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Effect of temperature on the fatty-acid composition of Sporotrichum thermophile
Notes and brief articles
53 2
MUMMA, R. 0 ., FERGUS, C. L. & SEKURA, R. D . (1971). Thermophilic fungi. III. Lipid s of Hum icola grisea var therrnoidea. Lipids 6, 589-594. NEES, S, (1935), In Medical my cology , p, 799. St Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company. SACCARDO, P. A. (1886). Sylloge [ungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum 4, 96-113. STRETTON, R J. (1975). Experimentally induced mycetoma: Species of Sp orotrichum and Sporothrix , Mycopathologia 55, 83--90· TANSEY, M. R. (1971). Isolation of thermophilic fungi from self-heated industrial wood chip piles. My cologia 63, 537-547.
TAYLOR, J. J. (1970). A comparison of some Ceratocy stis species with Sporothrix schenckii. My copathologia et Mycologia Applicata 42, 233-240. THIBAUT, M. & ANSEL, M . (1973). Premiere s observations sur Ie Dolichoascus schenckii forme sexuee du Sporotrichum schenckii. Annale s de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie 100, 49-53. TREvASsos, L. R , GORIN, P, A. J, & LLOYD, K. O. (1974)· D iscrimination between Sp orothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras rhamnomannans by proton and carbon-rj magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Infect ion and Immunity 9, 674-80. VRIES, G. A. DE & KLEINE-NATROP, H. E. (t957). Sporotrichum cerebrifo rme nov.spec. Mvcopathologia et my cologia appl icata 8, 154-160.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION OF SPOROTRICHUM THERMOPHILE
R. K. DART Department of Chemistry, University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, U.K.
Several authors have shown that the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids present in various fungal species increases considerably as the gr owth temperature is lowered (Meyer & Bloch, 1963; Fulco, 1969, 1970; Mumma, Fergus & Sekura, 1970), although there are exceptions (Shaw, 1966). This note reports the fatty-acid variation of the moderately thermophilic fungus (Cooney & Emerson, 1964), Sporotrichum thermophile CMI 91789 over a temperature range. The organism did not grow at 55 °C, and only very slowly at 25°. Cells were grown on an orbital shaker at 150 rev/min. for 44 h, using a semi-defined defatted medium (D ar t, Stretton & Lee, 1976). Methyl esters of the long-chain fatty acids were prepared and identified by gas-liquid chromatography (D art & Stretton, 1976). The positions of the double bonds were not determined. The results in Table 1 show little difference in fatty-acid composition between cultures grown at 40° and 50°, but very considerable difference between cultures at 30° and 40 °, especially in degree of unsaturation (Sumner, Morgan & Evans, 1969). Further points of interest are the appearance of small amounts of branched chain fatty acids and the complete disappearance of octatrienoic acid at the higher temperature. The results show that although Sporotrichum thermophile exhibits considerable var iati on in fatty acid constitution, the degree of unsaturation rises consistently as the growth temperature falls (Sumner & Morgan, 1969). This point was not made by Mumma et al, (1970) in their study of Sporotrichum Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 66 (3), (1976).
thermophile, although in this case the organism was grown on a non-defined medium.
Table 1. Percentages offatty acids present in Sporotrichum thermophile at v ary ing temperatures Temperature Fatty acid
Cu Cl 5 C I G branched CI G C I G: , C 17 branched
C17 C l7 : 1 CIS
C IS: I C,. :z CI S: 3 C zo C ZO: I C ZO: 2 Degree of unsaturation
30° Trace Trace 18'9 Trace Trace Trace 4'9
0'3 Trace 7'1
11,6
3 1'6
63'4 2'3
39'S Trace Trace Trace 2-1 1'15
1'45
50 0 Trace Trace 3'6 21·8 Trace Trace 0'7 Trace 4'4 29'4 40'2
1 '10
REFERENCES COONEY, D. C. & EMERSON, R (1964). Thermophilic fungi . Page 6. London: W. H. Freeman & Co. DART, R. K. & STRETTON, R J. (1976). Fatty acid composition of Sporotrichum species. Transactions of the British My cological Society 66, 529-532. DART, R. K ., STRETTON, R. J. & LEE, D. J. (1976). Relationships of Penicillium species based on their long-chain fatty acids. Tran sactions of the British Mycological Society 66, 525-529 .
