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Effect of Substituting Dry Sugars for Molasses in Calf Starters on Feed Intake and Growth Response
EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTING DRY SUGARS FOR MOLASSES IN CALF S T A R T E R S ON F E E D I N T A K E A N D G R O W T H R E S P O N S E S. R. ATAI ~ A~I) K. E. HARSHBARGER Department of Dairy Science, University of Illinois, Urbana ABSTRACT
Thirty-six Holstein and 12 Brown Swiss calves were assigned at random within breed and sex to four starter ration groups; namely, control, molasses, sucrose, and dextrose, to determine the growth responses as measured by live weight gains and voluntary starter consumption in an early-weaning lbnited whole milk feeding regimen. Differences in live weight gains among the four groups were not statistically significant (P < 0.05). However, weight gains for the sweetened starters were significantly larger than those for the control starter at 10% level of probability. The starter consumption among the groups was significantly different at 10% level of probability and the intake of sweetened starters was significantly larger than that of the control starter (P < 0.025). A correlation coefficient of 0.615 was obtained between starter consumption and weight gains. Comparisons of weight gains and consumption of sweetened starters by sugar source did not show any significant difference.
Use of early-weaning programs in raising dairy calves has been reported by various studies (3, 4, 11, ]2) to be successful in terms of economy, health, and weight gains. The feeding of dry calf starters in these programs substitutes cheaper nutrients in grain and hay for those in milk and also releases fluid milk for human consumption. I t has been shown (8, 10) that the feeding of a high-roughage diet enhances early development of tureen function and establishment of protozoa and bacteria which enables the young calf to utilize dry feeds at an early age. I n an early-weaning program increase in the amount of sta~¢er consumed is a critical factor influencing weight gains (4, 9). Blackstrap molasses has been used extensively in livestock feeding as an appetizer, but its use in calf feeding has been limited, due to its laxative action. When used in limited amounts it has increased appetite, feed consumption, and weight gains in calves (1, 2). tIowever, much inconvenience is associated with the farm mixing of molasses in rations, due to its poor miscibility and stickiness; mechanical facilities which can improve this situation may be uneconomical for small-scale operations. Since the appetizing quality of molasses seems to depend on the sugar content, it was hypothesized that use of purified sugars in Received for publication August 3, 1964. Present address: Lagos, Nigeria, West Africa.
calf starters would increase voluntary feed consumption. Various studies (6, 7) have shown that the growing animal can utilize purified sugars effectively for growth. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the growth response as measured by gains in live weight and the starter consumption of young dairy calves fed starters containing' molasses, sucrose, or dextrose as p a r t of an early-weaning, limited whole milk feeding regimen. E X P E R I M E N T A L PROCEDURE
Twelve male and 24 female Holstein calves and 12 female Brown Swiss calves were randomly assigned within breed and sex to one Of four starter rations after four days' nursing from their dams. The calves were assigned on a randomized basis to individual pens (5 by 5 ft) and were provided daily with wheat straw bedding, fresh water, and good-quality alfalfa hay. Whole milk was fed in nipple pails twice a day according to birth weights, as shown in Table 1. Antibiotics (15-25 rag) were added to the daily milk allowance. The whole milk contained approximately 3.6% fat and 13.0% soli~ts. Ingredients used to formulate the starters are shown in Table 2. The experimental starters were identical in composition, except that either molasses, dextrose, or sucrose was used as the source of sugar. The control starter was designed to represent a typical calf starter with391
