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Effect of Supplemental Zinc in Either a Corn-Soybean or a Milo and Corn-Soybean Meal Diet on the Performance of Young Broiler Breeders and their Progeny1
Effect of Supplemental Zinc in Either a Corn-Soybean or a Milo and Corn-Soybean Meal Diet on the Performance of Young Broiler Breeders and their Progeny1 M. T. KIDD,2 N. B. ANTHONY,3 L. A. NEWBERRY, and S. R. LEE Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
1993 Poultry Science 72:1492-1499
acid inhibits absorption of Zn (O'Dell and Savage, 1960). Reabsorption of both enIn the poultry industry at present it is dogenously secreted Zn and dietary Zn of importance to formulate diets for op- are impaired by the presence of phytic timal utilization of nutrients. However, acid. Moreover, phytic acid lowers the commonly used grains may reduce the absorption of Zn through formation of an availability of certain minerals. For exam- insoluble complex in the lumen of the ple, Zn is less available in soy protein intestine (Oberleas et al, 1966). Zinc in the diets than animal protein diets (Moeller form of Zn-Met is more biologically availand Scott, 1958; Morrison and Sarett, 1958; able (P < .01) than ZnS0 4 (Wedekind et al, O'Dell et al, 1964). Furthermore, phytic 1990). Therefore, sources of Zn may vary in bioavailability when present in different dietary contexts. The beneficial effects of Zn supplemenReceived for publication September 17, 1992. tation on the reproductive performance of Accepted for publication March 29, 1993. iPublished with the approval of the Director, Ar- the chicken have been shown (Blamberg et kansas Agriculture Experiment Station. al, 1960; Kienholz et al, 1961; Berg et al, 2 Present address: Department of Poultry Science, 1963; Turk, 1965). Zinc deficiency in poulNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC try can result in dermatitis (Zeigler et al, 27695-7608. 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed. 1958). Similarly, several aspects of the INTRODUCTION
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ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted to examine effects of supplemental Zn on reproductive performance of young broiler breeders (BB) and evaluate the immunocompetence of their progeny. At 20 wk of age, 36 floor pens of 5 male and 30 female BB were fed either a 1) corn soybean meal (CSB) diet; 2) CSB supplemented with ZnO; 3) CSB supplemented with Zn-Met; 4) milo and corn-soybean meal (MCSB); 5) MCSB supplemented with ZnO; 6) MCSB supplemented with Zn-Met. These diets contained 72,112,112, 83,123, and 123 mg Zn/kg of diet, respectively. All progeny received the same unmedicated CSB starter diet, and therefore treatments were derived from the potential carryover of the BB diets. Supplemental Zn in either a CSB or MCSB diet resulted in no differences in egg weight, fertility, hatchability, chick weight, immune response variables, and foot pad scores of BB. The CSB diet increased (P < .05) BB antibody titers to SRBC when compared with MCSB grain sources. Supplemental Zn-Met in either a CSB or a MCSB diet fed to BB increased (P < .0001) cutaneous basal hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin-P in their progeny. Supplemental ZnO increased (P < .04) antibody titers to SRBC in the progeny of BB given a CSB or MCSB diet. However, progeny from BB given CSB diet had higher (P < .04) antibody titers to SRBC than progeny from BB given MCSB diet. (Key words: zinc, broiler breeder, progeny, reproductive performance, immunity)
EFFECT OF ZINC ON BROILER BREEDERS AND PROGENY
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TABLE 1. Amount of zinc and methionine immune system are affected by Zn deficiency, including T cell function (Gross et supplemented to the corn (CSB) and the milo and corn (MCSB) basal breeder diets al, 1979), lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (Pekarek et al, Zn2 Met3 Treatment 1979), and antibody-mediated responses (%) (mg/kg) (Fraker et al, 1977; Luecke et al, 1978; Control 0 .000 Chandra and Au, 1980). Zinc is required ZnO 40 .008 for normal blastogenic response to PHA in Zn-Met 40 .008 mice (Chesters, 1972). Supplementation of Control 0 .000 hens' diet with Zn was shown to increase ZnO 40 .008 progeny antibody titers to SRBC (Stahl et Zn-Met 40 .008 al, 1989; Kidd et al, 1992a,b). SupplemenJ CSB = corn-soybean meal diet, MCSB = Milo and tal Zn-Met in the hen diet improves corn-soybean meal diet. progeny survival to an Escherichia coli Control level of Zn in CSB and MCSB diets = 72 challenge (Flinchum et al, 1989). and 83 mg Zn/kg, respectively. The objective of the current study was Control level of Met in CSB and MCSB diets = .357 to determine the effects of supplemental and .360%, respectively. Zn from ZnO or Zn-Met to either a cornsoybean (CSB) or a milo and corn-soybean diet (MCSB) on broiler breeders (BB) and their progeny. The MCSB diet utilizes 1). These diets contained 72, 112, 112, 83, cost-effective local ingredients in Arkansas 123, and 123 mg Zn/kg of diet, respectively. such as rice bran and milo. Consequently, The CSB and MCSB basal BB diets are their phytate and tannin levels may affect presented in Table 2. All nutrient levels met Zn bioavailability. Variables evaluated or exceeded nutritional requirements estabwere reproductive performance and foot lished by the National Research Council pad dermatitis of BB and the immune (1984). response of BB and their respective Each pen was equipped with a six-hole progeny. nest, three tube feeders, one automatic waterer, and hardwood chips and shavings for Utter. Photoperiod in the laying house MATERIALS AND METHODS was provided by a combination of natural daylight and supplemental incandescent Broiler Breeder Experiment light consisting of 14, 15, 17, and 18 h of Chickens, Diets, Husbandry, and Per- light at 19, 21, 22, and 24 wk of age, formance Parameters. One hundred and respectively. Eggs were collected for incubation when eighty Cobb 500 BB males and 1,080 Arbor mean BB flock production was at 27, 28, 33, Acres BB females at 18 wk of age were 65, and 76%. Upon collection, eggs were completely randomized in 36 floor pens (30 identified by marking pen number over air females and 5 males per pen) to provide a cell. A random sample of 20 eggs per pen or 2 density of .27 m per bird. These BB had 120 eggs per dietary treatment were set for been commercially reared in black out Hatches 1 through 3. In Hatches 4 and 5,50 houses and had been beak-trimmed, vaccieggs per pen or 300 eggs per treatment were nated, and wormed prior to arrival. Dietary set. Eggs were collected twice daily and allocations were according to industry stored at 16.7 C and 56% relative humidity. standards. At 20 wk of age the BB were fed Eggs were cleaned prior to setting with either 1) a CSB diet; 2) a CSB diet sup4 Hatching Egg Sanitizer. All eggs and plemented with ZnO and Met; 3) CSB chicks were weighed prior to setting and at supplemented with Zn-Met; 4) MCSB; 5) 21 days, respectively. MCSB supplemented with ZnO and Met; 6) Percentage fertility of eggs was deterMCSB supplemented with Zn-Met (Table mined by candling and break-out of unhatched eggs. Fertile eggs were further classified as pipped, or early or late mortal4 Bio Guard, Bio-Lab, Inc., Decatur, GA 30031. ity and used to evaluate the embryonic state
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KIDD ET AL. TABLE 2. Broiler breeder and chick experimental basal diets
Ingredients and contents
CSBi
MCSB2
Chick3
(%)
Calculated contents ME, kcal/kg CP Calcium Phosphorus, total Phosphorus, available Methionine Zinc (ppm)
67.51 20.21
28.66 26.00 18.66 10.82
59.14 29.30 5.00
1.45 4.00 .78 2.66 1.53 1.25 .27 .06
5.06 7.45 1.29 1.25 .44 .09 .09
