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Effects of 4 weeks high-intensity training on running and cycling performance in well-trained triathletes
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Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20S (2017) e2–e31
39 Effects of 4 weeks high-intensity training on running and cycling performance in well-trained triathletes M. Mallol Soler 1,∗ , G. Mejuto 2 , D. Bentley 1 , L. Norton 1 , J. Torres-Unda 1 , H. Arrieta 1 , I. Otxoteko 2 1 Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia 2 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Basque Country, Australia
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 4 week high intensity training (HIT) program on running and cycling performance. HIT is a training method which can be used to improve physical fitness in less time, and reduced training volume, than traditional endurance training. HIT allows athletes to accumulate time at higher training intensities, which is difficult to achieve when training in a continuous method. Methods: Twelve well trained triathletes completed 4 traditional training weeks as a control period. They were then randomly assigned to a Bike or Run HIT program completing two HIT sessions each week. A 20 min cycling time trial and maximal aerobic power test on the treadmill were measured before and after the HIT program. Results: Both Bike and Run HIT group achieved an increase of 6.72 and 2.07% in velocity at 2 mM and a decrease of 6.37 and 8.44% in the HR variable at 2 mM, respectively. Velocity peak decreased 1.91% in the Run HIT group and 1.80% for HR at 4 mM. Velocity Peak decreased ∼2% in the Bike group and it maintained HR maximum while there was a small reduction in the Run group. For cycle time trial, the Bike HIT group demonstrated a significant improvement in average velocity (8.82%), whereas, velocity was slightly lower in the run training group (−3.46%). Discussion: A 4 week Bike HIT program improved running performance in moderate to well trained triathletes. However, in our study, the cycle performance was not enhanced by a 4-week HIT running program, this may be due to the accumulated fatigue for the run group subjects. The relevant conclusion focused on the run HIT participants exhaustion at final of HIT sessions and in general were not improved their performance, probably, due to lack of experience in the triathlon sport.
HIIT sessions between male and female endurance athletes, whilst controlling for female ovarian hormone concentrations. Methods: Competitive cyclists and triathletes (n = 9 men and 9 women) completed an incremental cycle trial to fatigue and a 40 km cycling time trial before (baseline) and after 10 (post-HIIT) HIIT sessions consisting of 10 × 90 s intervals, at an intensity equivalent to the final power output elicited during the incremental trial. Intervals were separated by 60 s of low-intensity, active recovery. The women had been taking a hormone contraceptive for ≥3 months. Results: There were no significant differences in any of physiological improvements between sexes (p = 0.06–0.43). Within-group analyses identified no significant physiological improvements from baseline to post-HIIT in men (p = 0.44–0.92), however women significantly improved LT power output (4.9%; p = 0.05), peak power output (W; 4.3%, W kg −1; 5.1% and W kg −0.32; 4.6%; all p < 0.01) and incremental time to fatigue (6.0%; p < 0.01). Performance in the 40 km time trial significantly improved in both men (1.7%; p = 0.01) and women (−2.9%; p < 0.01), with no significant difference in the magnitude of change between sexes (p = 0.08). Improvement in LT power output was the only measured variable significantly correlated with time trial improvement in women (r = 0.91; p < 0.01), whilst no combination of measured variables could explain the time trial improvement in men. Discussion: Despite significant physiological improvements in response to 10 HIIT sessions in women, and significant 40 km cycling performance improvements in both men and women, there were no differences in the magnitude of improvements between sexes. Although LT power output explained 82% of the improvement in 40 km cycling performance in women, no combination of measured variables explained the performance improvement in men, suggesting that mechanism/s other than those responsible for LT were involved. It is recommended that coaches, athletes and sports scientists consider monitoring changes in LT power output to predict changes in endurance cycling performance in women. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.12.044 41 Assessment of urinary neurotrophins during two different menstrual cycle phases following endurance exercise N. Yasuda 1,∗ , T. Tanioka 2 1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.12.043 40 Sex differences in adaptations to high intensity interval training S. Hoffmann 1,∗ , T. Skinner 2 , S. van Rosendal 2 , M. Osborne 2 , L. Emmerton 3 , D. Jenkins 2 1 School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia 2 School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia 3 School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Australia
Background: The effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to elicit physiological adaptations that improve performance in endurance athletes has been established in men but has been examined to a much lesser extent in women. The aim of this study was to compare the adaptations of the lactate threshold (LT) and other physiological and performance measures to 10
Department of Health Science, International Pacific University, Japan 2 Department of Therapeutic Sciences, Showa University, Japan Background: The neutrophins have been regarded as soluble polypeptide growth factors in neurite growth and differentiation in the central nervous system. However, data concerning effects of menstrual cycle phases on neutrophins are limited. The purpose of this study was to concomitantly assess urinary levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) between follicular and luteal phases after 2-h of endurance exercise. Methods: Thirteen recreationally active eumenorrheic women [age: 21.0 ± 0.3 year; height: 160.5 ± 5.7 cm; body weight: 55.3 ± 5.6 kg; Body mass index: 21.5 ± 1.8 kg/m2 ; body fat: 21.9 ± 3.1%; peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak): 44.9 ± 4.9 ml/kg/min (mean ± SD)] were recruited in this study. All participants carried out an incremental cycling exercise until volitional exhaustion in order to assess their VO2peak. Each participant completed the same submaximal exercise protocol during the follicular (F: 5–8 days after the onset of the menses) and luteal (L: 22–25 days after the
Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20S (2017) e2–e31
39 Effects of 4 weeks high-intensity training on running and cycling performance in well-trained triathletes M. Mallol Soler 1,∗ , G. Mejuto 2 , D. Bentley 1 , L. Norton 1 , J. Torres-Unda 1 , H. Arrieta 1 , I. Otxoteko 2 1 Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia 2 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Basque Country, Australia
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 4 week high intensity training (HIT) program on running and cycling performance. HIT is a training method which can be used to improve physical fitness in less time, and reduced training volume, than traditional endurance training. HIT allows athletes to accumulate time at higher training intensities, which is difficult to achieve when training in a continuous method. Methods: Twelve well trained triathletes completed 4 traditional training weeks as a control period. They were then randomly assigned to a Bike or Run HIT program completing two HIT sessions each week. A 20 min cycling time trial and maximal aerobic power test on the treadmill were measured before and after the HIT program. Results: Both Bike and Run HIT group achieved an increase of 6.72 and 2.07% in velocity at 2 mM and a decrease of 6.37 and 8.44% in the HR variable at 2 mM, respectively. Velocity peak decreased 1.91% in the Run HIT group and 1.80% for HR at 4 mM. Velocity Peak decreased ∼2% in the Bike group and it maintained HR maximum while there was a small reduction in the Run group. For cycle time trial, the Bike HIT group demonstrated a significant improvement in average velocity (8.82%), whereas, velocity was slightly lower in the run training group (−3.46%). Discussion: A 4 week Bike HIT program improved running performance in moderate to well trained triathletes. However, in our study, the cycle performance was not enhanced by a 4-week HIT running program, this may be due to the accumulated fatigue for the run group subjects. The relevant conclusion focused on the run HIT participants exhaustion at final of HIT sessions and in general were not improved their performance, probably, due to lack of experience in the triathlon sport.
HIIT sessions between male and female endurance athletes, whilst controlling for female ovarian hormone concentrations. Methods: Competitive cyclists and triathletes (n = 9 men and 9 women) completed an incremental cycle trial to fatigue and a 40 km cycling time trial before (baseline) and after 10 (post-HIIT) HIIT sessions consisting of 10 × 90 s intervals, at an intensity equivalent to the final power output elicited during the incremental trial. Intervals were separated by 60 s of low-intensity, active recovery. The women had been taking a hormone contraceptive for ≥3 months. Results: There were no significant differences in any of physiological improvements between sexes (p = 0.06–0.43). Within-group analyses identified no significant physiological improvements from baseline to post-HIIT in men (p = 0.44–0.92), however women significantly improved LT power output (4.9%; p = 0.05), peak power output (W; 4.3%, W kg −1; 5.1% and W kg −0.32; 4.6%; all p < 0.01) and incremental time to fatigue (6.0%; p < 0.01). Performance in the 40 km time trial significantly improved in both men (1.7%; p = 0.01) and women (−2.9%; p < 0.01), with no significant difference in the magnitude of change between sexes (p = 0.08). Improvement in LT power output was the only measured variable significantly correlated with time trial improvement in women (r = 0.91; p < 0.01), whilst no combination of measured variables could explain the time trial improvement in men. Discussion: Despite significant physiological improvements in response to 10 HIIT sessions in women, and significant 40 km cycling performance improvements in both men and women, there were no differences in the magnitude of improvements between sexes. Although LT power output explained 82% of the improvement in 40 km cycling performance in women, no combination of measured variables explained the performance improvement in men, suggesting that mechanism/s other than those responsible for LT were involved. It is recommended that coaches, athletes and sports scientists consider monitoring changes in LT power output to predict changes in endurance cycling performance in women. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.12.044 41 Assessment of urinary neurotrophins during two different menstrual cycle phases following endurance exercise N. Yasuda 1,∗ , T. Tanioka 2 1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.12.043 40 Sex differences in adaptations to high intensity interval training S. Hoffmann 1,∗ , T. Skinner 2 , S. van Rosendal 2 , M. Osborne 2 , L. Emmerton 3 , D. Jenkins 2 1 School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia 2 School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia 3 School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Australia
Background: The effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to elicit physiological adaptations that improve performance in endurance athletes has been established in men but has been examined to a much lesser extent in women. The aim of this study was to compare the adaptations of the lactate threshold (LT) and other physiological and performance measures to 10
Department of Health Science, International Pacific University, Japan 2 Department of Therapeutic Sciences, Showa University, Japan Background: The neutrophins have been regarded as soluble polypeptide growth factors in neurite growth and differentiation in the central nervous system. However, data concerning effects of menstrual cycle phases on neutrophins are limited. The purpose of this study was to concomitantly assess urinary levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) between follicular and luteal phases after 2-h of endurance exercise. Methods: Thirteen recreationally active eumenorrheic women [age: 21.0 ± 0.3 year; height: 160.5 ± 5.7 cm; body weight: 55.3 ± 5.6 kg; Body mass index: 21.5 ± 1.8 kg/m2 ; body fat: 21.9 ± 3.1%; peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak): 44.9 ± 4.9 ml/kg/min (mean ± SD)] were recruited in this study. All participants carried out an incremental cycling exercise until volitional exhaustion in order to assess their VO2peak. Each participant completed the same submaximal exercise protocol during the follicular (F: 5–8 days after the onset of the menses) and luteal (L: 22–25 days after the