Printed in Great Britain
Notes and brief articles FULCO, A. J. (1969). The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by bacilli. 1. Temperature induction of the desaturation reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 224, 889-895. FULCO, A. J. (1970). Temperature-mediated hyper induction of fatty acid desarurating enzyme. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 218, 558-560. MEYER, F. & BLOCH, K. (1963). Effect of temperature
on the enzymatic synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Torulopsis utilis. Biochimica et Biophyisca Acta 77, 67 1-673.
MUMMA, R. 0., FERGUS, C. L. & SEKURA, R. D. (1970). The lipids of thermophilic fungi. Lipid comparisons between thermophilic and mesophilicfungi. Lipids 5,
533
SHAW, R. (1966). The polyunsaturated fatty acids of micro-organisms. Advances in Lipid Research 4, 107174·
SUMNER, J. L. & MORGAN, E. D. (1969). The fatty acid composition of sporangiospores and vegetative mycelium of temperature adapted fungi in the order Mucorales. Journal of General Microbiology 59, 215221.
SUMNER, J. L., MORGAN, E. D. & EVANS, H. C. (1969). The effect of growth temperature on the fatty acid composition of fungi in the order Mucorales. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 15, 515-520.
100-103·
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HILAR APPENDIX AND BASIDIOSPORE SURFACE OF ZELLEROMYCES CINNABARINUS (HYDNANGIALES) W. J. SUNDBERG Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
AND JUDITH A. MURPHY Center for Electron Microscopy, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 Numerous workers have examined the ultrastructural surface features of basidiospores of species in the Homobasidiomycetes. Of those who studied the Agaricales (e.g. Bigelow & Rowley, 1968; Pegler & Young, 1969a, 1971; Grand & Moore, 1970, 1971; Olah & Reisinger, 1974), only Pegler & Young (1969a, 1971) and Olah & Reisinger (1974) attempted to describe the nature of the hilar appendix and hilum. Using primarily the carbon replica technique on representative species of all families of Agaricales, Pegler & Young (1969a, 1971) proposed that the asymmetric hilar appendix of agaric spores contained either a nodulose or open-pore hilum on its adaxial side. The nodulose type consists of a more or less circular area surrounded with several small, round, inwardly directed protuberances. The open-pore form appears as a depression or break in the wall lacking protuberances, but with an additional tear or pore on the abaxial side of the appendix. In their later work, Olah & Reisinger (1974) elegantly demonstrated with scanning electron microscopy that the hilar appendix on spores of Paneolus foenisecii (Pers. ex Fr.) Schroet. contained two orifices. One, the hilar orifice (' orifice hilaire '), is a porelike scar resulting from the rupture of the sterigma-spore interface. The other, the hilar droplet orifice (' orifice ou emplacement de la Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 66 (3), (1976).
gouttelette hilaire'), is associated with droplet formation and subsequent forcible discharge. To our knowledge, although several authors have characterized the ultrastructural surface morphology of gasteromycete basidiospores (Hawker, 1969; Pegler & Young, 1969b; Grand & Moore, 1970, 1971; Moore & Grand, 1970; Eckblad, 1971), no one has adequately described the hilar appendix and hilum of any gasteromycete at this level. A knowledge of and comparison between the ultrastructural features of the hilar appendices and hilar regions of Basidiomycetes which forcibly discharge their spores and those that do not may, at least indirectly, aid in an eventual understanding of the mechanics and nature of the discharge mechanism. Therefore, in conjunction with a study of Zelleromyces cinnabarinus Singer & Smith in southern Illinois, U.S.A. (Sundberg & Trappe, 1975), basidiospores of the type of Z. cinnabarinus were examined using both light and scanning electron microscopy and are described and illustrated below as a contribution towards this end. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried herbarium material of Zelleromyces cinnabarinus was prepared for light microscopy by wetting with alcohol, rehydrating in water, sectioning,
Printed in Great Britain
53 2
MUMMA, R. 0 ., FERGUS, C. L. & SEKURA, R. D . (1971). Thermophilic fungi. III. Lipid s of Hum icola grisea var therrnoidea. Lipids 6, 589-594. NEES, S, (1935), In Medical my cology , p, 799. St Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company. SACCARDO, P. A. (1886). Sylloge [ungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum 4, 96-113. STRETTON, R J. (1975). Experimentally induced mycetoma: Species of Sp orotrichum and Sporothrix , Mycopathologia 55, 83--90· TANSEY, M. R. (1971). Isolation of thermophilic fungi from self-heated industrial wood chip piles. My cologia 63, 537-547.
