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Effect of Zn-enriched organic manures on Zn nutrition of wheat and residual effect on soyabean
Bioresource Technology 42 (1992) 155-157
Short Communication Effect of Zn-Enriched Organic Manures on Zn Nutrition of Wheat and Residual Effect on Soyabean
Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in a screen house to study the effect of different organic manures and their combinations with ZnS04 on the yield and uptake of Zn by wheat. The residual effect of these organic manures on a second crop of soyabean was also studied. Application of poultry and piggery manures at the rate of l O t ha -1 was found as effective as 5 ppm Zn applied from ZnS04 alone. The highest plant yield, concentration of zinc in the plant, and uptake of Zn by both crops was recorded when poultry excreta was used as a source of manure alone or in combination with ZnS04. Zn was so highly complexed in Zn humate that it did not affect the first-crop wheat but the response was improved in the second crop of soyabean. Key words: Zinc, organic manures, wheat, soyabean nutrition.
INTRODUCTION With the introduction of high-yielding varieties of crops and intensive cropping sequences, the application of micronutrients, particularly Zn, has given a positive response (Franck & Finck, 1980; Gupta & Raj, 1983). Among the Zn sources, Z n S O 4 is found to be most effective for most crops but its cost is increasing. Low utilizationefficiency is found in the alkaline calcareous soils (Sinha & Sakal, 1983) pertaining to the whole of India. Several methods, such as mixing with super phosphate (Singh et al., 1985), foliar sprays (Takkar et al., 1971 ), and chelating with artificial agents (Gupta & Potalia, 1987), have been suggested to increase the efficiency of Zn application. However, none of these methods has increased the efficiency, and/or reduced the prices, of
ZnSO4. Thus, there is still a need to find a lowprice substitute or to reduce the zinc doses by increasing the efficiency of Z n S O 4 through locally available organic wastes, primarily utilized as a Zn fertilizers all over the country. In view of these facts, it was thought that organic manure, a low-price material easily available to the farmers, could be used as a chelating agent for increasing the efficiency of Z n S O 4. Therefore, the present investigation was planned to study the effect of various sources of organic manure in combination with different levels of Z n S O 4 o n the yield and uptake of Zn by wheat and any residual effect on soyabean.
METHODS
A zinc-deficient sandy soil (typic ustipsamment) having pH 8.2, organic carbon 0.08%, C a C O 3 nil, and DTPA-extractable Zn 0.2 ppm was used for the experiment and 4 kg of soil was filled in each pot. Zinc at 0, 1-25, 2.5 and 5"0 ppm (on dry weight of soil) through ZnSO4.7H20 was mixed in alone, and along with farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and piggery manure (PiM) applied at 10 t (wet weight) ha-~. Zn-humate isolated from soils (Stevenson, 1982) was used separately at the same levels of Zn applied from Z n S O 4 and it contained 3.8% Zn. PM, PiM and FYM contained 74, 72 and 56 ppm total initial content of Zn, respectively. There were five treatment combinations in all and four levels of Zn. Each treatment was replicated three times and placed in a CRD (complete randomized design) design. A basal dose of N, P and K was applied at 100, 50 and 50 ppm through analytical grade urea, NH4HPO 4 and K2504, respectively. Nitrogen received from N H 4 H P O 4 application was subtracted from urea nitrogen. Ten seeds of wheat (variety WH 147) were sown in each pot and later thinned to five plants. The crop was grown up to maturity in a screen house. The yield was recorded for grain and straw separately and the materials analysed on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Soyabean
155 Bioresource Technology 0960-8524/92/S05.00 © 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England. Printed in Great Britain
156
V. K. Gupta, C. P. Singh, P. S. Relan
