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Effect of Various Agents in Alleviating the Toxicity of Tannic Acid for Chickens1
SALMONELLA AND ENDGERM
mixer performance. Feedstuffs, 38 ( 3 ) : 30. Quadri, S. F., 1970. Effects of temperature, pelleting and some chemicals on the biological contamination of feeds. M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. Rasmussen, O. G., R. Hansen, H. J. Jacobs and O. H. M. Wilder, 1964. Dry heat resistance of salmonella in rendered animal by-products. Poultry Sci. 43: 1151-1157. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. 5th Ed. The Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa. Snoeyenbos, G. H., 1969. Personal communication. United States Department of Agriculture, 1962. Recommended procedure for the isolation of salmonella organisms from animal feeds and meat by-products. Agri. Res. Serv. Brochure 91-36.
Effect of Various Agents in Alleviating the Toxicity of Tannic Acid for Chickens1 G. V. N. RAYUDU,2 R. KADIRVEL, PRAN VOHRA AND F. H. KRATZER Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication April 29, 1970)
F
ULLER et al. (1967) were able to reduce the growth depressing effects for chickens of 1 % dietary tannic acid by supplementing the diet with methionine, choline (or betaine) or arginine (or ornithine), and completely overcome the adverse effect of 0.5% dietary tannic acid with these supplements. This combination of methyl donors and arginine was found to be only partially effective against 1% dietary tannic acid but more effective against digallic acid by Rayudu et al. (1970). Dollahite and Camp (1962) found calcium hydroxide to alleviate tannic acid toxicity in rabbits. Also, tannic acid can be complexed and inactivated from its solution in in vitro conditions by polymers such as 1 Supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service ES-00303. 2 Present address: 22 Kamaraj Ave., Adyar, Madras, India.
polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) (Boudet, 1965), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate (Tween 80) (Zanobini et al., 1967). It was desired to test these polymers, Ca(OH) 2 , CaC0 3 and Na 2 C0 3 in case these could overcome tannic acid toxicity for chickens. As tannic acid was found to reduce the dietary nitrogen retention of chickens (Vohra et al., 1966), several crude enzyme preparations were also studied with the hope that these may improve the nitrogen retention or detoxify tannic acid. EXPERIMENTAL
Day-old Arbor-Acres' broiler type chicks were weighed, banded and distributed into groups of approximately equal average weight, each containing 10 chicks. The chicks were housed in electrically heated battery cages and had access to feed and
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 23, 2015
other enteric organisms. Poultry Sci. 34: 215216. Forsythe, R. H., W. J. Ross and J. C. Ayres, 1967. Salmonellae recovery following gastro-intestinal and ovarian inoculation in the domestic fowl. Poultry Sci. 46: 849-855. Grumbles, L. C , and A. I. Flowers, 1963. Significance of salmonella organisms in feed and feed ingredients. Poultry Sci. 42: 1273. Luhman, C. A., 1955. A rapid potentiometric titration method for determination of soluble chlorine in feeds. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chem. 38: 764-766. Pelczar, J. J., Jr., and R. D. Reid, 1965. Microbiology, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, N.Y. Pfost, H. B., 1966. Criteria for evaluating feed
1323
1324
G. V. N. RAYUDU, R. KADIEVEL, P. VOHRA AND F. H. KEATZER TABLE 1.—Composition of the basal diet
%
1 Micro-mixture (per kg. diet): vitamin A (stabilized) 4400 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 1100 I.C.U.; alpha tocopheryl acetate, 5.5.I.U.; menadione sodium bisulfite, 3.3 mg.; riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; niacin, 11 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 5.5 mg.; folacin, 0.55 mg.; vitamin Bi 2 , 0.0044 mg.; santoquin, 55 mg.
water at all times. They were weighed individually again on the last day of the experiment and each diet was tested with duplicate groups. The feed consumption was recorded in all the experiments. The composition of the diet is given in Table 1. One or two percent tannic acid3 (molecular weight 1701) was mixed in the diets and fed to the day-old chicks. The necessary amounts of chemicals which were to be used as possible antidotes against tannic acid were mixed in the diets without any other adjustment in the dietary composition. The term "slurry" is used in those cases where the tannic acid was stirred with an aqueous solution of the necessary amount of Na 2 C0 3 , Ca(OH) 2 , Tween 80, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The reaction products were left at a temperature of about 60°C. to dry and then they were ground and mixed in the diet. The necessary amounts of enzymes were added to the diets in a dry form only. 3
Tannic acid NF powder TAC (Tannin), Malinckrodt Chemical Works, St. Louis, Mo.