S. R. A T A I A N D K. E. H A R S H B A R G E R
392
TABLE 1 Daily milk feeding schedule Birth weight
(lb)
First week
Second week
Third week
64-73 74-83 84-93 94-103 104-113 >-113
5 6 7 8 9 10
6 7 8 9 10 1]
7 8 9 10 11 12
Fourth week
Fifth week
Total milk
4 4 5 5 5 5
196 224 254 280 308 336
(tb )
out molasses a n d to be similar to the experim e n t a l starters. The calves were i n d i v i d u a l l y f e d s t a r t e r on a n a d ]ibitum basis to a m a x i m u m of 5 lb p e r d a y to 12 wk of age, W h o l e milk feeding t e r m i n a t e d a t 5 wk of age. D a i l y records were k e p t on feed c o n s u m p t i o n a n d the occurrence of d i a r r h e a . T h e calves were weighed a t b i r t h a n d a t 4, 8, a n d 12 wk of age. All except b i r t h weights were the a v e r a g e of weights t a k e n on three successive days. Calves fed the u n s w e e t e n e d control s t a r t e r were c o m p a r e d w i t h those fed the sweetened starters, to m e a s u r e differences in intake. W e i g h t gains of the calves fed the sweetened s t a r t e r s were compared, to d e t e r m i n e the effect of source of s u g a r on g r o w t h response. RESULTS A~ffD DISCUSSION G r o w t h results, feed c o n s u m p t i o n , a n d incidence of d i a r r h e a are shown in Table 3. The
a v e r a g e b i r t h weight f o r each g r o u p of calves was n o t significantly different f r o m the others. The statistical s u m m a r y of feed c o n s u m p t i o n a n d body weight g a i n s is p r e s e n t e d in Table 4. G r o w t h responses a n d starLer c o n s u m p t i o n f o r each g r o u p of calves a r e g r a p h i c a l l y p r e s e n t e d in F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2, respectively. N e i t h e r body weight gains, whole milk n o r h a y c o n s u m p t i o n was significantly different a m o n g the f o u r r a t i o n g r o u p s , b u t s t a r t e r cons u m p t i o n was significantly different a t 1 0 % level of p r o b a b i l i t y . The i n d i v i d u a l degrees of f r e e d o m comparison indicated t h a t g r o w t h responses a n d s t a r t e r c o n s u m p t i o n of the calves fed the sweetened s t a r t e r s were significantly l a r g e r t h a n those of the calves fed the control r a t i o n at 10 a n d 2.5% levels of p r o b a b i l i t y , respeetively. The a v e r a g e daily g a i n in 84 days was 1.46 lb f o r the calves on the sweetened s t a r t e r a n d 1.33 lb f o r those on the control ration. This difference in g r o w t h occurred pri-
GROWTH RESPONSES IN 28-DAY PERIODS
TABLE 2 S t a r t e r formulas Ingredients
1
60
Ration groups 2 3
4
z o
(Zb) Ground yellow corn (¾-1n. screen) Crushed oats Soybean oil meal (50% P ) A l f a l f a leaf meal Molasses Dextrose Sucrose Diealcium phosphate Trace-mineralized salt Aurorae a Quadrex b
6 7 8 8 9 10
5O
-
LtC_Z~ CONTROL LLLLU MOLASSES DEXTROSE ~ SUCROSE
z
450 250
400 250
200 230 60 ...... ...... 80 ............ ..................
400 250
~: 4o
230 230 ............ ...... ...... 80 80
~ 30
400 250
18.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
10.0 10.0 1.5
10.0 10.0 1.5
10.0 10.0 1.5
10.0 10.0 1.5
Total 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 a 1.8 g aureomycin/lb. b 10,000 I U of A and 1,250 I U of D per gram.
% 20
I0
0-28
29-56
57-84
DAYS ON EXPERIMENT
FIG. ].
