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Effects of Feeding Dried Municipal Sludge to Broiler-Type Chicks and Laying Hens1
Effects of Feeding Dried Municipal Sludge to Broiler-Type Chicks and Laying Hens1 B. L. DAMRON, H. R. WILSON, M. F. HALL, W. L. JOHNSON, O. OSUNA,2 R. L. SUBER,2 and G. T. EDDS2 Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication August 31, 1981)
1982 Poultry Science 61:1073-1081 INTRODUCTION Activated sludge, the solids left after t h e processing of sewage through a w a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t plant, has been t h e subject of animal feeding trials for well over 2 0 years. Hurwitz ( 1 9 5 7 ) and Schendel and J o h n s o n ( 1 9 5 4 ) f o u n d t h a t a level of 2% sludge provided a satisfactory source of vitamin B 1 2 for t h e pig.
1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 3215. 2 Department of Preventive Medicine, College - of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Chick trials summarized in t h e same r e p o r t b y Hurwitz ( 1 9 5 7 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t as little as 1% sludge furnished an a d e q u a t e a m o u n t of vitamin B12 for g r o w t h . Levels up t o 3% gave an additional response t h a t could n o t be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e presence of vitamin B 1 2 alone and was t h o u g h t t o indicate t h e action of u n k n o w n g r o w t h factors, possibly d u e t o t h e f e r m e n t a t i o n process involved. Firth and J o h n s o n ( 1 9 5 5 ) f o u n d t h a t dry activated sludge could be included in t h e diet of t h e baby pig up t o a level of 5% w i t h o u t adversely affecting g r o w t h . In their chick trials, levels of 2 and 10% in t h e diet p r o d u c e d a growth response in excess of 8% over t h e control g r o u p . S c o t t and A d a m s ( 1 9 5 5 ) f o u n d t h a t as little as 1% sludge de-
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ABSTRACT Day-old color-sexed broiler chicks were used in two experiments of 3 weeks duration to measure the effects of various levels of Chicago sludge and reagent grade minerals upon performance. Levels of 0, 3, or 6% Chicago sludge were substituted, into the basal diet while equivalent nutrient levels were maintained. Four additional treatments in Experiment 1 and five in Experiment 2 contained the amounts of cadmium, chromium, copper, and iron from reagent sources equivalent to the levels of these elements furnished to the diet when 6% sludge was added. A check analysis of the Chicago sludge resulted in the feeding of two iron levels in the second experiment. In Experiment 1, the feeding of 2992 mg/kg of dietary iron or 150 mg/kg chromium from reagent sources resulted in significant body weight depressions. Only the feed intake of the birds receiving the supplemental iron was significantly below that of the control group. In Experiment 2, both iron levels (2993 mg/kg and 2196 mg/kg) significantly depressed body weights and daily feed intake. The inclusion of 6% Chicago sludge had no effect upon bird performance in either experiment. The cadmium and iron treatments of both experiments resulted in elevated liver and kidney levels of these minerals in proportion to their level of supplementation. There was also a trend of increased cadmium levels in the liver and kidney resulting from feeding increased sludge levels; however, the utilization rate from sludge appeared to be only approximately 20%. Two levels of Chicago sludge and various levels of supplemental reagent grade minerals were also fed to caged White Leghorn hens in two experiments. Six dietary treatments were fed for an 84-day period in Experiment 1 and 112 days in the second experiment. Levels of 3.5 and 7% Chicago sludge were substituted into the basal diet. In addition, amounts of cadmium, chromium, or copper equal to those found in the 7% sludge diet were fed as additional treatments using reagent sources. Iron from ferrous sulfate comprised an additional treatment in the second experiment. In the first experiment, hen production criteria were not significantly influenced by any of the dietary treatments. Egg weights and specific gravity were not significantly influenced by any of the dietary treatments, while daily feed intake was significantly reduced by the iron level fed. Mineral analyses of eggs from the hens of Experiment 1 did not indicate an effect from any of the dietary additions. In contrast, the tissue mineral concentrations found in Experiment 1 indicated that increased mineral stores would result from Chicago sludge and reagent mineral feeding. (Key words: municipal sludge, chicks, hens, minerals, toxicity)
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DAMRON ET AL.