The average gains in body weight of the chickens and the feed efficiency (gm. feed/ gm. gain in body weight) over an experimental period of 28 days are given in Table 2 for the control diet and the diets containing tannic acid with and without additives such as Ca(OH) 2 , CaCOs and Na 2 C0 3 . Calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate had no effect on growth when added to the control diets, nor did they improve the growth of the chicks when fed along with 2% tannic acid. Calcium hydroxide, at a level of 0.022%, improved the growth of chickens in experiment 1 but not in experiment 3 when added to the control diet. In experiments 2 and 3, however, there were significant increases in growth when the calcium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate formed a slurry with the tannic acid before adding to the diet. Under the basic condition, phenolic compounds in solution are easily oxidized to quinones. Possibly, tannic acid is becoming oxidized in the slurry as was evident by the darkening of the color. Quinones may be less toxic than the phenolic compounds. With a level of 0.5% in slurry form, and 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% levels in the dry form, PVP consistently caused improved growth when added to diets containing 2% tannic acid (Table 3). Even at the highest level, however, growth was not equal to that of the control group fed the tannic acid free diet. Tween 80 was also effective in improving the gain in body weight of chicks fed tannic acid in dry form and even more so when fed as a slurry. Non-ionic polymers such as PVP (Boudet, 1965) and Tween 80 (Zanobini et al., 1967) are able to bind tannic acid in vitro. This property is probably operative in vivo as well and complexes with tannic acid are formed in the gastrointestinal tract. In this way the tannic acid can be prevented
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 23, 2015
Ground milo Ground corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Fish meal (66% protein) Brewer's dried yeast Dried whey products Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Dicalcium phosphate Limestone, ground Salt, (Iodized) Manganese sulfate Bifuran Zinc oxide Micro-mixture 1
43.17 20.00 20.00 6.75 1.00 2.50 4.00 1.15 1.00 0.25 0.025 0.0125 0.005 0.1375
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1325
TANNIC ACID TOXICITY TABLE 2.—Effect of tannic acid, NaiCOs, Ca(OH)i and CaCOz on 28 day gain and feed efficiency (gm. feed/gm. gain in body weight) when added to the feed of chickens Experiment No. 1
2
3
Gain gm. F / G
Gain gm. F / G
Gain gm. F / G
dl
d
Treatment
1
508.1°
261.8" 543.6 d ° 275.4" 552.5° 256.2"
499.9 b ° 260.7" 469.4 b 244.9"
1.69 2.08 1.76 2.01 1.71
611.2 465.3° 274.3"
1.62 1.79 2.06
587.l d 564.l d
1.70 1.68
279.4" 277.5" 380.0 b
2.11 2.08 1.95
485.5 d
1.85
262.8"
2.22
470.3 d
1.82
375.8°
2.01
452.3 d 355.3° b
1.86 2.02
2.00
1.71 2.09 1.74 2.14
Values with similar superscripts are not different statistically at p<0.05.
from precipitating proteins, being absorbed itself or being metabolized to absorbable products in the bird. The fact that the use of a slurry was more effective than dry
feeding suggests that non-ionic polymers may be complexing with tannic acid during mixing of the feed or in the gastrointestinal tract to reduce its toxicity.