TAYLOR, J. J. (1970). A comparison of some Ceratocy stis species with Sporothrix schenckii. My copathologia et Mycologia Applicata 42, 233-240. THIBAUT, M. & ANSEL, M . (1973). Premiere s observations sur Ie Dolichoascus schenckii forme sexuee du Sporotrichum schenckii. Annale s de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie 100, 49-53. TREvASsos, L. R , GORIN, P, A. J, & LLOYD, K. O. (1974)· D iscrimination between Sp orothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras rhamnomannans by proton and carbon-rj magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Infect ion and Immunity 9, 674-80. VRIES, G. A. DE & KLEINE-NATROP, H. E. (t957). Sporotrichum cerebrifo rme nov.spec. Mvcopathologia et my cologia appl icata 8, 154-160.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION OF SPOROTRICHUM THERMOPHILE
R. K. DART Department of Chemistry, University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, U.K.
Several authors have shown that the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids present in various fungal species increases considerably as the gr owth temperature is lowered (Meyer & Bloch, 1963; Fulco, 1969, 1970; Mumma, Fergus & Sekura, 1970), although there are exceptions (Shaw, 1966). This note reports the fatty-acid variation of the moderately thermophilic fungus (Cooney & Emerson, 1964), Sporotrichum thermophile CMI 91789 over a temperature range. The organism did not grow at 55 °C, and only very slowly at 25°. Cells were grown on an orbital shaker at 150 rev/min. for 44 h, using a semi-defined defatted medium (D ar t, Stretton & Lee, 1976). Methyl esters of the long-chain fatty acids were prepared and identified by gas-liquid chromatography (D art & Stretton, 1976). The positions of the double bonds were not determined. The results in Table 1 show little difference in fatty-acid composition between cultures grown at 40° and 50°, but very considerable difference between cultures at 30° and 40 °, especially in degree of unsaturation (Sumner, Morgan & Evans, 1969). Further points of interest are the appearance of small amounts of branched chain fatty acids and the complete disappearance of octatrienoic acid at the higher temperature. The results show that although Sporotrichum thermophile exhibits considerable var iati on in fatty acid constitution, the degree of unsaturation rises consistently as the growth temperature falls (Sumner & Morgan, 1969). This point was not made by Mumma et al, (1970) in their study of Sporotrichum Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 66 (3), (1976).
thermophile, although in this case the organism was grown on a non-defined medium.
Table 1. Percentages offatty acids present in Sporotrichum thermophile at v ary ing temperatures Temperature Fatty acid
Cu Cl 5 C I G branched CI G C I G: , C 17 branched
C17 C l7 : 1 CIS
C IS: I C,. :z CI S: 3 C zo C ZO: I C ZO: 2 Degree of unsaturation
30° Trace Trace 18'9 Trace Trace Trace 4'9
0'3 Trace 7'1
11,6
3 1'6
63'4 2'3
39'S Trace Trace Trace 2-1 1'15
1'45
50 0 Trace Trace 3'6 21·8 Trace Trace 0'7 Trace 4'4 29'4 40'2
1 '10
REFERENCES COONEY, D. C. & EMERSON, R (1964). Thermophilic fungi . Page 6. London: W. H. Freeman & Co. DART, R. K. & STRETTON, R J. (1976). Fatty acid composition of Sporotrichum species. Transactions of the British My cological Society 66, 529-532. DART, R. K ., STRETTON, R. J. & LEE, D. J. (1976). Relationships of Penicillium species based on their long-chain fatty acids. Tran sactions of the British Mycological Society 66, 525-529 .