The technique of municipal sewage processing has also been applied to the treatment of citrus waste from commercial processing plants in Florida (McNary et al, 1953). Many commercial plants are presently using these procedures for the handling of waste water. Recently, Damron et al. (1975) evaluated the use of activated citrus sludge in poultry feeds and found it to be an acceptable ingredient at levels between 5 and 7.5% of the diet. No significant differences were found in carcass weight, percent cooking loss, shear force, or sensory evaluation of broiler meat. The current trials were conducted, not to determine nutritional value, but rather to determine the possible detrimental effects upon chicks and hens of feeding Chicago sludge, a material containing high levels of certain potentially toxic minerals.
TABLE 1. Composition of basal diets Percentage Ingredient
Chicks
Hens
Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (48.6%) Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate (18.5%P;22%Ca) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P; 32% Ca) Animal fat Iodized salt DL-Methionine (98%) Microingredient mix 1 Filler2
48.00 35.30 1.26 ...
58.29 21.35 6.55 1.90
1.91 6.52 .35 .16 .50 6.00
4.00 .35 .06 .50 7.00
1 Ingredients supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 6600 IU; vitamin D 3 , 2200 ICU; menadione dimethyl-pyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg; niacin, 39.6 mg; choline chloride, 499.4 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , 22 Mg; ethoxyquin, .0125%; manganese, 60 mg; iron, 50 mg; copper, 6 mg; cobalt, .0198 mg; zinc, 35 mg. 2
Washed builder's sand.
TABLE 2. Chicago sludge analysis (as-fed)1 (mg/kg) Iron Chromium Zinc Copper Lead Nickel Cadmium
36,600 2,500 2,200 1,525 670 260 200
(%) Phosphorus Calcium Crude protein
2.30 1.95 30.25
1 Determined by the University of Florida Soils Laboratory, Gainesville, FL using a nitric acid digestion and atomic absorption techniques for mineral analyses.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Chick Studies. In each of two experiments, 8 day-old Cobb color-sexed broiler chicks (4 males and 4 females) were randomly assigned to each pen of a heated Petersime battery brooder with raised wire floors. Four replicate pens were assigned to each of seven dietary treat-
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pressed growth when the diet contained 100 units of vitamin D, but that 4% was tolerated very well when 200 units of vitamin D were present. More recently, Keinholz (1980) reported that a diet containing 20% anaerobically digested sewage sludge caused liver vitamin A levels of chicks to be depressed to 8% of normal after a 4-week feeding period. Steers were fed 500 g/head/day of dried Chicago sludge for 141 days by Bertrand et al. (1980) with no adverse effects upon performance and carcass quality measurements. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, and lead were significantly higher in the liver of steers fed Chicago sludge. Accumulations of cadmium, iron, mercury, and lead in the kidneys of animals receiving sludge were also significantly elevated. Levels of metal in muscle were not influenced by the feeding of Chicago sludge. Beaudouin et al. (1980) fed up to 20% sewage sludge to sows through their first two pregnancies and found that more live pigs were farrowed and weaned per litter from sows fed 20% sludge. However, 21-day weaning weights were lower from sows fed sludge-containing diets. There were no increases of cadmium, lead, nickel, zinc, chromium, copper, manganese, iron, or aluminum in the sow's milk or blood. Also, Osuna and Edds (1980) reported depressed growth and feed consumption in pigs fed 50% Chicago sludge (providing 83 ppm cadmium). In the same study, a normal starter diet supplemented with 83 ppm cadmium caused reduced growth and a microcytic, hypochromic anemia coupled with discoloration of muscle and kidney tissue.