TABLE 3.—The gain in body weight of chickens and their feed efficiency (F/G) when fed diets containing tannic acid, PVP and Tween SO over an experimental period of 28 days Experiment No. Treatment
Basal diet + 2 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 5 % PVP + 0 . 5 % PVP+2%, Tannic Acid (Slurry) + 0 . 5 % P V P + 2 % Tannic Acid (dry) + 1% PVP + 1% P V P + 2 % Tannic Acid (Slurry) + 1% PVP+Tannic Acid (dry) + 1.5% PVP + 1.5% P V P + 2 % Tannic Acid (dry) + 1% Tween 80 + 1% Tween 80+Tannic Acid (Slurry) + 0 . 5 % Tween 80 + 0 . 5 % Tween 80+Tannic Acid (dry) + 0 . 5 % Tween 8 0 + 2 % Tannic Acid (Slurry) + 1% Tween 80 + 1% Tween 8 0 + 2 % Tannic Acid (dry) 1 2
4
5
6
Gain gm. F / G
Gain gm. F / G
Gain gm. F / G
el
488.1 272.9" 440.5° d 379.6 b
1.79 2.22 1.88 2.08
478.4 d ° 421.6°
1.80 1.93
d2
442.2 230.1" 432.0 d
1.79 2.06 1.75
307.4 b 459.3 d
1.98 1.80
354.9°
2.01
d
446.0 363.2°
Values with similar superscripts are not different statistically at p<0.05. Values with similar superscripts are not different statistically at p < 0 . 0 1 .
456.4 f2 227.8"
1.88 2.11
424.6° 365.2 d
1.83 2.02
426.6° 292.3 b 332.2° 409.7° 303.3 b
1.88 2.18 2.17 1.97 2.16
1.76 1.84
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 23, 2015
Control 1% Tannic Acid 2% Tannic Acid 0.031% Na 2 C0 3 2% Tannic Acid+0.031% Na 2 C0 3 0.022% Ca(OH) 2 0.0435%, Ca(OH) 2 0.0871% Ca(OH) 2 2% Tannic Acid-fO.022% Ca(OH) 2 2% Tannic Acid+0.022% Ca(OH) 2 (Slurry) 2% Tannic Acid+0.0435% Ca(OH) 2 2% Tannic Acid+0.0871% Ca(OH) 2 2% Tannic Acid+0.0871% Ca(OH) 2 (Slurry) 1% CaCOs 2% Tannic A c i d + 1 % CaC0 3 2% CaCOs 2% Tannic Acid+2% CaC0 3 0.0315% Na 2 CO s 2% Tannic Acid+0.0315% Na 2 CO s (Slurry)
1326
G. V. N. RAYUDU, R. KADIRVEL, P. VOHRA AND F. H. KRATZER
TABLE 4.—The gain in body weight* of chickens and their feed efficiency (F/G) when fed diets containing tannic acid and enzymes over an experimental period of 28 days Experiment N o . 7
Treatment Gain gm.
Gain gm.
F/G
502.8" 1.73 445.8 b 1.83
449.3° 430.9 b 381.2 a
1.85 1.85 1.89
442. l b 1.87 438.2°
1.82
387.2"
1.92
444.9°
1.86
367.8 a
1.92
455.3°
1.82
388. l a
1.92
440.9 b 1.89
449.5°
1.77
379.5°
1.84
392.9 a ' b 1.94 458.5 b 1.78 453.0 b 1.83 313.7" 1.82 426. l b 1.77
* Values with similar superscripts are not statistically significant at p <0.01.
In experiment 7 (Table 4) there was no evidence for improvement in the growth of chickens fed tannic acid with Talase,4 Pectinol,5 Gumase,5 Hemicellulase,4 and Rhozyme Cl4,5 but a depression in growth was observed when papain was added to the feed which contained 0.5% tannic acid. A repeat experiment (No. 8) with some of these enzymes confirmed the lack of activity for Talase and Pectinol up to the 0.4% dietary level singularly or in a combination. The failure of several enzymes to alleviate the toxicity of tannic acid indicates that none of those tested could combine with tannic acid to spare the digestive en4
Products of Miles Chemical Co., Clifton, N J . "Products of Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.