SUGARS ~ O B
140
STARTER CONSUMPTION IN 28-DAY PERIODS q
12o
CONTROL I~
b-
8
I00
~
MOLASSES
DEXTROSE EEE~ SUCROSE
~ ~,,
80 ,I
== 60 o
z
4o ! 20
0-28
Z
:
-
I
=
29-56
iil
57-84
393
CAL~ STABTERS
I
DAYS ON EXPERIMENT
FIG. 2. marily during the second period ( F i g u r e 1), in which milk feeding was discontinued and starter was the main source of nutrients. I n the third period (57-84 days), the limitation of starter feeding at 5 lb p e r day imposed a restriction on starter consumption which probably reduced the difference between the sweetened starters and the control group. There was a correlation coefficient of 0.615 between starter consumption and weight gains. Body weight gains or starter consumption was not significantly different in relation to sugar sources among the sweetened rations. The difference in weight gains between the dextrose (D-glucose) group and the molasses or sucrose group, although not significant, points convincingly to the fact that sucrose, either in the purified f o r m or as in molasses, was metab-
olized for energy. A t 12 wk of age the calves on the sweetened starters consumed a p p r o x i mately equal amounts of their respective starters, and the gain on the sucrose or molasses ration was slightly higher t h a n that on tile dextrose ration. Growth responses indicate that sucrose was utilized during the 29-56-day period of growth. Dollar and P o r t e r (5) stated that at 9 wk of age milk-fed calves showed no suerase activity in the intestines. I n this study suerase aetivity in the intestines of the calves was not measured. However, it is assumed that utilization of the sucrose by the r u m e n microorganisms resulted in the favorable growth responses f r o m rations containing sucrose. The incidence of diarrhea was low in this experim e n t : 7.04% of calf scouring days occurred in the molasses group, 5.06% in the dextrose group, and 2.48% in each of the two other groups. A t the rate of 8% molasses in the starter, the laxative effect of molasses was not detrimental to the growth of calves. Results of this study showed that the inclusion of molasses, dextrose, or sucrose in dry calf starters fed to calves as p a r t of a limited whole milk feeding regimen resulted in increased v o l u n t a r y consumption of the starters and in larger body weight gains, and that dextrose or sucrose can be substituted f o r molasses. REFERENCES
(1) CALLOWA¥, B. C. 1921. Feeding Experiments. Louisiana Agr. Expt. S~a. Bept., 21 : 26. (2) CALLOWA¥, R. C. 1921. Feeding Blackstrap Molasses to Young Calves. Louisiana Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull., 180: 22. (3) CASTLE, M. E., AI~TDWATSOZ~T, 5. N.
TABLE 3 Summary of observations and results of 84-day calf starter experiment l~ation groups Starter mix Growth (avg calf, lb) Birth weight Weight gain Daily gain Feed consumption (avg, lb ) Whole milk Calf starter Hay Diarrhea (days~calf)
1959.
A Comparison Between an Early Weaning and a More Conventional System of Rearing Dairy Calves. Animal Proc., ] : 31. (4) CLABK, R. D., AND WHI~XNe, F. 1961. Further Studies on Raising Dairy Calves with Limited Amounts of Milk. Canadian J. Animal Sei., 4]: 16.
1
2
3
4
Control
Molasses
Dextrose
Sucrose
85.58 111.37 1.33
86.75 123.11 ].47
87.75 118.50 ].43
86.67 123.57 ].47
252.25 182.13 74.42 2.08
247.67 209.53 75.]8 5.92
251.70 212.29 50.04 4.25
248.45 211.04 62.86 2.08
S. R. ATAI AND K. E. HARSHBARGER
394
TABLE 4 S t a t i s ~ c ~ s u m m a r y of f e e d c o n s u m p t i o n a n d b o d y w e i g h t g a i n s
Treatment 1 2 3 4 F. values Treatment Check vs. t r e a t e d Molasses vs. s u g a r s D e x t r o s e vs. sucrose Error variance
Milk consumption
T~'eatment m e a n s Starter I-Iay consumption consumption
252.3 246.0 25] .7 248.5 0.10 ...... ...... 726.84
rib)
182.1 209.5 212.3 211.0 2.33 ~ 6.96 ~ 0.34 0.01 1,074.91
74.4 75.2 50.0 62.9 1.19 ...... ...... 1,413.14
B o d y weight gains 111.7 123.1 118.6 123.6 1.28 3.24 ~ 0.11 0.49 300.43
Significant at 1 0 % level of probability. ~ Significnnt at 2.5% level of probability.