FEEDING DRIED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE
which indicated that a lower iron- level was present. Body weight, feed intake, feed efficiency (g feed/g final body weight), and mortality data were collected during the three-week experimental period. Samples of liver, kidney, and muscle were taken in each experiment from 2 birds of each sex from three replicate pens of each treatment. Hen Studies. Eight replicate pens of 5 individually caged White Leghorn hens were assigned to each of six dietary treatments for a feeding period of 84 days in Experiment 1 and 112 days in the second experiment. Levels of 3.5 and 7% Chicago sludge were substituted into a basal diet at the expense of dietary filler (Table 1). This diet was calculated to contain 15.4% protein, 3.0% calcium, .6% phosphorus, .81% lysine, .58% sulfur containing amino acids, and 2820 kcal ME/kg. In addition, three other treatments in both studies included the provision of cadmium chloride, chromic sulfate, or copper sulfate necessary to provide cation levels equivalent to those from 7% Chicago sludge. Since iron had been found to reduce body weights in chick experiments, a diet was also included in the second experiment providing iron as ferrous sulfate. Egg production, egg weight, daily feed intake, feed efficiency, specific gravity, Haugh
TABLE 3. Performance of broiler chicks fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent grade minerals Treatments
Body weight (g)
Daily feed (g) ^
_
.
.
T
_
Feed/weight (g)
_
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150 mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg
a
ab
560 541ab 545 ab 525 b 540ab 552ab 450 c
38.5 38.1ab 38.2 a b 36.3bc 39.2 a 38.8 a 34.4 C
1.43 b 1.48 b 1.47 b 1.45 b 1.52 b 1.47 b 1.63 a
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150 mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg Fe, 2196 mg/kg
576 a 563 a 553 a 559 a 528 a 559 a 439 b 470b
41.4 a 40.8ab 40.6 a b 41.7 a 41.9 a 40.6ab 35.lc 36.9 b c
1.50 d 1.53 b c d 1.54 b c d 1.56 a b c d 1.68 a 1.52 cd 1.66 ab 1.65 a b c
Means within columns without common letters are significantly different (P<.05).
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ments for a 3-week feeding period. Levels of 0, 3, or 6% Chicago sludge were substituted into the basal diet at the expense of dietary filler (Table 1). This diet was calculated to provide 21% protein, 2715 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, 1.2% calcium, .66% total phosphorus, 1.24% lysine, and .84% total sulfur containing amino acids. Sludge additions could have contributed additional nutrients as levels were increased. However, since the biological availability of these nutrients was not known and since the primary thrust of this research was the possible toxicity that might occur, no dietary nutritional value was assigned to the sludge. Four other treatments in Experiment 1 and five in Experiment 2 contained the amounts of chromic sulfate, cadmium chloride, cupric sulfate, and ferrous sulfate necessary to provide cation levels equivalent to those from 6% Chicago sludge. These calculations were based on the analytical values of Table 2 determined by the University of Florida Soil Testing Laboratory. Supplemental mineral levels for both experiments were 150 mg/kg chromium, 12 mg/kg cadmium, 92 mg/kg copper, and 2992 mg/kg iron. An additional iron level of 2196 mg/kg was included in the second experiment, based on a second sludge analysis
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3
2
1
2.5 4.5 7.0 4.6 2.5 3.6 4.5
13.2 20.6 30.7 17.4 13.6 11.4 75.9
.7 .8 .3 .5 .4 .2 .6
tissue mineral
ND, below detection limits.
Chromium below detection limits.
Standard error of the mean.