SUMMARY
Several compounds have been tested for activity in reducing the toxicity of tannic acid for chickens. Calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate in slurry form and PVP, and Tween 80 in both dry and slurry form were effective in improving the growth of chicks fed tannic acid. Several crude enzymes were tested and found to be inactive in counteracting tannic acid toxicity. REFERENCES Boudet, A., 1965. Enzyme inhibition by the tannins from the leaves of Quercus sessilis; removal of the inhibition. Compt. Rend. 261: 214-217. (Chem. Absts. 63: 10255e, 196S). DoUahite, J. W., and B. J. Camp, 1962. Calcium hydroxide—an antidote for tannic acid poisoning in rabbits. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 23: 1271— 1272. Fuller, H. L., S. I. Chang and D. K. Potter, 1967. Detoxication of dietary tannic acid by chicks. J. Nutr. 9 1 : 477-481. Rayudu, G. V. N., R. Kadirvel, P. Vohra and F. H. Kratzer, 1970. Toxicity of tannic acid and its metabolites for chicks. Poultry Sci. 49: 957960. Vohra, P., F. H. Kratzer and M. A. Joslyn, 1966. The growth-depressing and toxic effects of tannins to chicks. Poultry Sci. 45: 135-142. Zanobini, A., P. Vanni and A. M. Firenzuoli, 1967. Effect of Tween 80 on protein-tannic acid complex. Experientia, 23: 1015-1016.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 23, 2015
Control + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Talase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 1 % Talase + 1% Tannic Acid + 0 . 1 % Talase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 4 % Talase + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 4 % Talase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Pectinol + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 1 % Pectinol + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 1 % Pectinol + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 4 % Pectinol + 0 . 4 % Pectinol + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 4 % P e c t i n o l + 0 . 4 % Talase + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Gumase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Hemicellulase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Papain + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Rhozyme Cl«
8 F/G
zyme or had any tannase activity or that the products of the reaction were as toxic as the substrate. The fact that these preparations were inactive does not mean that the approach to detoxifying tannic acid may not be useful if the proper enzyme can be found. No activity in alleviating tannic acid toxicity was noted in other experiments not reported in this paper for ferrous sulfate, alumnium hydroxide, caffeine, urea, Tergitol (sodium salt of mono—(2-ethylhyexyl sulfate), Cetavlon (Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and hidepowder.
mixer performance. Feedstuffs, 38 ( 3 ) : 30. Quadri, S. F., 1970. Effects of temperature, pelleting and some chemicals on the biological contamination of feeds. M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. Rasmussen, O. G., R. Hansen, H. J. Jacobs and O. H. M. Wilder, 1964. Dry heat resistance of salmonella in rendered animal by-products. Poultry Sci. 43: 1151-1157. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. 5th Ed. The Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa. Snoeyenbos, G. H., 1969. Personal communication. United States Department of Agriculture, 1962. Recommended procedure for the isolation of salmonella organisms from animal feeds and meat by-products. Agri. Res. Serv. Brochure 91-36.
Effect of Various Agents in Alleviating the Toxicity of Tannic Acid for Chickens1 G. V. N. RAYUDU,2 R. KADIRVEL, PRAN VOHRA AND F. H. KRATZER Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication April 29, 1970)
F
ULLER et al. (1967) were able to reduce the growth depressing effects for chickens of 1 % dietary tannic acid by supplementing the diet with methionine, choline (or betaine) or arginine (or ornithine), and completely overcome the adverse effect of 0.5% dietary tannic acid with these supplements. This combination of methyl donors and arginine was found to be only partially effective against 1% dietary tannic acid but more effective against digallic acid by Rayudu et al. (1970). Dollahite and Camp (1962) found calcium hydroxide to alleviate tannic acid toxicity in rabbits. Also, tannic acid can be complexed and inactivated from its solution in in vitro conditions by polymers such as 1 Supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service ES-00303. 2 Present address: 22 Kamaraj Ave., Adyar, Madras, India.
polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) (Boudet, 1965), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate (Tween 80) (Zanobini et al., 1967). It was desired to test these polymers, Ca(OH) 2 , CaC0 3 and Na 2 C0 3 in case these could overcome tannic acid toxicity for chickens. As tannic acid was found to reduce the dietary nitrogen retention of chickens (Vohra et al., 1966), several crude enzyme preparations were also studied with the hope that these may improve the nitrogen retention or detoxify tannic acid. EXPERIMENTAL
Day-old Arbor-Acres' broiler type chicks were weighed, banded and distributed into groups of approximately equal average weight, each containing 10 chicks. The chicks were housed in electrically heated battery cages and had access to feed and
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 23, 2015
other enteric organisms. Poultry Sci. 34: 215216. Forsythe, R. H., W. J. Ross and J. C. Ayres, 1967. Salmonellae recovery following gastro-intestinal and ovarian inoculation in the domestic fowl. Poultry Sci. 46: 849-855. Grumbles, L. C , and A. I. Flowers, 1963. Significance of salmonella organisms in feed and feed ingredients. Poultry Sci. 42: 1273. Luhman, C. A., 1955. A rapid potentiometric titration method for determination of soluble chlorine in feeds. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chem. 38: 764-766. Pelczar, J. J., Jr., and R. D. Reid, 1965. Microbiology, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, N.Y. Pfost, H. B., 1966. Criteria for evaluating feed
1323
1324
G. V. N. RAYUDU, R. KADIEVEL, P. VOHRA AND F. H. KEATZER TABLE 1.—Composition of the basal diet
%
1 Micro-mixture (per kg. diet): vitamin A (stabilized) 4400 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 1100 I.C.U.; alpha tocopheryl acetate, 5.5.I.U.; menadione sodium bisulfite, 3.3 mg.; riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; niacin, 11 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 5.5 mg.; folacin, 0.55 mg.; vitamin Bi 2 , 0.0044 mg.; santoquin, 55 mg.
water at all times. They were weighed individually again on the last day of the experiment and each diet was tested with duplicate groups. The feed consumption was recorded in all the experiments. The composition of the diet is given in Table 1. One or two percent tannic acid3 (molecular weight 1701) was mixed in the diets and fed to the day-old chicks. The necessary amounts of chemicals which were to be used as possible antidotes against tannic acid were mixed in the diets without any other adjustment in the dietary composition. The term "slurry" is used in those cases where the tannic acid was stirred with an aqueous solution of the necessary amount of Na 2 C0 3 , Ca(OH) 2 , Tween 80, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The reaction products were left at a temperature of about 60°C. to dry and then they were ground and mixed in the diet. The necessary amounts of enzymes were added to the diets in a dry form only. 3
Tannic acid NF powder TAC (Tannin), Malinckrodt Chemical Works, St. Louis, Mo.
The average gains in body weight of the chickens and the feed efficiency (gm. feed/ gm. gain in body weight) over an experimental period of 28 days are given in Table 2 for the control diet and the diets containing tannic acid with and without additives such as Ca(OH) 2 , CaCOs and Na 2 C0 3 . Calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate had no effect on growth when added to the control diets, nor did they improve the growth of the chicks when fed along with 2% tannic acid. Calcium hydroxide, at a level of 0.022%, improved the growth of chickens in experiment 1 but not in experiment 3 when added to the control diet. In experiments 2 and 3, however, there were significant increases in growth when the calcium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate formed a slurry with the tannic acid before adding to the diet. Under the basic condition, phenolic compounds in solution are easily oxidized to quinones. Possibly, tannic acid is becoming oxidized in the slurry as was evident by the darkening of the color. Quinones may be less toxic than the phenolic compounds. With a level