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Effect of Soybean Meal Treatment and Dietary Carbohydrate on Plasma Protein Levels and Body Composition of Chicks1
341
RESEARCH NOTES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sincere thanks are expressed to Dr. L.
N. Mohapatra, Associate Professor Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India for identifying fungal isolates and to Dr. B. K. Soni, Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pant Nagar (Naini Tal) for providing facilities. REFERENCES Chute, H. L., D. C. O'Meara, H. D. Tresner and E. Lacombe, 1956. The fungus flora of chickens with infections of the respiratory tract. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 17: 763-765. Chute, H. L., D. C. O'Meara, and E. S. Barden, 1962. A bibliography of avian mycosis. Misc. Publ. Maine Agric. Expt. Sta. No. 631. Cruickshank, R., 1965. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to the Laboratory Diagnosis and Control of Infection, 11th ed., E&S Livingstone Ltd., London. Jordan, F. T. W., 1954. The incidence of fungi in the lungs of poultry. Brit. Vet. J. 110:25-26.
EFFECT OF SOYBEAN MEAL TREATMENT AND DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE ON PLASMA PROTEIN LEVELS AND BODY COMPOSITION OF CHICKS 1 G. DAL BORGO 2 AND J. MCGINNIS Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163 (Received for publication November 19, 1968)
The levels of plasma proteins are related to the quality and quantity of dietary protein and in cases of protein malnutrition these levels decline (Flodin, 1953). Erwin (1960) reported alterations in the electrophoretic pattern of specific serum protein fractions occurred when different proteins were fed to rats. In addition to the protein in the diet, Chang and Varnell (1966) reported that the type of dietary carbohydrate also influenced the serum protein in rats. 1 Scientific Paper No. 3083. College of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman. Project 1S33. 2 Present address: Ralston Purina International, St. Louis, Mo.
The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of autoclaving soybean meal and dietary carbohydrate on plasma protein concentrations and body composition in the chick. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crossbred chicks (Hubbard X White Mountain) were raised from day of age to 3 weeks on 4 different diets containing either unheated or autoclaved hexaneextracted soybean meal as the sole protein source, in combination with either glucose or corn starch. Composition of the basal diet and the soybean meal treatments were described previously (Dal Borgo et al., 1967). All diets were fed ad
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on April 17, 2015
In conclusion 10, of the 17 dead birds with respiratory tract lesions (58.8 percent), five of the 10 dead birds with no respiratory tract lesions (50.0 percent) and one of the 10 healthy birds (10.0 percent) were free of fungi. Relatively high incidence of fungi from nose suggest that spores of these fungi, which are present in the air, settle in the nasal cavity of fowls. Similarly relatively low percentage of birds give rise to the incidence of such fungi in the environment. Soil might also be playing an important vehicle of transmission of fungal spores. Thus, it would appear that source of these fungi is an environment of soil and air which is loaded with variety of fungal spores.
342
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Influence of diet on plasma protein fractions of chicks Dietary carbohydrate and soybean meal treatment Parameters
Av. 3 week wt. (gm.) 32 chicks/treat. Gain/feed Total plasma protein gm./lOO ml. Plasma albumin gm./lOO ml. Body moisture (%) Body protein (%)> Body fat (%) 3 1 3
Corn starch autoclaved
Glucose raw
Corn starch raw
434 a1 0.73 3.43 + 0.10 8 1.74+0.05 a 68.2 + 0.88 17.3 + 0.17 9.9 + 0.74 a
396 b 0.74 3.29 + 0.11 l.SS + O.OSb 69.2 + 0.55 17.3 + 0.27 8.7 + 0.69 ab
327 c 0.62 3.38 + 0.15 1.48 + 0.09 b 70.5 + 0.91 16.8 + 0.17 9.4+0.88 a
300 d 0.62 3.38 + 0.12 1.62 + 0.05 ab 70.3 + 0.30 16.6 + 0.25 6.9 + 0.42 b
Means bearing the same letter are not significantly different (P<0.05). Means + standard error. Wet basis.