(5) DOLLAR, A. M., AND PORTE~, J. W. 1957. U t i l i z a t i o n of C a r b o h y d r a t e s by t h e Y o u n g Calf. N a t u r e , 179: 1299. (6) FLIPSE, R. J., I-IUEF~AN, C. F., WEBSTER, I-I. D., AND DUNCAN, C. W. 1950. Carboh y d r a t e U t i l i z a t i o n in t h e Y o u n g Calf. L N u t r i t i v e Value of Glucose, Corn Syrup, a n d L a c t o s e as C a r b o h y d r a t e Sources in S y n t h e t i c Milk. J. D a i r y Sci., 3 3 : 5 4 8 . (7) I-IUBBER, J. W., JACOBSON, N. L., MCGILLIARD, A. D., AND ALLEN. l~.. S. 1961. U t i l i z a t i o n of C a r b o h y d r a t e s I n t r o d u c e d Directly into t h e O m a s o - A b o m a s a l Area. o f t h e S t o m a c h of Ca~tle of V a r i o u s Ages. J. D a i r y Sci., 44 : 321. (8) LENGEMEN, F. W., AND ALLEN, N. N. 1955. T h e D e v e l o p m e n t of R u m e n F u n c t i o n in the D a i r y Calf. :[. Some C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
of the R u m e n Contents of Cattle at V a r i o u s Ages. J. D a i r y Sci., 38: 651. MELLER, J. K . , AND CLIFTOI~, C. M. 1962. E f f e c t on L a b o r - S a v i n g M e t h o d of F e e d i n g Milk l%placer a n d A d d i t i o n of T o m a t o P o m a c e to Simplified a n d Complex S t a r t e r f o r D a i r y Calves. Georgia A g r . Expt. Circ., 33: 1. SWANSON, E. N., AND HARRIS, J. D., JR. 1958. D e v e l o p m e n t of R u m i n a t i o n in t h e Y o u n g Calf. J. D a i r y Sci., 41: 1768. WAGNER, A. D. 1962. E f f e c t of W e a n i n g CMvcs a t T w e n g y - E i g h t D a y s of A g e on Growth a n d F e e d Cost. M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, U r b a n a . ZAMORA, G., AND BATEiV~Elq-~ J. W. 1962. E v a l u a t i o n of Milk S u b s t i t u t e M i x t u r e with a n d W i t h o u t A u r o f a c . T u r r l a l b a , 12: 134.
Thirty-six Holstein and 12 Brown Swiss calves were assigned at random within breed and sex to four starter ration groups; namely, control, molasses, sucrose, and dextrose, to determine the growth responses as measured by live weight gains and voluntary starter consumption in an early-weaning lbnited whole milk feeding regimen. Differences in live weight gains among the four groups were not statistically significant (P < 0.05). However, weight gains for the sweetened starters were significantly larger than those for the control starter at 10% level of probability. The starter consumption among the groups was significantly different at 10% level of probability and the intake of sweetened starters was significantly larger than that of the control starter (P < 0.025). A correlation coefficient of 0.615 was obtained between starter consumption and weight gains. Comparisons of weight gains and consumption of sweetened starters by sugar source did not show any significant difference.
Use of early-weaning programs in raising dairy calves has been reported by various studies (3, 4, 11, ]2) to be successful in terms of economy, health, and weight gains. The feeding of dry calf starters in these programs substitutes cheaper nutrients in grain and hay for those in milk and also releases fluid milk for human consumption. I t has been shown (8, 10) that the feeding of a high-roughage diet enhances early development of tureen function and establishment of protozoa and bacteria which enables the young calf to utilize dry feeds at an early age. I n an early-weaning program increase in the amount of sta~¢er consumed is a critical factor influencing weight gains (4, 9). Blackstrap molasses has been used extensively in livestock feeding as an appetizer, but its use in calf feeding has been limited, due to its laxative action. When used in limited amounts it has increased appetite, feed consumption, and weight gains in calves (1, 2). tIowever, much inconvenience is associated with the farm mixing of molasses in rations, due to its poor miscibility and stickiness; mechanical facilities which can improve this situation may be uneconomical for small-scale operations. Since the appetizing quality of molasses seems to depend on the sugar content, it was hypothesized that use of purified sugars in Received for publication August 3, 1964. Present address: Lagos, Nigeria, West Africa.