(variety Bragg) was sown after harvest of the wheat to study the residual effects of different manures on yield and Zn nutrition. A basal dose of 25 ppm N and 50 ppm P in solution form was applied through urea and KH2PO4, respectively. The crop was harvested after six weeks and analysed for Zn content.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The grain yield of wheat (Table 1 ) increased with increasing levels of Zn irrespective of source of organic manures. The application of all the three manures alone at the rate of 1 0 t h a -~ significantly enhanced the yield of wheat at the zero level of Zn. Zn-humate did not show any significant effect over the application of Z n S O 4 alone at all the levels of Zn, most probably due to strong fixation of Zn through metal-humic complexation (Randhawa & Broadbent, 1965). In the case of FYM, significant differences over the control where Z n S O 4 w a s not applied were found only at zero level of Zn. The application of piggery and poultry manures alone significantly enhanced the yield of both grain and straw and was at par with Z n S O 4 applied at 2.50 and 5.0 ppm Zn. The higher yield with both these manures was attributed to their initially higher content of an organic form of Zn. Organic Zn is available to the plants slowly but continuously for
Table 1. Effect of organic manures in combination with different levels of inorganic Zn on the yield of a wheat crop Added zinc level (ppm)
Treatment
Mean
0
1"25
2.5
5.0
8"2
10.8 11.3 11.2 12.9 12.4 11.7
12.3 12.1 12.2 13.4 13.2 12-6
12.7 12.4 12.4 14.1 14.1 13.2
a longer period than inorganic Zn, after microbial decomposition, and is free from the risk of fixation with soil constituents (Stevenson, 1982). In combination with Zn, piggery and poultry manures further enhanced the grain yield of wheat. The straw yield of wheat was also increased with increase in levels of Zn as well as with all sources of Zn except FYM (Table 1 ). The highest concentration of 43.7 ppm Zn in grain and 33.7 ppm in straw was induced by the application of poultry manure either alone or in combination with Zn. The lowest concentration was observed with Zn-humate. The order of total zinc uptake by grain and straw was PM > PiM > FYM > ZnSO 4> Zn-humate. Residual effects of organic manures on the yield of soyabean (Table 2) in the absence of added Zn indicated that piggery manure produced the highest yield, although it was not significantly different from poultry manure. The residual effect of Zn humate was slightly superior t o Z n S O 4 applied alone, showing the release of Zn from Zn-humate after one cropping season. The dry-matter yield of soyabean increased remarkably at 1.25 ppm Zn with all the sources in comparison to the zero level, but thereafter decreased on increasing the levels of Zn, most probably due to very high uptake of Zn by the previous wheat crop. A higher concentration and uptake of Zn was again observed with poultry manure alone or combined with inorganic Zn, while piggery manure and FYM showed similar concentrations of Zn. It is concluded from these results that the application of poultry or piggery manures at the rate of 10 t ha- t does not need any supplementary dose of Zn fertilizer. Zn-humate is an inferior zinc source for the first crop but gives the better
Grain (g pot - i) ZnSO 4
Zn-humate FYM + ZnSO 4 PM + Z n S O 4 PiM+ZnSO4 Mean C.D. at 5%
8.2 10' 1 12.8 12.2 10"3
11.0 11.0 11.5 13.3 12.9
Source 0.43, level 0.38, source x level 0-85
Straw (g p o t - i) ZnSO 4 Zn-humate FYM + ZnSO 4 PM + ZnSO 4 PiM + Z n S O 4 Mean C.D. at 5%
12"2 12"2 12"5 14"3 13"6 13"1
14"7 15"3 13"3 14"7 14"6 14-5
15"0 15"5 14"0 14-9 15"6 15"0
15"4 15"8 14.4 15.9 15"7 15'4
14"3 14"9 13"6 14-9 14"9
Source 0-36, level 0.32, source x level 0-72
Table 2. Residual effect of organic manures in combination with different levels of inorganic Z n on soyabean yield Treatment
Zn level (ppm) ~ 0
1"25
2.5
5"0
Mean
3.57 3.60 4-03 4.63 4.70 4.11
4-77 4-90 5"50 5"60 6.17 5-39
4.67 4"77 5"17 5-83 6.13 5"33
4.37 4.47 4.80 5"63 5"57 4.97
4.37 4.43 4.88 5-42 5.64
YieM (g p o t - t ) ZnSO 4 Zn-humate FYM + ZnSO 4 PM + ZnSO4 PiM + Z n S O 4 Mean C.D. at 5%
Source 0.23, level 0-20, source x level NS
"Added zinc before wheat crop.