libitum; each group had 4 birds of each sex. At the end of the 3-week period, 32 chicks (8 per treatment) were weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Birds not immediately subjected to analysis were stored in a freezer at — 40° C. Body moisture determinations were carried out by drying the carcasses to constant weight (approximately 137 hours) in a forced draft oven at 85°C. Feathers were not removed from the carcasses. Body fat and protein were determined by the method of Rand (1957), with some modifications. Carcasses were dissolved in concentrated HC1 over a steam bath for 20 hours. Fat was extracted from the resulting solutions with petroleum ether and weighed after the ether was evaporated. Nitrogen was determined on an aliquot of the remaining defatted solution by the Kjeldahl procedure (A.O.A.C, Methods of Analysis, 1960). Blood samples were collected by heart puncture from 32 chicks (8 per treatment), using a heparinized syringe to prevent coagulation. Blood plasma was separated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis in a Gelman chamber in trisbarbital-sodium barbital high resolution buffer (pH-8.8, ^ = 0.05) for 1.5 hours at 255 volts and dyed with Ponceau S stain.
The cellulose acetate strips were scanned on a Spinco integrating analytrol (Beckman Instrument Co.) with a Scan-A-Tron (Gelman Instrument Co.) attached to it and the percentage corresponding to each protein fraction calculated. Total plasma protein was determined by the microKjeldahl method (A.O.A.C, Methods of Analysis, 1960) and the grams per 100 ml. of plasma of each protein fraction determined by multiplying total plasma protein by the relative percentage of the individual fraction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results presented in Table 1 show that glucose supported significantly better growth than starch when fed with either type of soybean meal. Total plasma protein was affected only slightly by the dietary treatments, but some significant effects on plasma albumin were obtained. Body moisture and protein were unaffected but the amount of body fat was reduced when starch was fed with raw soybean meal. Also, a slight decrease in body fat was seen when starch was fed with autoclaved soybean meal. REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis, 1960, 9th ed., Washington, D.C.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on April 17, 2015
2
Glucose
autoclaved
343
RESEARCH NOTES Chang, V., and T. R. Varnell, 1956. Paper electrophoresis of serum in rats fed various carbohydrate diets. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 121: 524-526. Dal Borgo, G., M. H. Pubols and J. McGinnis, 1967. Effect of using sugar or starch in the diet on biological responses in the chick to autoclaving hexane extracted soybean meal. Poultry Sci. 46: 885-889. Erwin, E. S., 1960. Effect of dietary protein quality
on alteration of serum proteins and lipoproteins in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 103: 396398. Flodin, N. W., 1953. Amino acids and proteins, their place in human nutrition problems. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1: 222-235. Rand, N. T., 1957. The utilization of fat by the growing chick. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois.
I. F. CARTE AND J. H. SMITH Research and Development Division, Hubbard Farms, Inc., Walpole, New Hampshire 03608 (Received for publication December 5, 1968)
Reported estimates on the degree of linkage between the two sex-linked genes, Silver plumage (S) and Slow juvenile feathering (K) have differed considerably. Punnett (1940) reported a recombination frequency of about 15 percent for k (rapid juvenile feathering) in a (S, K) population. Jaap (1956) reported a crossover frequency of 1.3 percent between the S and K loci, while Hutt (1960) reported a value of 2.8 percent using the albino gene as an intermediate marker. Appropriate matings at this research facility were recently made which offered further evidence on the degree of linkage between S and K. PROCEDURE
The data were obtained from two successive hatches of F 2 backcross progeny. Silver plumage, Rapid feathering males (SSkk), from a synthetic line, were mated to Gold, slow feathering Rhode Island Red females (s-K-). Both lines possess homozygous genotypes for an allele of the E locus, which is believed to be pure ewh in both lines. The Fi males (Ss Kk) were backcrossed to the Pi females (S-k-). All slow feathering female progeny from
TABLE 1.—The number of slow feathering Fife-males by plumage color Plumage color
Genotype
Number of female progeny
White Gold
S-Ks-K-
15 838
Total
—
858
this mating were recorded by plumage color. Only female progeny were recorded because the SS and Ss males could not be phenotypically distinguished. RESULTS
The results are presented in Table 1. There were 15 Slow-Silver and 838 SlowGold female chicks. This gives a crossover frequency of 1.8 percent. The 1.8 chromosome map distance between the S and K loci in this study is much less than the 15 percent reported by Punnett (1940), but agrees very closely with the value of 1.3 percent reported by Jaap (1955) and is close to the value of 2.8 percent reported by Hutt (1960). It is concluded that the degree of linkage between the S and K loci is very close as indicated by the very low crossover
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on April 17, 2015
DEGREE OF LINKAGE BETWEEN T H E SILVER PLUMAGE (S) AND SLOW JUVENILE FEATHERING (K) LOCI
RESEARCH NOTES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sincere thanks are expressed to Dr. L.