calf starters would increase voluntary feed consumption. Various studies (6, 7) have shown that the growing animal can utilize purified sugars effectively for growth. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the growth response as measured by gains in live weight and the starter consumption of young dairy calves fed starters containing' molasses, sucrose, or dextrose as p a r t of an early-weaning, limited whole milk feeding regimen. E X P E R I M E N T A L PROCEDURE
Twelve male and 24 female Holstein calves and 12 female Brown Swiss calves were randomly assigned within breed and sex to one Of four starter rations after four days' nursing from their dams. The calves were assigned on a randomized basis to individual pens (5 by 5 ft) and were provided daily with wheat straw bedding, fresh water, and good-quality alfalfa hay. Whole milk was fed in nipple pails twice a day according to birth weights, as shown in Table 1. Antibiotics (15-25 rag) were added to the daily milk allowance. The whole milk contained approximately 3.6% fat and 13.0% soli~ts. Ingredients used to formulate the starters are shown in Table 2. The experimental starters were identical in composition, except that either molasses, dextrose, or sucrose was used as the source of sugar. The control starter was designed to represent a typical calf starter with391
S. R. A T A I A N D K. E. H A R S H B A R G E R
392
TABLE 1 Daily milk feeding schedule Birth weight
(lb)
First week
Second week
Third week
64-73 74-83 84-93 94-103 104-113 >-113
5 6 7 8 9 10
6 7 8 9 10 1]
7 8 9 10 11 12
Fourth week
Fifth week
Total milk
4 4 5 5 5 5
196 224 254 280 308 336
(tb )
out molasses a n d to be similar to the experim e n t a l starters. The calves were i n d i v i d u a l l y f e d s t a r t e r on a n a d ]ibitum basis to a m a x i m u m of 5 lb p e r d a y to 12 wk of age, W h o l e milk feeding t e r m i n a t e d a t 5 wk of age. D a i l y records were k e p t on feed c o n s u m p t i o n a n d the occurrence of d i a r r h e a . T h e calves were weighed a t b i r t h a n d a t 4, 8, a n d 12 wk of age. All except b i r t h weights were the a v e r a g e of weights t a k e n on three successive days. Calves fed the u n s w e e t e n e d control s t a r t e r were c o m p a r e d w i t h those fed the sweetened starters, to m e a s u r e differences in intake. W e i g h t gains of the calves fed the sweetened s t a r t e r s were compared, to d e t e r m i n e the effect of source of s u g a r on g r o w t h response. RESULTS A~ffD DISCUSSION G r o w t h results, feed c o n s u m p t i o n , a n d incidence of d i a r r h e a are shown in Table 3. The
a v e r a g e b i r t h weight f o r each g r o u p of calves was n o t significantly different f r o m the others. The statistical s u m m a r y of feed c o n s u m p t i o n a n d body weight g a i n s is p r e s e n t e d in Table 4. G r o w t h responses a n d starLer c o n s u m p t i o n f o r each g r o u p of calves a r e g r a p h i c a l l y p r e s e n t e d in F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2, respectively. N e i t h e r body weight gains, whole milk n o r h a y c o n s u m p t i o n was significantly different a m o n g the f o u r r a t i o n g r o u p s , b u t s t a r t e r cons u m p t i o n was significantly different a t 1 0 % level of p r o b a b i l i t y . The i n d i v i d u a l degrees of f r e e d o m comparison indicated t h a t g r o w t h responses a n d s t a r t e r c o n s u m p t i o n of the calves fed the sweetened s t a r t e r s were significantly l a r g e r t h a n those of the calves fed the control r a t i o n at 10 a n d 2.5% levels of p r o b a b i l i t y , respeetively. The a v e r a g e daily g a i n in 84 days was 1.46 lb f o r the calves on the sweetened s t a r t e r a n d 1.33 lb f o r those on the control ration. This difference in g r o w t h occurred pri-
GROWTH RESPONSES IN 28-DAY PERIODS
TABLE 2 S t a r t e r formulas Ingredients
1
60
Ration groups 2 3
4
z o
(Zb) Ground yellow corn (¾-1n. screen) Crushed oats Soybean oil meal (50% P ) A l f a l f a leaf meal Molasses Dextrose Sucrose Diealcium phosphate Trace-mineralized salt Aurorae a Quadrex b
6 7 8 8 9 10
5O
-
LtC_Z~ CONTROL LLLLU MOLASSES DEXTROSE ~ SUCROSE
z
450 250
400 250
200 230 60 ...... ...... 80 ............ ..................