4.00 .72 .79
.07 .05 .05 .11
.05 .05 .09
.50 .05
100.00
100.00
100.00
2,915.00 16.00 3.25 .65 .41 .36 72.00
2,927.00 16.00 3.25 .65 .40 .36 83.00
3,150.00 22.23 .85 .63 .43 .51 100.00
.40 .10
^orn-soybean meal basal breeder diet. Milo and corn-soybean meal basal breeder diet. 3 Corn-soybean meal basal chick diet. 4 Provided per kilogram of breeder diet: vitamin A, 8,818 IU; vitamin D, 2,756 ICU; vitamin E, 22 IU; menadione, 1.362 mg; vitamin Bj 2 , .012 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 30 mg; pantothenic acid, 10 mg; folic acid, .750 mg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 1.215 mg; biotin, .100 mg. 5 Provided per kilogram of chick diet: vitamin A, 9,900 IU; vitamin D, 3,300 ICU; vitamin E, 13 IU; menadione, 1.1 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 66 mg; pyridoxine, 16.5 mg; vitamin B12/ .013 mg; biotin, .11 mg; folacin, 1.1 mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg; selenium, .2 mg. 6 Provided per kilogram of breeder diet: manganese, 67.5 mg from MnO; zinc, 50 mg from ZnO; iron, 20 mg from FeS04-7H20; copper, 2 mg from CuO; iodine, 1.25 mg from Ca(I03)2; selenium, .3 mg from Na 2 Se0 3 . All were derived from a commercially available premix. TProvided per kilogram of chick diet: zinc, 75 mg from ZnO; calcium, 47.5 mg from CaC0 3 ; manganese, 60 mg from MnO; iron, 50 mg from FeS04-7H20; copper, 5 mg from CuO; iodine, 1.5 mg from Ca(I03)2. 8 Hygromycin-8, Gentian violet, Ethoxyquin. 2
at which mortality occurred. At 38 wk of age, foot pads from five females and three males per pen were scored on a scale of 0 to 3 (0 = no lesion, 3 = severe swelling and cracking). Percentage livability of BB was calculated from 19 to 40 wk of age. Production was calculated from 23 to 40 wk of age. Immunocompetence Evaluations. A cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) test was conducted at 37 wk to measure
cellular immunity. Eight females per pen for a total of 48 birds per treatment were used in CBH test. Prior to injection of 100 /ig of PHA-P, BB right wattle was measured with a vernier caliper. Twenty-four hours postinjection the wattle was measured again. Percentage increase in wattle swelling to PHA-P was deemed immune response. At 37 wk of age, eight females per pen, separate from the birds used for CBH, were
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Corn Milo (9% CP) Soybean meal (48% CP) Rice bran Propak (60% CP) Wheat middlings Coarse limestone Fat, A & V Limestone flour Dicalcium phosphate Fish meal (menhaden) Salt Choline chloride DL-methionine (98%) Methionine hydroxy analog Vitamins4-5 Minerals6-7 Non-nutritive ingredients8
EFFECT OF ZINC ON BROILER BREEDERS AND PROGENY
injected intraperitoneally with .5% suspension of SRBC in 1.0 mL of PBS. Seven days postinoculation the birds were bled and hemagglutination assays quantitated serum antibody titers (Brugh, 1978; Gyles et al., 1986).
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(GLM) procedure of the SAS® Institute (1985). The main effects were diet and Zn treatment. The following model was used for analysis of these data: Yijk = V> + Di + Tj + DTjj + eijk
where \i is the common mean; Dj is the effect of the i* diet; T, is the effect of the j * Zn Chickens and Diets. As a means to treatment; DT^ is the effect of the interaction investigate the carryover effect of the dam of the i* diet with the j * treatment; and ei)k dietary treatments to their respective is random error. All percentage data were progeny, a series of trials was conducted. transformed using square root. When analAll chicks used were the progeny of the BB. ysis of variance revealed significant effects, Treatments were therefore comprised of means were separated by Duncan's multiprogeny from the BB fed the six dietary ple range test. treatments. All chicks in the experiment Progeny Experiment. Because the received an unmedicated broiler starter progeny treatments were derived from (Table 2) formulated to contain 3,150 kcal carryover effects of the BB trial, immune ME/kg, 22.23% CP, and approximate other response variables and body weight gain nutritional requirements established by the were analyzed using the previously National Research Council (1984). described model for BB. When differences Immunocompetence Evaluations. among means were found, means were Two trials were conducted in which chicks separated by Duncan's multiple range test. were tested for their primary antibody Statements of significance implied P < .05 response to SRBC and their CBH response unless otherwise indicated. to PHA-P (Corrier and DeLoach, 1990). Thirty chicks from each treatment group RESULTS (five chicks from each pen of BB hatching eggs) were randomized in battery brooders. There were, therefore, 36 chicks per treat- Broiler Breeder Experiment ment across 30 battery pens (five replicate There were no significant Zn source by pens per treatment). At 7 days of age three chicks per treatment (within each pen) were diet context interactions for any criteria inoculated intraperitoneally with a 5% tested. Therefore, data are presented as suspension of SRBC. Seven days postinocu- main effects means. lation birds were bled via brachial vein and Zinc Source. Supplemental Zn in either hemagglutination assays quantitated se- a CSB or MCSB diet resulted in no differrum antibody titers (Brugh, 1978; Gyles et ences in adult CBH, antibody titers to SRBC, al, 1986). All remaining chicks were meas- or foot pad scores at 38 wk of age (Table 3). ured for CBH at 10 days of age. Prior to Zinc treatments resulted in no differences in injection of 100 p.% of PHA-P, the right first egg or chick weight (Table 4). Similarly, toe web was measured with a constant fertility and hatchability were not intension caliper. Twenty-four hours postin- fluenced by Zn supplementation in injection the toe was measured again. Per- dividual or combined trials. Differences in centage increase in toe web swelling was early and late embryonic mortality and deemed immune response. pipped eggs were not significant for treatments. Grain Type. Adult CBH activity and foot Statistical Analysis pad scores were not influenced by grain Broiler Breeder Experiment. An analy- source, however, the CSB diet increased (P sis of variance of BB reproductive variables, < .05) antibody titers to SRBC (Table 3). egg weight, chick weight, immune response Grain sources resulted in no differences in parameters, and foot pad scores were egg or chick weight (Table 4). Fertility conducted using the General Linear Models hatchability, early and late mortality and Progeny Experiment
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TABLE 3. Effect of feeding broiler breeders a corn (CSB)1 or a milo and corn (MCSB)2 diet supplemented with zinc on immune response and foot lesions Foot pad
Wattle thickness 3
Treatment Zn Control ZnO Zn-Met Diet CSB MCSB SEM
Titer
4
Hens
Roosters 5
(%)
(l°g2)
282 276 271
5.02 5.21 5.14
1.9 2.0 1.7
2.3 2.1 2.1
277 276 39
5.25" 4.99b .10
1.7 2.0 .2
2.0 2.4 .3
(Score) -
ab
pipped eggs were not affected by grain source. Progeny Experiment
There were no significant Zn by diet by trial interactions for any of the criteria tested. Thus, all data presented are of the combined trials. Zinc Source. Supplementing either a CSB or a MCSB diet with Zn-Met signifi-
cantly enhanced progeny CBH response (Table 5). Mean antibody titers against SRBC in progeny from BB receiving ZnO were greater (P < .04) than progeny from the control group. There were no differences among treatments in livability. Grain Type. Progeny CBH response was not affected by grain type (Table 5). Progeny from BB maintained on a CSB diet had increased (P < .04) titers to SRBC over progeny from BB receiving a MCSB diet.