Zn nutrition of wheat response in the second crop in c o m p a r i s o n to Z n S O 4. F Y M has a lower chelating p o w e r than poultry and piggery manures.
REFERENCES Frank, E. V. & Finck, A. (1980). Evaluation of critical zinc contents of oat and wheat. Zeitschrift Pflanzen, Dungung Boden, 143, 38-46. Gupta, V. K. & Potalia, B. S. (1987). Comparative efficiency of zinc carriers on the yield of wheat. Agric. Sci. Digest., 7, 39-40. Gupta, V. K. & Raj, H. (1983). Response of wheat to zinc fertilization as influenced by farmyard manure application. Harayana Agric. Univ. J. Res., 13, 249-53. Randhawa, N. S. & Broadbent, E E. (1965). Soil organic matter complexes. 5. Reaction of Zn with model compounds and humic acid. Soil Sci., 99, 295-300. Singh, C. P., Dang, Y. P. & Ruhal, D. S. (1985). Responses of paddy to different types of zincated p-fertilizers in sub-
157
merged conditions. Tropical Agric. (Trinidad), 62, 310-12. Sinha, R. B. & Sakal, R. (1983). Effect of zinc and iron application in calcareous soil on Zn and Fe nutrition of rice. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 31,527-33. Stevenson, E J. (1982). Humus Chemistry (Genesis, Composition, Reactions). John Wiley, New York. Takkar, P. N., Mann, M. S. & Randhawa, N. S. (1971). How zinc deficiency affects wheat yields. Indian Farming, 21, 31-2.
V. K. Gupta, C. P. Singh & P. S. Relan Department of Soil Science, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125004, India (Received 18 April 1991; revised version received 29 November 1991; accepted 4 December 1991 )
Short Communication Effect of Zn-Enriched Organic Manures on Zn Nutrition of Wheat and Residual Effect on Soyabean
Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in a screen house to study the effect of different organic manures and their combinations with ZnS04 on the yield and uptake of Zn by wheat. The residual effect of these organic manures on a second crop of soyabean was also studied. Application of poultry and piggery manures at the rate of l O t ha -1 was found as effective as 5 ppm Zn applied from ZnS04 alone. The highest plant yield, concentration of zinc in the plant, and uptake of Zn by both crops was recorded when poultry excreta was used as a source of manure alone or in combination with ZnS04. Zn was so highly complexed in Zn humate that it did not affect the first-crop wheat but the response was improved in the second crop of soyabean. Key words: Zinc, organic manures, wheat, soyabean nutrition.
INTRODUCTION With the introduction of high-yielding varieties of crops and intensive cropping sequences, the application of micronutrients, particularly Zn, has given a positive response (Franck & Finck, 1980; Gupta & Raj, 1983). Among the Zn sources, Z n S O 4 is found to be most effective for most crops but its cost is increasing. Low utilizationefficiency is found in the alkaline calcareous soils (Sinha & Sakal, 1983) pertaining to the whole of India. Several methods, such as mixing with super phosphate (Singh et al., 1985), foliar sprays (Takkar et al., 1971 ), and chelating with artificial agents (Gupta & Potalia, 1987), have been suggested to increase the efficiency of Zn application. However, none of these methods has increased the efficiency, and/or reduced the prices, of
ZnSO4. Thus, there is still a need to find a lowprice substitute or to reduce the zinc doses by increasing the efficiency of Z n S O 4 through locally available organic wastes, primarily utilized as a Zn fertilizers all over the country. In view of these facts, it was thought that organic manure, a low-price material easily available to the farmers, could be used as a chelating agent for increasing the efficiency of Z n S O 4. Therefore, the present investigation was planned to study the effect of various sources of organic manure in combination with different levels of Z n S O 4 o n the yield and uptake of Zn by wheat and any residual effect on soyabean.