Printed in Great Britain
Notes and brief articles FULCO, A. J. (1969). The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by bacilli. 1. Temperature induction of the desaturation reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 224, 889-895. FULCO, A. J. (1970). Temperature-mediated hyper induction of fatty acid desarurating enzyme. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 218, 558-560. MEYER, F. & BLOCH, K. (1963). Effect of temperature
on the enzymatic synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Torulopsis utilis. Biochimica et Biophyisca Acta 77, 67 1-673.
MUMMA, R. 0., FERGUS, C. L. & SEKURA, R. D. (1970). The lipids of thermophilic fungi. Lipid comparisons between thermophilic and mesophilicfungi. Lipids 5,
533
SHAW, R. (1966). The polyunsaturated fatty acids of micro-organisms. Advances in Lipid Research 4, 107174·
SUMNER, J. L. & MORGAN, E. D. (1969). The fatty acid composition of sporangiospores and vegetative mycelium of temperature adapted fungi in the order Mucorales. Journal of General Microbiology 59, 215221.
SUMNER, J. L., MORGAN, E. D. & EVANS, H. C. (1969). The effect of growth temperature on the fatty acid composition of fungi in the order Mucorales. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 15, 515-520.
100-103·
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HILAR APPENDIX AND BASIDIOSPORE SURFACE OF ZELLEROMYCES CINNABARINUS (HYDNANGIALES) W. J. SUNDBERG Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
AND JUDITH A. MURPHY Center for Electron Microscopy, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 Numerous workers have examined the ultrastructural surface features of basidiospores of species in the Homobasidiomycetes. Of those who studied the Agaricales (e.g. Bigelow & Rowley, 1968; Pegler & Young, 1969a, 1971; Grand & Moore, 1970, 1971; Olah & Reisinger, 1974), only Pegler & Young (1969a, 1971) and Olah & Reisinger (1974) attempted to describe the nature of the hilar appendix and hilum. Using primarily the carbon replica technique on representative species of all families of Agaricales, Pegler & Young (1969a, 1971) proposed that the asymmetric hilar appendix of agaric spores contained either a nodulose or open-pore hilum on its adaxial side. The nodulose type consists of a more or less circular area surrounded with several small, round, inwardly directed protuberances. The open-pore form appears as a depression or break in the wall lacking protuberances, but with an additional tear or pore on the abaxial side of the appendix. In their later work, Olah & Reisinger (1974) elegantly demonstrated with scanning electron microscopy that the hilar appendix on spores of Paneolus foenisecii (Pers. ex Fr.) Schroet. contained two orifices. One, the hilar orifice (' orifice hilaire '), is a porelike scar resulting from the rupture of the sterigma-spore interface. The other, the hilar droplet orifice (' orifice ou emplacement de la Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 66 (3), (1976).
gouttelette hilaire'), is associated with droplet formation and subsequent forcible discharge. To our knowledge, although several authors have characterized the ultrastructural surface morphology of gasteromycete basidiospores (Hawker, 1969; Pegler & Young, 1969b; Grand & Moore, 1970, 1971; Moore & Grand, 1970; Eckblad, 1971), no one has adequately described the hilar appendix and hilum of any gasteromycete at this level. A knowledge of and comparison between the ultrastructural features of the hilar appendices and hilar regions of Basidiomycetes which forcibly discharge their spores and those that do not may, at least indirectly, aid in an eventual understanding of the mechanics and nature of the discharge mechanism. Therefore, in conjunction with a study of Zelleromyces cinnabarinus Singer & Smith in southern Illinois, U.S.A. (Sundberg & Trappe, 1975), basidiospores of the type of Z. cinnabarinus were examined using both light and scanning electron microscopy and are described and illustrated below as a contribution towards this end. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried herbarium material of Zelleromyces cinnabarinus was prepared for light microscopy by wetting with alcohol, rehydrating in water, sectioning,
Printed in Great Britain