400 250
~: 4o
230 230 ............ ...... ...... 80 80
~ 30
400 250
18.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
10.0 10.0 1.5
10.0 10.0 1.5
10.0 10.0 1.5
10.0 10.0 1.5
Total 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 a 1.8 g aureomycin/lb. b 10,000 I U of A and 1,250 I U of D per gram.
% 20
I0
0-28
29-56
57-84
DAYS ON EXPERIMENT
FIG. ].
SUGARS ~ O B
140
STARTER CONSUMPTION IN 28-DAY PERIODS q
12o
CONTROL I~
b-
8
I00
~
MOLASSES
DEXTROSE EEE~ SUCROSE
~ ~,,
80 ,I
== 60 o
z
4o ! 20
0-28
Z
:
-
I
=
29-56
iil
57-84
393
CAL~ STABTERS
I
DAYS ON EXPERIMENT
FIG. 2. marily during the second period ( F i g u r e 1), in which milk feeding was discontinued and starter was the main source of nutrients. I n the third period (57-84 days), the limitation of starter feeding at 5 lb p e r day imposed a restriction on starter consumption which probably reduced the difference between the sweetened starters and the control group. There was a correlation coefficient of 0.615 between starter consumption and weight gains. Body weight gains or starter consumption was not significantly different in relation to sugar sources among the sweetened rations. The difference in weight gains between the dextrose (D-glucose) group and the molasses or sucrose group, although not significant, points convincingly to the fact that sucrose, either in the purified f o r m or as in molasses, was metab-
olized for energy. A t 12 wk of age the calves on the sweetened starters consumed a p p r o x i mately equal amounts of their respective starters, and the gain on the sucrose or molasses ration was slightly higher t h a n that on tile dextrose ration. Growth responses indicate that sucrose was utilized during the 29-56-day period of growth. Dollar and P o r t e r (5) stated that at 9 wk of age milk-fed calves showed no suerase activity in the intestines. I n this study suerase aetivity in the intestines of the calves was not measured. However, it is assumed that utilization of the sucrose by the r u m e n microorganisms resulted in the favorable growth responses f r o m rations containing sucrose. The incidence of diarrhea was low in this experim e n t : 7.04% of calf scouring days occurred in the molasses group, 5.06% in the dextrose group, and 2.48% in each of the two other groups. A t the rate of 8% molasses in the starter, the laxative effect of molasses was not detrimental to the growth of calves. Results of this study showed that the inclusion of molasses, dextrose, or sucrose in dry calf starters fed to calves as p a r t of a limited whole milk feeding regimen resulted in increased v o l u n t a r y consumption of the starters and in larger body weight gains, and that dextrose or sucrose can be substituted f o r molasses. REFERENCES
(1) CALLOWA¥, B. C. 1921. Feeding Experiments. Louisiana Agr. Expt. S~a. Bept., 21 : 26. (2) CALLOWA¥, R. C. 1921. Feeding Blackstrap Molasses to Young Calves. Louisiana Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull., 180: 22. (3) CASTLE, M. E., AI~TDWATSOZ~T, 5. N.
TABLE 3 Summary of observations and results of 84-day calf starter experiment l~ation groups Starter mix Growth (avg calf, lb) Birth weight Weight gain Daily gain Feed consumption (avg, lb ) Whole milk Calf starter Hay Diarrhea (days~calf)
1959.