N. Mohapatra, Associate Professor Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India for identifying fungal isolates and to Dr. B. K. Soni, Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pant Nagar (Naini Tal) for providing facilities. REFERENCES Chute, H. L., D. C. O'Meara, H. D. Tresner and E. Lacombe, 1956. The fungus flora of chickens with infections of the respiratory tract. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 17: 763-765. Chute, H. L., D. C. O'Meara, and E. S. Barden, 1962. A bibliography of avian mycosis. Misc. Publ. Maine Agric. Expt. Sta. No. 631. Cruickshank, R., 1965. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to the Laboratory Diagnosis and Control of Infection, 11th ed., E&S Livingstone Ltd., London. Jordan, F. T. W., 1954. The incidence of fungi in the lungs of poultry. Brit. Vet. J. 110:25-26.
EFFECT OF SOYBEAN MEAL TREATMENT AND DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE ON PLASMA PROTEIN LEVELS AND BODY COMPOSITION OF CHICKS 1 G. DAL BORGO 2 AND J. MCGINNIS Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163 (Received for publication November 19, 1968)
The levels of plasma proteins are related to the quality and quantity of dietary protein and in cases of protein malnutrition these levels decline (Flodin, 1953). Erwin (1960) reported alterations in the electrophoretic pattern of specific serum protein fractions occurred when different proteins were fed to rats. In addition to the protein in the diet, Chang and Varnell (1966) reported that the type of dietary carbohydrate also influenced the serum protein in rats. 1 Scientific Paper No. 3083. College of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman. Project 1S33. 2 Present address: Ralston Purina International, St. Louis, Mo.
The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of autoclaving soybean meal and dietary carbohydrate on plasma protein concentrations and body composition in the chick. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crossbred chicks (Hubbard X White Mountain) were raised from day of age to 3 weeks on 4 different diets containing either unheated or autoclaved hexaneextracted soybean meal as the sole protein source, in combination with either glucose or corn starch. Composition of the basal diet and the soybean meal treatments were described previously (Dal Borgo et al., 1967). All diets were fed ad
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on April 17, 2015
In conclusion 10, of the 17 dead birds with respiratory tract lesions (58.8 percent), five of the 10 dead birds with no respiratory tract lesions (50.0 percent) and one of the 10 healthy birds (10.0 percent) were free of fungi. Relatively high incidence of fungi from nose suggest that spores of these fungi, which are present in the air, settle in the nasal cavity of fowls. Similarly relatively low percentage of birds give rise to the incidence of such fungi in the environment. Soil might also be playing an important vehicle of transmission of fungal spores. Thus, it would appear that source of these fungi is an environment of soil and air which is loaded with variety of fungal spores.
342
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Influence of diet on plasma protein fractions of chicks Dietary carbohydrate and soybean meal treatment Parameters
Av. 3 week wt. (gm.) 32 chicks/treat. Gain/feed Total plasma protein gm./lOO ml. Plasma albumin gm./lOO ml. Body moisture (%) Body protein (%)> Body fat (%) 3 1 3
Corn starch autoclaved
Glucose raw
Corn starch raw
434 a1 0.73 3.43 + 0.10 8 1.74+0.05 a 68.2 + 0.88 17.3 + 0.17 9.9 + 0.74 a
396 b 0.74 3.29 + 0.11 l.SS + O.OSb 69.2 + 0.55 17.3 + 0.27 8.7 + 0.69 ab
327 c 0.62 3.38 + 0.15 1.48 + 0.09 b 70.5 + 0.91 16.8 + 0.17 9.4+0.88 a
300 d 0.62 3.38 + 0.12 1.62 + 0.05 ab 70.3 + 0.30 16.6 + 0.25 6.9 + 0.42 b
Means bearing the same letter are not significantly different (P<0.05). Means + standard error. Wet basis.
libitum; each group had 4 birds of each sex. At the end of the 3-week period, 32 chicks (8 per treatment) were weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Birds not immediately subjected to analysis were stored in a freezer at — 40° C. Body moisture determinations were carried out by drying the carcasses to constant weight (approximately 137 hours) in a forced draft oven at 85°C. Feathers were not removed from the carcasses. Body fat and protein were determined by the method of Rand (1957), with some modifications. Carcasses were dissolved in concentrated HC1 over a steam bath for 20 hours. Fat was extracted from the resulting solutions with petroleum ether and weighed after the ether was evaporated. Nitrogen was determined on an aliquot of the remaining defatted solution by the Kjeldahl procedure (A.O.A.C, Methods of Analysis, 1960). Blood samples were collected by heart puncture from 32 chicks (8 per treatment), using a heparinized syringe to prevent coagulation. Blood plasma was separated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis in a Gelman chamber in trisbarbital-sodium barbital high resolution buffer (pH-8.8, ^ = 0.05) for 1.5 hours at 255 volts and dyed with Ponceau S stain.