METHODS
A zinc-deficient sandy soil (typic ustipsamment) having pH 8.2, organic carbon 0.08%, C a C O 3 nil, and DTPA-extractable Zn 0.2 ppm was used for the experiment and 4 kg of soil was filled in each pot. Zinc at 0, 1-25, 2.5 and 5"0 ppm (on dry weight of soil) through ZnSO4.7H20 was mixed in alone, and along with farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and piggery manure (PiM) applied at 10 t (wet weight) ha-~. Zn-humate isolated from soils (Stevenson, 1982) was used separately at the same levels of Zn applied from Z n S O 4 and it contained 3.8% Zn. PM, PiM and FYM contained 74, 72 and 56 ppm total initial content of Zn, respectively. There were five treatment combinations in all and four levels of Zn. Each treatment was replicated three times and placed in a CRD (complete randomized design) design. A basal dose of N, P and K was applied at 100, 50 and 50 ppm through analytical grade urea, NH4HPO 4 and K2504, respectively. Nitrogen received from N H 4 H P O 4 application was subtracted from urea nitrogen. Ten seeds of wheat (variety WH 147) were sown in each pot and later thinned to five plants. The crop was grown up to maturity in a screen house. The yield was recorded for grain and straw separately and the materials analysed on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Soyabean
155 Bioresource Technology 0960-8524/92/S05.00 © 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England. Printed in Great Britain
156
V. K. Gupta, C. P. Singh, P. S. Relan
(variety Bragg) was sown after harvest of the wheat to study the residual effects of different manures on yield and Zn nutrition. A basal dose of 25 ppm N and 50 ppm P in solution form was applied through urea and KH2PO4, respectively. The crop was harvested after six weeks and analysed for Zn content.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The grain yield of wheat (Table 1 ) increased with increasing levels of Zn irrespective of source of organic manures. The application of all the three manures alone at the rate of 1 0 t h a -~ significantly enhanced the yield of wheat at the zero level of Zn. Zn-humate did not show any significant effect over the application of Z n S O 4 alone at all the levels of Zn, most probably due to strong fixation of Zn through metal-humic complexation (Randhawa & Broadbent, 1965). In the case of FYM, significant differences over the control where Z n S O 4 w a s not applied were found only at zero level of Zn. The application of piggery and poultry manures alone significantly enhanced the yield of both grain and straw and was at par with Z n S O 4 applied at 2.50 and 5.0 ppm Zn. The higher yield with both these manures was attributed to their initially higher content of an organic form of Zn. Organic Zn is available to the plants slowly but continuously for
Table 1. Effect of organic manures in combination with different levels of inorganic Zn on the yield of a wheat crop Added zinc level (ppm)
Treatment
Mean
0
1"25
2.5
5.0
8"2
10.8 11.3 11.2 12.9 12.4 11.7
12.3 12.1 12.2 13.4 13.2 12-6
12.7 12.4 12.4 14.1 14.1 13.2
a longer period than inorganic Zn, after microbial decomposition, and is free from the risk of fixation with soil constituents (Stevenson, 1982). In combination with Zn, piggery and poultry manures further enhanced the grain yield of wheat. The straw yield of wheat was also increased with increase in levels of Zn as well as with all sources of Zn except FYM (Table 1 ). The highest concentration of 43.7 ppm Zn in grain and 33.7 ppm in straw was induced by the application of poultry manure either alone or in combination with Zn. The lowest concentration was observed