TABLE 4. Effect of feeding broiler breeders a corn (CSB)1 or milo and corn (MCSB)2 diet supplemented with zinc on egg and chick weight, percentage fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality3
Treatment Zn Control ZnO Zn-Met Diet CSB MCSB SEM
Egg weight
Chick weight
Embryonic mortality Fertility
Hatchability
Early
Late
Pipped
«{,! K'")
(& 55.7 56.2 55.7
36.1 36.5 35.5
95.0 93.4 94.5
84.4 83.3 84.0
2.6 2.7 2.7
4.7 5.4 5.6
2.7 1.7 1.9
56.0 55.8 .4
36.1 36.0 .5
94.6 94.0 2.6
83.6 84.2 3.5
2.7 2.6 1.3
5.6 4.9 1.7
2.3 1.9 1.3
'Corn-soybean meal diet. Milo and corn-soybean meal diet. 3 Embryonic mortality is expressed as a percentage of total eggs incubated. 2
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' Values within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < .05). ^om-soybean meal diet. 2 Milo and corn-soybean meal diet. Percentage increase in wattle thickness after phytohemagglutinin injection. 4 Titers from primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells are expressed as log2 (n + 1). 5 Foot pad lesions were visually scored per pen at 38 wk of age. Score = 0 to 3 (0 = normal foot; 3 = severe cracking and swelling).
EFFECT OF ZINC ON BROILER BREEDERS AND PROGENY TABLE 5. Effect of supplemental zinc in a corn (CSB)1 or a milo and corn (MCSB)2 basal breeder diet on progeny immune response Treatment Zn Control ZnO Zn-Met Diet CSB MCSB SEM
Toe web
Titer
(mm)
(log2)
81.3B 75.8B 106.7A
3.25b 3.74" 3.60*
86.1 89.8 5.3
3.70" 3.36b .13
DISCUSSION Laying hens fed isolated soybean mealbased diets containing 10 mg Zn/kg had impaired hatchability and egg production unless diets were supplemented with Zn (Kienholz et al, 1961). Detrimental effects of Zn deficiency on hatchability have been shown (Blamberg et al, 1960; Berg et al, 1963). A CSB diet containing 78 mg Zn/kg improved fertility in BB when compared with a CSB diet containing 28 mg Zn/kg (Stahl et al, 1986). Supplemental Zn had no effect on egg production (Stahl et al, 1990). Supplemental Zn in either a CSB or MCSB diet had no effect on hatchability in the current study. The present results indicate that Zn supplementation in a CSB or MCSB diet for hatchability and fertility in young BB is not required above 72 and 83 mg Zn/kg of diet, respectively. Zinc affects both T cell (Gross et al, 1979) and B cell (Luecke et al, 1978) functions of immune systems. Supplemental Zn enhances immune responses in chickens (Stahl et al, 1986; Kidd et al, 1992a,b). In the current study, dietary additions of Zn in either a CSB or MCSB did not improve BB CBH or primary antibody response to SRBC.
Supplemental Zn-Met in BB fed either a CSB or a MCSB diet increased (P < .0001) CBH response to PHA-P in their progeny. These results are consistent with Kidd et al (1992a), who reports enhanced (P < .06) CBH response to PHA-P in progeny derived from mature BB fed diets supplemented with Zn-Met. The essential role of Zn in T cell function can be expressed in Zn-deficient animals through CBH responses involving interactions between macrophage and a subpopulation of effector T cells (Hambidge et al, 1986). Fraker and co-workers (1982) fed Zn-deficient diets to adult mice subsequently percutaneously sensitized with dinitrofluorobenzene and observed significantly lower delayed type hypersensitivity response compared to both pair-fed and ad libitum control mice. The CBH response to PHA-P in progeny from BB that ate Zn-Met indicated that the control level of Zn used in the current study may have been deficient for the immune variables measured. However, equimolar additions of Zn in the forms ZnO and Zn-Met resulted in ZnO treatments yielding a lower CBH response than control. These results are in agreement with previous work conducted in the authors' laboratory showing that Zn-Met and not ZnO, when carried over from BB to progeny, enhances CBH response to PHA-P. Zinc in the form of ZnMet has greater bioavailability than ZnS0 4 when measured by the technique of Wedekind et al (1992). A more biologically available form of Zn such as Zn-Met may be utilized by chick macrophages and T cells in response to CBH stimulation. Dietary additions of Zn-Met in the chicks' diet increased antibody titers when chicks were challenged with SRBC (Kidd and Lee, 1991; Kidd et al, 1992a). Consequently, when BB and their progeny received supplemental Zn-Met, antibody titers to Salmonella pullorum were markedly higher than control groups (Kidd and Lee, 1991; Kidd et al, 1992a). Likewise, antibody responses to S. pullorum with BB and progeny receiving supplemental Zn-Met were consistent with those observed for SRBC. In the present study, slightly lower primary antibody titers to SRBC in Zn-Met progeny may have been due to absence of Zn-Met in the
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a b - Means within the same column within zinc or diet combinations with no common superscripts indicate significantly different levels of primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (P < .05). A B - Means in the same column with no common superscripts indicate significantly different levels of toe web swelling from phytohemagglutinin-P (P < .0001). x Corn-soybean meal diet. 2 Milo and corn-soybean meal diet.