The cellulose acetate strips were scanned on a Spinco integrating analytrol (Beckman Instrument Co.) with a Scan-A-Tron (Gelman Instrument Co.) attached to it and the percentage corresponding to each protein fraction calculated. Total plasma protein was determined by the microKjeldahl method (A.O.A.C, Methods of Analysis, 1960) and the grams per 100 ml. of plasma of each protein fraction determined by multiplying total plasma protein by the relative percentage of the individual fraction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results presented in Table 1 show that glucose supported significantly better growth than starch when fed with either type of soybean meal. Total plasma protein was affected only slightly by the dietary treatments, but some significant effects on plasma albumin were obtained. Body moisture and protein were unaffected but the amount of body fat was reduced when starch was fed with raw soybean meal. Also, a slight decrease in body fat was seen when starch was fed with autoclaved soybean meal. REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis, 1960, 9th ed., Washington, D.C.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on April 17, 2015
2
Glucose
autoclaved
343
RESEARCH NOTES Chang, V., and T. R. Varnell, 1956. Paper electrophoresis of serum in rats fed various carbohydrate diets. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 121: 524-526. Dal Borgo, G., M. H. Pubols and J. McGinnis, 1967. Effect of using sugar or starch in the diet on biological responses in the chick to autoclaving hexane extracted soybean meal. Poultry Sci. 46: 885-889. Erwin, E. S., 1960. Effect of dietary protein quality
on alteration of serum proteins and lipoproteins in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 103: 396398. Flodin, N. W., 1953. Amino acids and proteins, their place in human nutrition problems. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1: 222-235. Rand, N. T., 1957. The utilization of fat by the growing chick. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois.
I. F. CARTE AND J. H. SMITH Research and Development Division, Hubbard Farms, Inc., Walpole, New Hampshire 03608 (Received for publication December 5, 1968)
Reported estimates on the degree of linkage between the two sex-linked genes, Silver plumage (S) and Slow juvenile feathering (K) have differed considerably. Punnett (1940) reported a recombination frequency of about 15 percent for k (rapid juvenile feathering) in a (S, K) population. Jaap (1956) reported a crossover frequency of 1.3 percent between the S and K loci, while Hutt (1960) reported a value of 2.8 percent using the albino gene as an intermediate marker. Appropriate matings at this research facility were recently made which offered further evidence on the degree of linkage between S and K. PROCEDURE
The data were obtained from two successive hatches of F 2 backcross progeny. Silver plumage, Rapid feathering males (SSkk), from a synthetic line, were mated to Gold, slow feathering Rhode Island Red females (s-K-). Both lines possess homozygous genotypes for an allele of the E locus, which is believed to be pure ewh in both lines. The Fi males (Ss Kk) were backcrossed to the Pi females (S-k-). All slow feathering female progeny from
TABLE 1.—The number of slow feathering Fife-males by plumage color Plumage color
Genotype
Number of female progeny
White Gold
S-Ks-K-
15 838
Total
—
858
this mating were recorded by plumage color. Only female progeny were recorded because the SS and Ss males could not be phenotypically distinguished. RESULTS
The results are presented in Table 1. There were 15 Slow-Silver and 838 SlowGold female chicks. This gives a crossover frequency of 1.8 percent. The 1.8 chromosome map distance between the S and K loci in this study is much less than the 15 percent reported by Punnett (1940), but agrees very closely with the value of 1.3 percent reported by Jaap (1955) and is close to the value of 2.8 percent reported by Hutt (1960). It is concluded that the degree of linkage between the S and K loci is very close as indicated by the very low crossover
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on April 17, 2015
DEGREE OF LINKAGE BETWEEN T H E SILVER PLUMAGE (S) AND SLOW JUVENILE FEATHERING (K) LOCI