end of the 60th day after birth and the data were analyzed statistically, using an analysis of variance technique. The group mean gain in body weight of the control calves was 51 lb. This compares with a computed normal average for these calves of 42 lb. according to the Ragsdale Standard (2). There was no evidence of infection. No scouring or other abnormality was observed, and general thriftiness was excellent in all
1113
subjects. Careful observations did not show any appreciable differences between groups with respect to general physical well-being. Table 1 shows that calves receiving penicillin as the only supplement (Group 2) and those receiving a combination of isoniazid and penicillin (Group 4) gained 60 lb. This is an increase of almost :18% over the controls, and the difference is significant at P----0.05. The calves which received PAS in addition to penicillin gained 52 lb., as compared to 51 lb. for the controls. Gains in height at withers were highly variable, and the small differences between group means were not significant. I t seems evident that, under conditions of this experiment, penicillin was beneficial to young calves. Addition of isoniazid had no effect which could be observed by the methods available. The use of PAS and penicillin together had no obselwable effect. These two supplements possibly were incompatible with respect to the growth-promoting effect of either. J. M. WING Department of Dairy Seience~ Florida Agricultural Experiment Station~ Gainesville
TABLE 1 Ef/ect of ~genicillin alone and co~nbined with isoniazid or PAS on feed consumption and growth o/ calves Average total feed consumption Diluted colDs- Skimtrum milk
Group Control Penicillin Penicillin and PAS Penicillin and isoniazid
Mean body weight
Mean height at withers
]~ange in Range in Concenweight height I-Iay trates Initial Gain gained Initial Gain gained
90.6 90.1
292.6 299.5
(lb.) 10.6 13.0
48.7 60.1
56 56
51 60
(c,~.) 43-74 67 46-74 67
88.0
286.5
11.7
54.7
56
52
42-66
89.6
299.1
8.2
67.9
56
60
53-76
REFERENCES (i) LASSITEa, C. A. Antibiotics as Growth Stimulants for Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 38: 1102. 1955.
(2) RAGSDAL•, A. C. Growth Standards for Dairy Cattle. Missouri Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 336. 1934.
10 8
7-11 6-10
65
9
8-10
66
10
9-11
(3) WING, ,]-. M. Effect of Para-Amino Salicylic
Acid and Chlortetracycline Alone and in Combination on Dairy Calves. J. Animal Sci., 16: 854. 1957. (4) WING, 5. M., AND ARNOLD, P. T. D. Unpublished data. University of Florida,
Gainesville. ]957.