59.4 84.8 82.2 52.5 54.8 63.6 80.2
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150 mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg Fe, 2196 mg/kg
± ± ± ± + ± ±
132.4 ± 190.0 ± 260.1 ± 131.4 ± 150.0+ 156.3 ± 635.4 ±
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150 mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg Fe, 2196 mg/kg
± ± + ± + ± +
7.3 8.6 7.7 7.9 6.0 5.8 7.8
Iron SE 1
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg Fe, 2196 mg/kg
Treatments
T A B L E 4 . Wet-weight
of 3^week-old
.2 ± .6 ± 1.0 ± ND 1.6 ± ND ND
.1 ± .3 ± .5 ± ND 1.89 ± ND ND
ND 3 ND ND ND ND ND ND
.73
.12 .04 .10
.29
.07 .02 .06
C a d m i u m SE
Experiment 1
concentrations
± + ± ± + ± ±
.14 .11 .11 .20 .10 .12 .30
2.6 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.1
± + ± ± ± ± ±
.08 .27 .03 .06 .05 .10 .16
Kidney 2
3.5 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.6 2.5
Liver2
Muscle ' .6 ± .04 .6 ± .06 .4 ± .03 .6 ± .02 .5 ± .04 .6 ± .04 .4 ± .04
C o p p e r SE
60.5 59.5 69.9 60.2 59.0 59.0 78.4 62.7
92.7 91.7 112.8 59.5 75.5 80.1 640.5 392.5
10.2 8.9 9.0 9.8 8.4 8.7 10.2 8.4 .5 .7 .5 1.0 .4 .5 .9 .4
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
4.0 3.1 5.5 4.2 2.9 4.3 3.1 2.9
+ 6.3 ± 8.8 ± 8.1 + 6.9 ± 7.3 ± 6.5 ± 71.5 ± 41.8
± ± ± ± ± ± ± +
Iron SE
chicks fed various levels of Chicago
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FEEDING DRIED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chick Studies. A significant depression of body weight resulted from the supplementation of 2992 mg/kg iron in the feed (Table 3). This value was also significantly lower than any other treatment weight. The dietary addition of chromium was associated with a significantly depressed body weight when compared with controls. However, the level employed (150 mg/kg) was below that found toxic (300 mg/kg) by Kunishisa et al. (1966). However, Weber and Reid (1970) reported a 25% growth reduction from the feeding of 100 mg/kg cadmium in a practical chick diet. Feed intake and feed efficiency values of Experiment 1 were statistically reduced only in the group receiving supplemental iron. It is very difficult to determine if this was the cause or effect of the depressive results seen in body weights. In the second experiment (Table 3), iron was the only element to depress body weights. The degree of weight reduction appeared to be correlated with the amount of iron fed. These results are somewhat in contrast to those of Deobald and Elvehjem (1935) who found the toxic level to be approximately 4500 mg/kg. Feed intake was reduced, as in Ex-
periment 1, by the presence of either iron level. Feed conversion values for both iron and the cadmium treatments were also significantly poorer than that of the control group. Although cadmium did not cause a significant depression in body weight, a reduction was observed in both experiments. These birds appeared borderline to a toxic situation even though the National Research Council (1977) indicates 20 mg/kg of feed to be toxic. Mortality data provided no clear trends, since only 2 birds were lost in each experiment. The control and 3% Chicago sludge groups were affected in the first experiment. Two chicks assigned to the reagent-grade cadmium treatment were lost in the second experiment. Tissue data of both experiments (Table 4) indicated no accumulation of minerals in muscle tissue as a result of the feeding of sludge or supplemental elements. This finding agrees with that reported by Bertrand et al. (1980) who fed 500 g of Chicago sludge per day to steers and measured the levels of several minerals in muscle. The cadmium and iron treatments of both studies resulted in elevated liver 'and kidney levels of these minerals. There appeared to be increased cadmium residues in liver and kidney resulting from increasing sludge levels. The liver appeared to be the greatest accumulator of iron, with increases related to sludge addition occurring in the first experiment but not the second. Liver iron increased in both experiments in proportion to the amount fed from the reagent source. Iron levels of kidney tissue were also increased by the feeding of reagent grade iron. Tissue copper values were not altered by any of the dietary variables and chromium was below detection limits. Hen Studies. In Experiment 1, egg production, daily feed intake, feed efficiency, egg weights, and final body weights (Table 5) were not affected by the addition of up to 7% sludge to the diet or the feeding of comparable mineral levels from reagent sources. Specific gravity was significantly improved in eggs from hens that received 7% sludge. Although Haugh unit scores for copper treated hens were significantly lower than the values associated with sludge or cadmium feeding, they were not different from die controls. This difference in interior egg quality largely resulted from unexplained sharp reductions that occurred in the last month of the study. It is questioned that this is a true effect since the trend was not repeated in the second experiment.