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REFERENCES Berg, L. R., G. E. Bearse, and L. H. Merrill, 1963. Evidence for a high zinc requirement at the onset of egg production. Poultry Sci. 42:703-707. Blamberg, D. L., U. G. Blackwood, W. C. Supplee, and G. F. Combs, 1960. Effect of zinc deficiency in hens on hatchability and embryonic development. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 104:217-228. Brugh, M., Jr., 1978. A simple method for recording and analyzing serological data. Avian Dis. 22: 362-365. Chandra, R. K., and B. Au, 1980. Single nutrient deficiency and cell-mediated immune responses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:736-738. Chesters, J. K., 1972. The role of zinc ions in the transformation of lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin. Biochem. J. 130:133-139. Corrier, D. B., and J. R. DeLoach, 1990. Evaluation of cell-mediated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an interdigital skin test. Poultry Sci. 69:403-408. Flinchum, J. D., C. F. Nockles, and R. E. Moreng, 1989. Aged hens fed added zinc methionine had chicks with improved performance. Poultry Sci. 68(Suppl. l):55.(Abstr.) Fraker, P. J., S. M. Haas, and R. W. Luecke, 1977. Effect of zinc deficiency on the immune response of the young adult A/J mouse. J. Nutr. 107:1889-1895. Fraker, P. J., C. M. Zwickle, and R. W. Luecke, 1982. Delayed type hypersensitivity in zinc deficient
adult mice: Impairment and restoration of responsitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene. J. Nutr. 112:309-313. Gross, R. L., N. Osdin, L. Fong, and P. M. Newberne, 1979. Depressed immunological function in zinc-deprived rats as measured by mitogen response of spleen, thymus and peripheral blood. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32:1260-1265. Gyles, N. R., H. Fallah Moghaddam, L. T. Patterson, J. K. Skeeles, C. E. Whitfill, and L. W. Johnson, 1986. Genetic aspects of antibody responses in chickens to different classes of antigens. Poultry Sci. 65:223-232. Hambidge, K. M., C. E. Casey, and N. F. Krebs, 1986. 1. Zinc. Pages 1-109 in: Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed. Vol. 2. W. Mertz, ed. Academic Press Inc., NY. Kidd, M. T., N. B. Anthony, and S. R. Lee, 1992a. Progeny performance when dams and chicks are fed supplemental zinc. Poultry Sci. 71: 1201-1206. Kidd, M. T., N. B. Anthony, Z. B. Johnson, and S. R. Lee, 1992b. Effect of zinc methionine supplementation on the performance of mature broiler breeders. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 1:207-211. Kidd, M. T., and S. R. Lee, 1991. Progeny performance when dams and chicks are fed supplemental zinc. Poultry Sci. 70(Suppl. 1): 64.(Abstr.) Kienholz, W. E., P. E. Turk, M. C. Sunde, and W. C. Hockstra, 1961. Effect of Zn deficiency in the diet of hens. J. Nutr. 75:211-221. Luecke, R. W., C. E. Simonol, and P. J. Fraker, 1978. The effect of restricted dietary intake on the antibody mediated response of the zinc deficient A/J mouse. J. Nutr. 108:881-887. Moeller, M. W., and H. M. Scott, 1958. Studies with purified diets. 3. Zinc requirements. Poultry Sci. 37(Suppl. l):1227.(Abstr.) Morrison, A. B., and H. P. Sarett, 1958. Studies on zinc deficiency in the chick. J. Nutr. 65:267-280. National Research Council, 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 8th rev. ed. National Academic Press, Washington, DC. O'DeU, B. L., and J. E. Savage, 1960. Effect of phytic acid on zinc availability. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 103:304-306. O'DeU, B. L., J. M. Yohe, and J. E. Savage, 1964. Zinc availability in chicks as affected by phytate, calcium, and ethylenediaminetetracetate. Poultry Sci. 43:415-419. Oberleas, D., M. E. Muhrer, and B. L. O'DeU, 1966. Dietary metal-complexing agents and zinc availability in the rat. J. Nutr. 90:56-62. Pekarek, R. S., H. H. Sandstead, R. A. Jacob, and D. F. Barcome, 1979. Abnormal cellular immune responses during acquired zinc deficiency. Am. Clin. J. Nutr. 32:1466-1471. SAS Institute, 1985. SAS/STAT® Guide for Personal Computers. 6th Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Stahl, J. L., M. E. Cook, and M. L. Sunde, 1986. Zinc supplementation: Its effect on egg production, feed conversion, fertuity and hatchability. Poultry Sci. 65:2104-2109. Stahl, J. L., M. E. Cook, M. L. Sunde, and J. L. Greger, 1989. Enhanced humoral immunity in progeny
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chick diet. In contrast, ZnO fed to hens increased (P < .04) antibody titers to SRBC. Supplementing Zn to a CSB breeder diet with 10 /*g of Zn/kg increased progeny antibody titers to SRBC three- to fourfold (Stahl et al, 1989). Progeny from BB receiving a CSB diet had greater antibody titers to SRBC (P < .04) than chicks from BB receiving a MCSB diet. Zinc is essential for proper function of immune systems (Hambidge et al, 1986). Zinc deficiency primarily has deleterious effects on the cell-mediated immunity or T cell function (Hambidge et al, 1986). Stimulation of PHA primarily induces T cell division, and SRBC is a thymusdependent antigen (Tizard, 1992). In the current study, supplemental ZnO and ZnMet in a BB diet increased progeny responses to SRBC and PHA-P, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that fertility and hatchability of young BB were not affected by supplemental Zn. The results, however, do provide evidence that supplemental Zn in BB diets enhances progeny immunity.
EFFECT OF ZINC ON BROILER BREEDERS AND PROGENY chicks from hens fed practical diets supplemented with zinc. Appl. Agr. Res. 4(2):86-89. Stahl, J. L., J. L. Greger, and M. E. Cook, 1990. Breeding-hen and progeny performance when hens are fed excessive dietary zinc. Poultry Sci. 69:259-263. Tizard, I. R., 1992. The Lymphoid Organs. Pages 74-92 in: Immunology: An Introduction. 3rd ed. Saunders College Publishing, Orlando, FL. Turk, D. E., 1965. Effect of diet on the tissue zinc distribution and reproduction in the fowl.
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Poultry Sci. 44:122-126. Wedekind, K. J., A. E. Hortin, and D. H. Baker, 1990. Bioavailability of zinc in a zinc-methionine chelate. J. Anim. Sci. 68(Suppl. l):394.(Abstr.) Wedekind, K. J., A. E. Hortin, and D. H. Baker, 1992. Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: Efficacy estimates for zinc-methionine, zinc sulfate, and zinc oxide. J. Anim. Sci. 70:178-187. Zeigler, T. R., R. M. Leach, Jr., and L. C. Norris, 1958. Zinc requirement of the chick. Fed. Proc. 17: 498.(Abstr.)