with Zn-humate. The order of total zinc uptake by grain and straw was PM > PiM > FYM > ZnSO 4> Zn-humate. Residual effects of organic manures on the yield of soyabean (Table 2) in the absence of added Zn indicated that piggery manure produced the highest yield, although it was not significantly different from poultry manure. The residual effect of Zn humate was slightly superior t o Z n S O 4 applied alone, showing the release of Zn from Zn-humate after one cropping season. The dry-matter yield of soyabean increased remarkably at 1.25 ppm Zn with all the sources in comparison to the zero level, but thereafter decreased on increasing the levels of Zn, most probably due to very high uptake of Zn by the previous wheat crop. A higher concentration and uptake of Zn was again observed with poultry manure alone or combined with inorganic Zn, while piggery manure and FYM showed similar concentrations of Zn. It is concluded from these results that the application of poultry or piggery manures at the rate of 10 t ha- t does not need any supplementary dose of Zn fertilizer. Zn-humate is an inferior zinc source for the first crop but gives the better
Grain (g pot - i) ZnSO 4
Zn-humate FYM + ZnSO 4 PM + Z n S O 4 PiM+ZnSO4 Mean C.D. at 5%
8.2 10' 1 12.8 12.2 10"3
11.0 11.0 11.5 13.3 12.9
Source 0.43, level 0.38, source x level 0-85
Straw (g p o t - i) ZnSO 4 Zn-humate FYM + ZnSO 4 PM + ZnSO 4 PiM + Z n S O 4 Mean C.D. at 5%
12"2 12"2 12"5 14"3 13"6 13"1
14"7 15"3 13"3 14"7 14"6 14-5
15"0 15"5 14"0 14-9 15"6 15"0
15"4 15"8 14.4 15.9 15"7 15'4
14"3 14"9 13"6 14-9 14"9
Source 0-36, level 0.32, source x level 0-72
Table 2. Residual effect of organic manures in combination with different levels of inorganic Z n on soyabean yield Treatment
Zn level (ppm) ~ 0
1"25
2.5
5"0
Mean
3.57 3.60 4-03 4.63 4.70 4.11
4-77 4-90 5"50 5"60 6.17 5-39
4.67 4"77 5"17 5-83 6.13 5"33
4.37 4.47 4.80 5"63 5"57 4.97
4.37 4.43 4.88 5-42 5.64
YieM (g p o t - t ) ZnSO 4 Zn-humate FYM + ZnSO 4 PM + ZnSO4 PiM + Z n S O 4 Mean C.D. at 5%
Source 0.23, level 0-20, source x level NS
"Added zinc before wheat crop.
Zn nutrition of wheat response in the second crop in c o m p a r i s o n to Z n S O 4. F Y M has a lower chelating p o w e r than poultry and piggery manures.
REFERENCES Frank, E. V. & Finck, A. (1980). Evaluation of critical zinc contents of oat and wheat. Zeitschrift Pflanzen, Dungung Boden, 143, 38-46. Gupta, V. K. & Potalia, B. S. (1987). Comparative efficiency of zinc carriers on the yield of wheat. Agric. Sci. Digest., 7, 39-40. Gupta, V. K. & Raj, H. (1983). Response of wheat to zinc fertilization as influenced by farmyard manure application. Harayana Agric. Univ. J. Res., 13, 249-53. Randhawa, N. S. & Broadbent, E E. (1965). Soil organic matter complexes. 5. Reaction of Zn with model compounds and humic acid. Soil Sci., 99, 295-300. Singh, C. P., Dang, Y. P. & Ruhal, D. S. (1985). Responses of paddy to different types of zincated p-fertilizers in sub-
157
merged conditions. Tropical Agric. (Trinidad), 62, 310-12. Sinha, R. B. & Sakal, R. (1983). Effect of zinc and iron application in calcareous soil on Zn and Fe nutrition of rice. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 31,527-33. Stevenson, E J. (1982). Humus Chemistry (Genesis, Composition, Reactions). John Wiley, New York. Takkar, P. N., Mann, M. S. & Randhawa, N. S. (1971). How zinc deficiency affects wheat yields. Indian Farming, 21, 31-2.
V. K. Gupta, C. P. Singh & P. S. Relan Department of Soil Science, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125004, India (Received 18 April 1991; revised version received 29 November 1991; accepted 4 December 1991 )