A Comparison Between an Early Weaning and a More Conventional System of Rearing Dairy Calves. Animal Proc., ] : 31. (4) CLABK, R. D., AND WHI~XNe, F. 1961. Further Studies on Raising Dairy Calves with Limited Amounts of Milk. Canadian J. Animal Sei., 4]: 16.
1
2
3
4
Control
Molasses
Dextrose
Sucrose
85.58 111.37 1.33
86.75 123.11 ].47
87.75 118.50 ].43
86.67 123.57 ].47
252.25 182.13 74.42 2.08
247.67 209.53 75.]8 5.92
251.70 212.29 50.04 4.25
248.45 211.04 62.86 2.08
S. R. ATAI AND K. E. HARSHBARGER
394
TABLE 4 S t a t i s ~ c ~ s u m m a r y of f e e d c o n s u m p t i o n a n d b o d y w e i g h t g a i n s
Treatment 1 2 3 4 F. values Treatment Check vs. t r e a t e d Molasses vs. s u g a r s D e x t r o s e vs. sucrose Error variance
Milk consumption
T~'eatment m e a n s Starter I-Iay consumption consumption
252.3 246.0 25] .7 248.5 0.10 ...... ...... 726.84
rib)
182.1 209.5 212.3 211.0 2.33 ~ 6.96 ~ 0.34 0.01 1,074.91
74.4 75.2 50.0 62.9 1.19 ...... ...... 1,413.14
B o d y weight gains 111.7 123.1 118.6 123.6 1.28 3.24 ~ 0.11 0.49 300.43
Significant at 1 0 % level of probability. ~ Significnnt at 2.5% level of probability.
(5) DOLLAR, A. M., AND PORTE~, J. W. 1957. U t i l i z a t i o n of C a r b o h y d r a t e s by t h e Y o u n g Calf. N a t u r e , 179: 1299. (6) FLIPSE, R. J., I-IUEF~AN, C. F., WEBSTER, I-I. D., AND DUNCAN, C. W. 1950. Carboh y d r a t e U t i l i z a t i o n in t h e Y o u n g Calf. L N u t r i t i v e Value of Glucose, Corn Syrup, a n d L a c t o s e as C a r b o h y d r a t e Sources in S y n t h e t i c Milk. J. D a i r y Sci., 3 3 : 5 4 8 . (7) I-IUBBER, J. W., JACOBSON, N. L., MCGILLIARD, A. D., AND ALLEN. l~.. S. 1961. U t i l i z a t i o n of C a r b o h y d r a t e s I n t r o d u c e d Directly into t h e O m a s o - A b o m a s a l Area. o f t h e S t o m a c h of Ca~tle of V a r i o u s Ages. J. D a i r y Sci., 44 : 321. (8) LENGEMEN, F. W., AND ALLEN, N. N. 1955. T h e D e v e l o p m e n t of R u m e n F u n c t i o n in the D a i r y Calf. :[. Some C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
(9)
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(11)
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of the R u m e n Contents of Cattle at V a r i o u s Ages. J. D a i r y Sci., 38: 651. MELLER, J. K . , AND CLIFTOI~, C. M. 1962. E f f e c t on L a b o r - S a v i n g M e t h o d of F e e d i n g Milk l%placer a n d A d d i t i o n of T o m a t o P o m a c e to Simplified a n d Complex S t a r t e r f o r D a i r y Calves. Georgia A g r . Expt. Circ., 33: 1. SWANSON, E. N., AND HARRIS, J. D., JR. 1958. D e v e l o p m e n t of R u m i n a t i o n in t h e Y o u n g Calf. J. D a i r y Sci., 41: 1768. WAGNER, A. D. 1962. E f f e c t of W e a n i n g CMvcs a t T w e n g y - E i g h t D a y s of A g e on Growth a n d F e e d Cost. M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, U r b a n a . ZAMORA, G., AND BATEiV~Elq-~ J. W. 1962. E v a l u a t i o n of Milk S u b s t i t u t e M i x t u r e with a n d W i t h o u t A u r o f a c . T u r r l a l b a , 12: 134.