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1993 Poultry Science 72:1492-1499
acid inhibits absorption of Zn (O'Dell and Savage, 1960). Reabsorption of both enIn the poultry industry at present it is dogenously secreted Zn and dietary Zn of importance to formulate diets for op- are impaired by the presence of phytic timal utilization of nutrients. However, acid. Moreover, phytic acid lowers the commonly used grains may reduce the absorption of Zn through formation of an availability of certain minerals. For exam- insoluble complex in the lumen of the ple, Zn is less available in soy protein intestine (Oberleas et al, 1966). Zinc in the diets than animal protein diets (Moeller form of Zn-Met is more biologically availand Scott, 1958; Morrison and Sarett, 1958; able (P < .01) than ZnS0 4 (Wedekind et al, O'Dell et al, 1964). Furthermore, phytic 1990). Therefore, sources of Zn may vary in bioavailability when present in different dietary contexts. The beneficial effects of Zn supplemenReceived for publication September 17, 1992. tation on the reproductive performance of Accepted for publication March 29, 1993. iPublished with the approval of the Director, Ar- the chicken have been shown (Blamberg et kansas Agriculture Experiment Station. al, 1960; Kienholz et al, 1961; Berg et al, 2 Present address: Department of Poultry Science, 1963; Turk, 1965). Zinc deficiency in poulNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC try can result in dermatitis (Zeigler et al, 27695-7608. 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed. 1958). Similarly, several aspects of the INTRODUCTION
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ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted to examine effects of supplemental Zn on reproductive performance of young broiler breeders (BB) and evaluate the immunocompetence of their progeny. At 20 wk of age, 36 floor pens of 5 male and 30 female BB were fed either a 1) corn soybean meal (CSB) diet; 2) CSB supplemented with ZnO; 3) CSB supplemented with Zn-Met; 4) milo and corn-soybean meal (MCSB); 5) MCSB supplemented with ZnO; 6) MCSB supplemented with Zn-Met. These diets contained 72,112,112, 83,123, and 123 mg Zn/kg of diet, respectively. All progeny received the same unmedicated CSB starter diet, and therefore treatments were derived from the potential carryover of the BB diets. Supplemental Zn in either a CSB or MCSB diet resulted in no differences in egg weight, fertility, hatchability, chick weight, immune response variables, and foot pad scores of BB. The CSB diet increased (P < .05) BB antibody titers to SRBC when compared with MCSB grain sources. Supplemental Zn-Met in either a CSB or a MCSB diet fed to BB increased (P < .0001) cutaneous basal hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin-P in their progeny. Supplemental ZnO increased (P < .04) antibody titers to SRBC in the progeny of BB given a CSB or MCSB diet. However, progeny from BB given CSB diet had higher (P < .04) antibody titers to SRBC than progeny from BB given MCSB diet. (Key words: zinc, broiler breeder, progeny, reproductive performance, immunity)
EFFECT OF ZINC ON BROILER BREEDERS AND PROGENY
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TABLE 1. Amount of zinc and methionine immune system are affected by Zn deficiency, including T cell function (Gross et supplemented to the corn (CSB) and the milo and corn (MCSB) basal breeder diets al, 1979), lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (Pekarek et al, Zn2 Met3 Treatment 1979), and antibody-mediated responses (%) (mg/kg) (Fraker et al, 1977; Luecke et al, 1978; Control 0 .000 Chandra and Au, 1980). Zinc is required ZnO 40 .008 for normal blastogenic response to PHA in Zn-Met 40 .008 mice (Chesters, 1972). Supplementation of Control 0 .000 hens' diet with Zn was shown to increase ZnO 40 .008 progeny antibody titers to SRBC (Stahl et Zn-Met 40 .008 al, 1989; Kidd et al, 1992a,b). SupplemenJ CSB = corn-soybean meal diet, MCSB = Milo and tal Zn-Met in the hen diet improves corn-soybean meal diet. progeny survival to an Escherichia coli Control level of Zn in CSB and MCSB diets = 72 challenge (Flinchum et al, 1989). and 83 mg Zn/kg, respectively. The objective of the current study was Control level of Met in CSB and MCSB diets = .357 to determine the effects of supplemental and .360%, respectively. Zn from ZnO or Zn-Met to either a cornsoybean (CSB) or a milo and corn-soybean diet (MCSB) on broiler breeders (BB) and their progeny. The MCSB diet utilizes 1). These diets contained 72, 112, 112, 83, cost-effective local ingredients in Arkansas 123, and 123 mg Zn/kg of diet, respectively. such as rice bran and milo. Consequently, The CSB and MCSB basal BB diets are their phytate and tannin levels may affect presented in Table 2. All nutrient levels met Zn bioavailability. Variables evaluated or exceeded nutritional requirements estabwere reproductive performance and foot lished by the National Research Council pad dermatitis of BB and the immune (1984). response of BB and their respective Each pen was equipped with a six-hole progeny. nest, three tube feeders, one automatic waterer, and hardwood chips and shavings for Utter. Photoperiod in the laying house MATERIALS AND METHODS was provided by a combination of natural daylight and supplemental incandescent Broiler Breeder Experiment light consisting of 14, 15, 17, and 18 h of Chickens, Diets, Husbandry, and Per- light at 19, 21, 22, and 24 wk of age, formance Parameters. One hundred and respectively. Eggs were collected for incubation when eighty Cobb 500 BB males and 1,080 Arbor mean BB flock production was at 27, 28, 33, Acres BB females at 18 wk of age were 65, and 76%. Upon collection, eggs were completely randomized in 36 floor pens (30 identified by marking pen number over air females and 5 males per pen) to provide a cell. A random sample of 20 eggs per pen or 2 density of .27 m per bird. These BB had 120 eggs per dietary treatment were set for been commercially reared in black out Hatches 1 through 3. In Hatches 4 and 5,50 houses and had been beak-trimmed, vaccieggs per pen or 300 eggs per treatment were nated, and wormed prior to arrival. Dietary set. Eggs were collected twice daily and allocations were according to industry stored at 16.7 C and 56% relative humidity. standards. At 20 wk of age the BB were fed Eggs were cleaned prior to setting with either 1) a CSB diet; 2) a CSB diet sup4 Hatching Egg Sanitizer. All eggs and plemented with ZnO and Met; 3) CSB chicks were weighed prior to setting and at supplemented with Zn-Met; 4) MCSB; 5) 21 days, respectively. MCSB supplemented with ZnO and Met; 6) Percentage fertility of eggs was deterMCSB supplemented with Zn-Met (Table mined by candling and break-out of unhatched eggs. Fertile eggs were further classified as pipped, or early or late mortal4 Bio Guard, Bio-Lab, Inc., Decatur, GA 30031. ity and used to evaluate the embryonic state
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KIDD ET AL. TABLE 2. Broiler breeder and chick experimental basal diets
Ingredients and contents
CSBi
MCSB2
Chick3
(%)
Calculated contents ME, kcal/kg CP Calcium Phosphorus, total Phosphorus, available Methionine Zinc (ppm)
67.51 20.21
28.66 26.00 18.66 10.82
59.14 29.30 5.00
1.45 4.00 .78 2.66 1.53 1.25 .27 .06
5.06 7.45 1.29 1.25 .44 .09 .09
4.00 .72 .79
.07 .05 .05 .11
.05 .05 .09
.50 .05
100.00
100.00
100.00
2,915.00 16.00 3.25 .65 .41 .36 72.00
2,927.00 16.00 3.25 .65 .40 .36 83.00
3,150.00 22.23 .85 .63 .43 .51 100.00
.40 .10