of 0.5% in slurry form, and 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% levels in the dry form, PVP consistently caused improved growth when added to diets containing 2% tannic acid (Table 3). Even at the highest level, however, growth was not equal to that of the control group fed the tannic acid free diet. Tween 80 was also effective in improving the gain in body weight of chicks fed tannic acid in dry form and even more so when fed as a slurry. Non-ionic polymers such as PVP (Boudet, 1965) and Tween 80 (Zanobini et al., 1967) are able to bind tannic acid in vitro. This property is probably operative in vivo as well and complexes with tannic acid are formed in the gastrointestinal tract. In this way the tannic acid can be prevented
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 23, 2015
Ground milo Ground corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Fish meal (66% protein) Brewer's dried yeast Dried whey products Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Dicalcium phosphate Limestone, ground Salt, (Iodized) Manganese sulfate Bifuran Zinc oxide Micro-mixture 1
43.17 20.00 20.00 6.75 1.00 2.50 4.00 1.15 1.00 0.25 0.025 0.0125 0.005 0.1375
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1325
TANNIC ACID TOXICITY TABLE 2.—Effect of tannic acid, NaiCOs, Ca(OH)i and CaCOz on 28 day gain and feed efficiency (gm. feed/gm. gain in body weight) when added to the feed of chickens Experiment No. 1
2
3
Gain gm. F / G
Gain gm. F / G
Gain gm. F / G
dl
d
Treatment
1
508.1°
261.8" 543.6 d ° 275.4" 552.5° 256.2"
499.9 b ° 260.7" 469.4 b 244.9"
1.69 2.08 1.76 2.01 1.71
611.2 465.3° 274.3"
1.62 1.79 2.06
587.l d 564.l d
1.70 1.68
279.4" 277.5" 380.0 b
2.11 2.08 1.95
485.5 d
1.85
262.8"
2.22
470.3 d
1.82
375.8°
2.01
452.3 d 355.3° b
1.86 2.02
2.00
1.71 2.09 1.74 2.14
Values with similar superscripts are not different statistically at p<0.05.
from precipitating proteins, being absorbed itself or being metabolized to absorbable products in the bird. The fact that the use of a slurry was more effective than dry
feeding suggests that non-ionic polymers may be complexing with tannic acid during mixing of the feed or in the gastrointestinal tract to reduce its toxicity.
TABLE 3.—The gain in body weight of chickens and their feed efficiency (F/G) when fed diets containing tannic acid, PVP and Tween SO over an experimental period of 28 days Experiment No. Treatment
Basal diet + 2 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 5 % PVP + 0 . 5 % PVP+2%, Tannic Acid (Slurry) + 0 . 5 % P V P + 2 % Tannic Acid (dry) + 1% PVP + 1% P V P + 2 % Tannic Acid (Slurry) + 1% PVP+Tannic Acid (dry) + 1.5% PVP + 1.5% P V P + 2 % Tannic Acid (dry) + 1% Tween 80 + 1% Tween 80+Tannic Acid (Slurry) + 0 . 5 % Tween 80 + 0 . 5 % Tween 80+Tannic Acid (dry) + 0 . 5 % Tween 8 0 + 2 % Tannic Acid (Slurry) + 1% Tween 80 + 1% Tween 8 0 + 2 % Tannic Acid (dry) 1 2
4
5
6
Gain gm. F / G
Gain gm. F / G
Gain gm. F / G
el
488.1 272.9" 440.5° d 379.6 b
1.79 2.22 1.88 2.08
478.4 d ° 421.6°
1.80 1.93
d2
442.2 230.1" 432.0 d
1.79 2.06 1.75
307.4 b 459.3 d
1.98 1.80
354.9°
2.01
d
446.0 363.2°
Values with similar superscripts are not different statistically at p<0.05. Values with similar superscripts are not different statistically at p < 0 . 0 1 .
456.4 f2 227.8"
1.88 2.11
424.6° 365.2 d
1.83 2.02
426.6° 292.3 b 332.2° 409.7° 303.3 b
1.88 2.18 2.17 1.97 2.16
1.76 1.84
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 23, 2015
Control 1% Tannic Acid 2% Tannic Acid 0.031% Na 2 C0 3 2% Tannic Acid+0.031% Na 2 C0 3 0.022% Ca(OH) 2 0.0435%, Ca(OH) 2 0.0871% Ca(OH) 2 2% Tannic Acid-fO.022% Ca(OH) 2 2% Tannic Acid+0.022% Ca(OH) 2 (Slurry) 2% Tannic Acid+0.0435% Ca(OH) 2 2% Tannic Acid+0.0871% Ca(OH) 2 2% Tannic Acid+0.0871% Ca(OH) 2 (Slurry) 1% CaCOs 2% Tannic A c i d + 1 % CaC0 3 2% CaCOs 2% Tannic Acid+2% CaC0 3 0.0315% Na 2 CO s 2% Tannic Acid+0.0315% Na 2 CO s (Slurry)
1326
G. V. N. RAYUDU, R. KADIRVEL, P. VOHRA AND F. H. KRATZER
TABLE 4.—The gain in body weight* of chickens and their feed efficiency (F/G) when fed diets containing tannic acid and enzymes over an experimental period of 28 days Experiment N o . 7
Treatment Gain gm.