^orn-soybean meal basal breeder diet. Milo and corn-soybean meal basal breeder diet. 3 Corn-soybean meal basal chick diet. 4 Provided per kilogram of breeder diet: vitamin A, 8,818 IU; vitamin D, 2,756 ICU; vitamin E, 22 IU; menadione, 1.362 mg; vitamin Bj 2 , .012 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 30 mg; pantothenic acid, 10 mg; folic acid, .750 mg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 1.215 mg; biotin, .100 mg. 5 Provided per kilogram of chick diet: vitamin A, 9,900 IU; vitamin D, 3,300 ICU; vitamin E, 13 IU; menadione, 1.1 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 66 mg; pyridoxine, 16.5 mg; vitamin B12/ .013 mg; biotin, .11 mg; folacin, 1.1 mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg; selenium, .2 mg. 6 Provided per kilogram of breeder diet: manganese, 67.5 mg from MnO; zinc, 50 mg from ZnO; iron, 20 mg from FeS04-7H20; copper, 2 mg from CuO; iodine, 1.25 mg from Ca(I03)2; selenium, .3 mg from Na 2 Se0 3 . All were derived from a commercially available premix. TProvided per kilogram of chick diet: zinc, 75 mg from ZnO; calcium, 47.5 mg from CaC0 3 ; manganese, 60 mg from MnO; iron, 50 mg from FeS04-7H20; copper, 5 mg from CuO; iodine, 1.5 mg from Ca(I03)2. 8 Hygromycin-8, Gentian violet, Ethoxyquin. 2
at which mortality occurred. At 38 wk of age, foot pads from five females and three males per pen were scored on a scale of 0 to 3 (0 = no lesion, 3 = severe swelling and cracking). Percentage livability of BB was calculated from 19 to 40 wk of age. Production was calculated from 23 to 40 wk of age. Immunocompetence Evaluations. A cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) test was conducted at 37 wk to measure
cellular immunity. Eight females per pen for a total of 48 birds per treatment were used in CBH test. Prior to injection of 100 /ig of PHA-P, BB right wattle was measured with a vernier caliper. Twenty-four hours postinjection the wattle was measured again. Percentage increase in wattle swelling to PHA-P was deemed immune response. At 37 wk of age, eight females per pen, separate from the birds used for CBH, were
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Corn Milo (9% CP) Soybean meal (48% CP) Rice bran Propak (60% CP) Wheat middlings Coarse limestone Fat, A & V Limestone flour Dicalcium phosphate Fish meal (menhaden) Salt Choline chloride DL-methionine (98%) Methionine hydroxy analog Vitamins4-5 Minerals6-7 Non-nutritive ingredients8
EFFECT OF ZINC ON BROILER BREEDERS AND PROGENY
injected intraperitoneally with .5% suspension of SRBC in 1.0 mL of PBS. Seven days postinoculation the birds were bled and hemagglutination assays quantitated serum antibody titers (Brugh, 1978; Gyles et al., 1986).
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(GLM) procedure of the SAS® Institute (1985). The main effects were diet and Zn treatment. The following model was used for analysis of these data: Yijk = V> + Di + Tj + DTjj + eijk
where \i is the common mean; Dj is the effect of the i* diet; T, is the effect of the j * Zn Chickens and Diets. As a means to treatment; DT^ is the effect of the interaction investigate the carryover effect of the dam of the i* diet with the j * treatment; and ei)k dietary treatments to their respective is random error. All percentage data were progeny, a series of trials was conducted. transformed using square root. When analAll chicks used were the progeny of the BB. ysis of variance revealed significant effects, Treatments were therefore comprised of means were separated by Duncan's multiprogeny from the BB fed the six dietary ple range test. treatments. All chicks in the experiment Progeny Experiment. Because the received an unmedicated broiler starter progeny treatments were derived from (Table 2) formulated to contain 3,150 kcal carryover effects of the BB trial, immune ME/kg, 22.23% CP, and approximate other response variables and body weight gain nutritional requirements established by the were analyzed using the previously National Research Council (1984). described model for BB. When differences Immunocompetence Evaluations. among means were found, means were Two trials were conducted in which chicks separated by Duncan's multiple range test. were tested for their primary antibody Statements of significance implied P < .05 response to SRBC and their CBH response unless otherwise indicated. to PHA-P (Corrier and DeLoach, 1990). Thirty chicks from each treatment group RESULTS (five chicks from each pen of BB hatching eggs) were randomized in battery brooders. There were, therefore, 36 chicks per treat- Broiler Breeder Experiment ment across 30 battery pens (five replicate There were no significant Zn source by pens per treatment). At 7 days of age three chicks per treatment (within each pen) were diet context interactions for any criteria inoculated intraperitoneally with a 5% tested. Therefore, data are presented as suspension of SRBC. Seven days postinocu- main effects means. lation birds were bled via brachial vein and Zinc Source. Supplemental Zn in either hemagglutination assays quantitated se- a CSB or MCSB diet resulted in no differrum antibody titers (Brugh, 1978; Gyles et ences in adult CBH, antibody titers to SRBC, al, 1986). All remaining chicks were meas- or foot pad scores at 38 wk of age (Table 3). ured for CBH at 10 days of age. Prior to Zinc treatments resulted in no differences in injection of 100 p.% of PHA-P, the right first egg or chick weight (Table 4). Similarly, toe web was measured with a constant fertility and hatchability were not intension caliper. Twenty-four hours postin- fluenced by Zn supplementation in injection the toe was measured again. Per- dividual or combined trials. Differences in centage increase in toe web swelling was early and late embryonic mortality and deemed immune response. pipped eggs were not significant for treatments. Grain Type. Adult CBH activity and foot Statistical Analysis pad scores were not influenced by grain Broiler Breeder Experiment. An analy- source, however, the CSB diet increased (P sis of variance of BB reproductive variables, < .05) antibody titers to SRBC (Table 3). egg weight, chick weight, immune response Grain sources resulted in no differences in parameters, and foot pad scores were egg or chick weight (Table 4). Fertility conducted using the General Linear Models hatchability, early and late mortality and Progeny Experiment
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TABLE 3. Effect of feeding broiler breeders a corn (CSB)1 or a milo and corn (MCSB)2 diet supplemented with zinc on immune response and foot lesions Foot pad
Wattle thickness 3
Treatment Zn Control ZnO Zn-Met Diet CSB MCSB SEM
Titer
4
Hens
Roosters 5
(%)
(l°g2)
282 276 271
5.02 5.21 5.14
1.9 2.0 1.7
2.3 2.1 2.1
277 276 39
5.25" 4.99b .10
1.7 2.0 .2
2.0 2.4 .3
(Score) -
ab
pipped eggs were not affected by grain source. Progeny Experiment
There were no significant Zn by diet by trial interactions for any of the criteria tested. Thus, all data presented are of the combined trials. Zinc Source. Supplementing either a CSB or a MCSB diet with Zn-Met signifi-
cantly enhanced progeny CBH response (Table 5). Mean antibody titers against SRBC in progeny from BB receiving ZnO were greater (P < .04) than progeny from the control group. There were no differences among treatments in livability. Grain Type. Progeny CBH response was not affected by grain type (Table 5). Progeny from BB maintained on a CSB diet had increased (P < .04) titers to SRBC over progeny from BB receiving a MCSB diet.
TABLE 4. Effect of feeding broiler breeders a corn (CSB)1 or milo and corn (MCSB)2 diet supplemented with zinc on egg and chick weight, percentage fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality3
Treatment Zn Control ZnO Zn-Met Diet CSB MCSB SEM
Egg weight
Chick weight
Embryonic mortality Fertility
Hatchability
Early
Late
Pipped
«{,! K'")
(& 55.7 56.2 55.7
36.1 36.5 35.5
95.0 93.4 94.5
84.4 83.3 84.0
2.6 2.7 2.7
4.7 5.4 5.6
2.7 1.7 1.9
56.0 55.8 .4
36.1 36.0 .5
94.6 94.0 2.6
83.6 84.2 3.5
2.7 2.6 1.3
5.6 4.9 1.7
2.3 1.9 1.3
'Corn-soybean meal diet. Milo and corn-soybean meal diet. 3 Embryonic mortality is expressed as a percentage of total eggs incubated. 2
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' Values within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < .05). ^om-soybean meal diet. 2 Milo and corn-soybean meal diet. Percentage increase in wattle thickness after phytohemagglutinin injection. 4 Titers from primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells are expressed as log2 (n + 1). 5 Foot pad lesions were visually scored per pen at 38 wk of age. Score = 0 to 3 (0 = normal foot; 3 = severe cracking and swelling).
EFFECT OF ZINC ON BROILER BREEDERS AND PROGENY TABLE 5. Effect of supplemental zinc in a corn (CSB)1 or a milo and corn (MCSB)2 basal breeder diet on progeny immune response Treatment Zn Control ZnO Zn-Met Diet CSB MCSB SEM
Toe web
Titer
(mm)
(log2)
81.3B 75.8B 106.7A
3.25b 3.74" 3.60*
86.1 89.8 5.3
3.70" 3.36b .13
DISCUSSION Laying hens fed isolated soybean mealbased diets containing 10 mg Zn/kg had impaired hatchability and egg production unless diets were supplemented with Zn (Kienholz et al, 1961). Detrimental effects of Zn deficiency on hatchability have been shown (Blamberg et al, 1960; Berg et al, 1963). A CSB diet containing 78 mg Zn/kg improved fertility in BB when compared with a CSB diet containing 28 mg Zn/kg (Stahl et al, 1986). Supplemental Zn had no effect on egg production (Stahl et al, 1990). Supplemental Zn in either a CSB or MCSB diet had no effect on hatchability in the current study. The present results indicate that Zn supplementation in a CSB or MCSB diet for hatchability and fertility in young BB is not required above 72 and 83 mg Zn/kg of diet, respectively. Zinc affects both T cell (Gross et al, 1979) and B cell (Luecke et al, 1978) functions of immune systems. Supplemental Zn enhances immune responses in chickens (Stahl et al, 1986; Kidd et al, 1992a,b). In the current study, dietary additions of Zn in either a CSB or MCSB did not improve BB CBH or primary antibody response to SRBC.
Supplemental Zn-Met in BB fed either a CSB or a MCSB diet increased (P < .0001) CBH response to PHA-P in their progeny. These results are consistent with Kidd et al (1992a), who reports enhanced (P < .06) CBH response to PHA-P in progeny derived from mature BB fed diets supplemented with Zn-Met. The essential role of Zn in T cell function can be expressed in Zn-deficient animals through CBH responses involving interactions between macrophage and a subpopulation of effector T cells (Hambidge et al, 1986). Fraker and co-workers (1982) fed Zn-deficient diets to adult mice subsequently percutaneously sensitized with dinitrofluorobenzene and observed significantly lower delayed type hypersensitivity response compared to both pair-fed and ad libitum control mice. The CBH response to PHA-P in progeny from BB that ate Zn-Met indicated that the control level of Zn used in the current study may have been deficient for the immune variables measured. However, equimolar additions of Zn in the forms ZnO and Zn-Met resulted in ZnO treatments yielding a lower CBH response than control. These results are in agreement with previous work conducted in the authors' laboratory showing that Zn-Met and not ZnO, when carried over from BB to progeny, enhances CBH response to PHA-P. Zinc in the form of ZnMet has greater bioavailability than ZnS0 4 when measured by the technique of Wedekind et al (1992). A more biologically available form of Zn such as Zn-Met may be utilized by chick macrophages and T cells in response to CBH stimulation. Dietary additions of Zn-Met in the chicks' diet increased antibody titers when chicks were challenged with SRBC (Kidd and Lee, 1991; Kidd et al, 1992a). Consequently, when BB and their progeny received supplemental Zn-Met, antibody titers to Salmonella pullorum were markedly higher than control groups (Kidd and Lee, 1991; Kidd et al, 1992a). Likewise, antibody responses to S. pullorum with BB and progeny receiving supplemental Zn-Met were consistent with those observed for SRBC. In the present study, slightly lower primary antibody titers to SRBC in Zn-Met progeny may have been due to absence of Zn-Met in the
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a b - Means within the same column within zinc or diet combinations with no common superscripts indicate significantly different levels of primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (P < .05). A B - Means in the same column with no common superscripts indicate significantly different levels of toe web swelling from phytohemagglutinin-P (P < .0001). x Corn-soybean meal diet. 2 Milo and corn-soybean meal diet.