Gain gm.
F/G
502.8" 1.73 445.8 b 1.83
449.3° 430.9 b 381.2 a
1.85 1.85 1.89
442. l b 1.87 438.2°
1.82
387.2"
1.92
444.9°
1.86
367.8 a
1.92
455.3°
1.82
388. l a
1.92
440.9 b 1.89
449.5°
1.77
379.5°
1.84
392.9 a ' b 1.94 458.5 b 1.78 453.0 b 1.83 313.7" 1.82 426. l b 1.77
* Values with similar superscripts are not statistically significant at p <0.01.
In experiment 7 (Table 4) there was no evidence for improvement in the growth of chickens fed tannic acid with Talase,4 Pectinol,5 Gumase,5 Hemicellulase,4 and Rhozyme Cl4,5 but a depression in growth was observed when papain was added to the feed which contained 0.5% tannic acid. A repeat experiment (No. 8) with some of these enzymes confirmed the lack of activity for Talase and Pectinol up to the 0.4% dietary level singularly or in a combination. The failure of several enzymes to alleviate the toxicity of tannic acid indicates that none of those tested could combine with tannic acid to spare the digestive en4
Products of Miles Chemical Co., Clifton, N J . "Products of Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.
SUMMARY
Several compounds have been tested for activity in reducing the toxicity of tannic acid for chickens. Calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate in slurry form and PVP, and Tween 80 in both dry and slurry form were effective in improving the growth of chicks fed tannic acid. Several crude enzymes were tested and found to be inactive in counteracting tannic acid toxicity. REFERENCES Boudet, A., 1965. Enzyme inhibition by the tannins from the leaves of Quercus sessilis; removal of the inhibition. Compt. Rend. 261: 214-217. (Chem. Absts. 63: 10255e, 196S). DoUahite, J. W., and B. J. Camp, 1962. Calcium hydroxide—an antidote for tannic acid poisoning in rabbits. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 23: 1271— 1272. Fuller, H. L., S. I. Chang and D. K. Potter, 1967. Detoxication of dietary tannic acid by chicks. J. Nutr. 9 1 : 477-481. Rayudu, G. V. N., R. Kadirvel, P. Vohra and F. H. Kratzer, 1970. Toxicity of tannic acid and its metabolites for chicks. Poultry Sci. 49: 957960. Vohra, P., F. H. Kratzer and M. A. Joslyn, 1966. The growth-depressing and toxic effects of tannins to chicks. Poultry Sci. 45: 135-142. Zanobini, A., P. Vanni and A. M. Firenzuoli, 1967. Effect of Tween 80 on protein-tannic acid complex. Experientia, 23: 1015-1016.
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Control + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Talase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 1 % Talase + 1% Tannic Acid + 0 . 1 % Talase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 4 % Talase + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 4 % Talase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Pectinol + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 1 % Pectinol + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 1 % Pectinol + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 4 % Pectinol + 0 . 4 % Pectinol + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 4 % P e c t i n o l + 0 . 4 % Talase + 1 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Gumase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Hemicellulase + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Papain + 0 . 5 % Tannic Acid + 0 . 2 % Rhozyme Cl«
8 F/G
zyme or had any tannase activity or that the products of the reaction were as toxic as the substrate. The fact that these preparations were inactive does not mean that the approach to detoxifying tannic acid may not be useful if the proper enzyme can be found. No activity in alleviating tannic acid toxicity was noted in other experiments not reported in this paper for ferrous sulfate, alumnium hydroxide, caffeine, urea, Tergitol (sodium salt of mono—(2-ethylhyexyl sulfate), Cetavlon (Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and hidepowder.