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REFERENCES Berg, L. R., G. E. Bearse, and L. H. Merrill, 1963. Evidence for a high zinc requirement at the onset of egg production. Poultry Sci. 42:703-707. Blamberg, D. L., U. G. Blackwood, W. C. Supplee, and G. F. Combs, 1960. Effect of zinc deficiency in hens on hatchability and embryonic development. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 104:217-228. Brugh, M., Jr., 1978. A simple method for recording and analyzing serological data. Avian Dis. 22: 362-365. Chandra, R. K., and B. Au, 1980. Single nutrient deficiency and cell-mediated immune responses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:736-738. Chesters, J. K., 1972. The role of zinc ions in the transformation of lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin. Biochem. J. 130:133-139. Corrier, D. B., and J. R. DeLoach, 1990. Evaluation of cell-mediated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an interdigital skin test. Poultry Sci. 69:403-408. Flinchum, J. D., C. F. Nockles, and R. E. Moreng, 1989. Aged hens fed added zinc methionine had chicks with improved performance. Poultry Sci. 68(Suppl. l):55.(Abstr.) Fraker, P. J., S. M. Haas, and R. W. Luecke, 1977. Effect of zinc deficiency on the immune response of the young adult A/J mouse. J. Nutr. 107:1889-1895. Fraker, P. J., C. M. Zwickle, and R. W. Luecke, 1982. Delayed type hypersensitivity in zinc deficient
adult mice: Impairment and restoration of responsitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene. J. Nutr. 112:309-313. Gross, R. L., N. Osdin, L. Fong, and P. M. Newberne, 1979. Depressed immunological function in zinc-deprived rats as measured by mitogen response of spleen, thymus and peripheral blood. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32:1260-1265. Gyles, N. R., H. Fallah Moghaddam, L. T. Patterson, J. K. Skeeles, C. E. Whitfill, and L. W. Johnson, 1986. Genetic aspects of antibody responses in chickens to different classes of antigens. Poultry Sci. 65:223-232. Hambidge, K. M., C. E. Casey, and N. F. Krebs, 1986. 1. Zinc. Pages 1-109 in: Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed. Vol. 2. W. Mertz, ed. Academic Press Inc., NY. Kidd, M. T., N. B. Anthony, and S. R. Lee, 1992a. Progeny performance when dams and chicks are fed supplemental zinc. Poultry Sci. 71: 1201-1206. Kidd, M. T., N. B. Anthony, Z. B. Johnson, and S. R. Lee, 1992b. Effect of zinc methionine supplementation on the performance of mature broiler breeders. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 1:207-211. Kidd, M. T., and S. R. Lee, 1991. Progeny performance when dams and chicks are fed supplemental zinc. Poultry Sci. 70(Suppl. 1): 64.(Abstr.) Kienholz, W. E., P. E. Turk, M. C. Sunde, and W. C. Hockstra, 1961. Effect of Zn deficiency in the diet of hens. J. Nutr. 75:211-221. Luecke, R. W., C. E. Simonol, and P. J. Fraker, 1978. The effect of restricted dietary intake on the antibody mediated response of the zinc deficient A/J mouse. J. Nutr. 108:881-887. Moeller, M. W., and H. M. Scott, 1958. Studies with purified diets. 3. Zinc requirements. Poultry Sci. 37(Suppl. l):1227.(Abstr.) Morrison, A. B., and H. P. Sarett, 1958. Studies on zinc deficiency in the chick. J. Nutr. 65:267-280. National Research Council, 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 8th rev. ed. National Academic Press, Washington, DC. O'DeU, B. L., and J. E. Savage, 1960. Effect of phytic acid on zinc availability. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 103:304-306. O'DeU, B. L., J. M. Yohe, and J. E. Savage, 1964. Zinc availability in chicks as affected by phytate, calcium, and ethylenediaminetetracetate. Poultry Sci. 43:415-419. Oberleas, D., M. E. Muhrer, and B. L. O'DeU, 1966. Dietary metal-complexing agents and zinc availability in the rat. J. Nutr. 90:56-62. Pekarek, R. S., H. H. Sandstead, R. A. Jacob, and D. F. Barcome, 1979. Abnormal cellular immune responses during acquired zinc deficiency. Am. Clin. J. Nutr. 32:1466-1471. SAS Institute, 1985. SAS/STAT® Guide for Personal Computers. 6th Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Stahl, J. L., M. E. Cook, and M. L. Sunde, 1986. Zinc supplementation: Its effect on egg production, feed conversion, fertuity and hatchability. Poultry Sci. 65:2104-2109. Stahl, J. L., M. E. Cook, M. L. Sunde, and J. L. Greger, 1989. Enhanced humoral immunity in progeny
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chick diet. In contrast, ZnO fed to hens increased (P < .04) antibody titers to SRBC. Supplementing Zn to a CSB breeder diet with 10 /*g of Zn/kg increased progeny antibody titers to SRBC three- to fourfold (Stahl et al, 1989). Progeny from BB receiving a CSB diet had greater antibody titers to SRBC (P < .04) than chicks from BB receiving a MCSB diet. Zinc is essential for proper function of immune systems (Hambidge et al, 1986). Zinc deficiency primarily has deleterious effects on the cell-mediated immunity or T cell function (Hambidge et al, 1986). Stimulation of PHA primarily induces T cell division, and SRBC is a thymusdependent antigen (Tizard, 1992). In the current study, supplemental ZnO and ZnMet in a BB diet increased progeny responses to SRBC and PHA-P, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that fertility and hatchability of young BB were not affected by supplemental Zn. The results, however, do provide evidence that supplemental Zn in BB diets enhances progeny immunity.
EFFECT OF ZINC ON BROILER BREEDERS AND PROGENY chicks from hens fed practical diets supplemented with zinc. Appl. Agr. Res. 4(2):86-89. Stahl, J. L., J. L. Greger, and M. E. Cook, 1990. Breeding-hen and progeny performance when hens are fed excessive dietary zinc. Poultry Sci. 69:259-263. Tizard, I. R., 1992. The Lymphoid Organs. Pages 74-92 in: Immunology: An Introduction. 3rd ed. Saunders College Publishing, Orlando, FL. Turk, D. E., 1965. Effect of diet on the tissue zinc distribution and reproduction in the fowl.
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Poultry Sci. 44:122-126. Wedekind, K. J., A. E. Hortin, and D. H. Baker, 1990. Bioavailability of zinc in a zinc-methionine chelate. J. Anim. Sci. 68(Suppl. l):394.(Abstr.) Wedekind, K. J., A. E. Hortin, and D. H. Baker, 1992. Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: Efficacy estimates for zinc-methionine, zinc sulfate, and zinc oxide. J. Anim. Sci. 70:178-187. Zeigler, T. R., R. M. Leach, Jr., and L. C. Norris, 1958. Zinc requirement of the chick. Fed. Proc. 17: 498.(Abstr.)
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