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units, and mortality data were summarized or calculated at 28-day intervals. Birds were individually weighed at the termination of the experiment. At the end of Experiment 1, a sample of 1 day's egg production was collected from all treatment groups for mineral analysis. Feed for each treatment was taken directly from the mixer discharge for submission to the Soils Laboratory. Two hens from each replicate pen were sacrificed at termination of the experiment and samples of kidney, muscle, and liver excised for analysis. Samples of sludge feed and tissues (kidney, liver, and muscle) were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues and polychlorinated biphenyls by the University of Florida Pesticide Research Laboratory. The farm water supply was found to contain 9 mg/kg sodium, 20 mg/kg calcium, .1 mg/kg iron, .03 mg/kg zinc, and negligible amounts of copper, cadmium, and chromium. Data from both chick and hen experiments were subjected to computerized analysis of variance and multiple range test procedures using the Statistical Analysis System (Barr et al, 1976).
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Daily feed
99.2 98.5 97.4 95.7 98.5 100.4
Feed/doz (kg)
1.56 1.56 1.62 1.56 1.60 1.60
76.03 75.81 72.56 73.63 73.85 72.97
74.6 75.79 a 77.3 a 77.27 a 75.96 a 73.42 a 66.83 b
ab
% Hen-day egg production
! 5 9 abc 1.55 c 1.52c 1.52c 1.57 bc 1.64 ab 1.68 a
Feed/doz (kg)
95.7 96.0 a 96.2 a 96.6 a 97.2 a 96.3 a 89.6 b
a
Daily feed
' Means without common superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05).
Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg Fe, 2562 mg/kg
frrt yg)
62.1 61.2 60.7 61.5 60.3 61.5
Egg weight
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Spe grav
("n-^l
Kg) 63.0 62.1 61.2 62.0 62.7 63.1 62.4
Egg weight
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Spe grav
TABLE 6. Performance data of White Leghorn hens fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent
' ' c Means without common superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05).
Treatment'
a
Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
Treatments
% Hen-day egg production
TABLE 5. Performance data of White Leghorn hens fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent
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FEEDING DRIED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE
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TABLE 7. Analyses of feeds
I)
Microingredients per gram Treatment
Iron
Copper
Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
10 50 73 10 93 10
Cadmium
Chromium
ND 2.8 1.8 8.1 ND ND
188 725
1525 250 225 213
3 100 163 6 1 125
ND, below detection limits.
Table 7 presents a summary of the analytical data taken on the feeds of the first experiment; it can definitely be seen that the addition of sludge contributed significant amounts of the mineral elements under study to the diets. Analyses of eggs from the hens of Experiment 1 did not indicate any effect from any of the dietary additions (Table 8). In contrast, the tissue analysis results from Experiment 1 (Table 9) did indicate that increased mineral stores would result from sludge and reagent mineral feeding. In liver, both cadmium and iron were increased stepwise as the sludge content increased. Cadmium was at its highest level when fed from the purified source, indicating a difference in availability from the two ma-
TABLE 8. Mineral analyses (tig/g of wet sample) of eggs from White Leghorn hens fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent grade minerals (Experiment 1) Treatment
Y 1 ± SE2
Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
.03 .03 .03 .03 .02 .02
Alb + SE
Alb ± SE
SE
- Cadmium + ± ± ± ± ±
.01 ± .01 ± .01 ± .01 ± .01 ± .01 ±
.005 .006 .006 .004 .007 .005
.003 .004 .003 .003 .002 .003
Chromium Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
.06 .08 .04 .09 .09 .09
± ± + + ± +
1
Yolk and albumen.
2
Standard error of the mean.
.02 .02 .03 .02 .02 .02
1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6
± ± ± ± ± ±
.16 .08 .07 .07 .15 .06
—^^—^^— .04 .05 .03 .05 .06 .02
± ± ± + ± ±
.01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .01
75 ± 73 ± 74 + 63 ± 57+ 67 ±
2.8 5.3 2.5 3.5 3.3 3.9
.25 ± .21 ± .19* .22 ± .20 ± .22 ±
.02 .04 .01 .03 .02 .02
Iron ——————— .45 .41 .42 .30 .29 .44
± ± ± ± ± ±
.04 .08 .06 .04 .03 .06
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In Experiment 2 (Table 6), the addition of iron from a reagent source produced the main significant effect. Egg production of birds receiving reagent grade iron did not differ statistically from that of controls but was numerically depressed and significantly lower than all other treatment groups. A similar trend was observed in final body weights where the iron treatment differed from all but the control and cadmium groups. Daily feed intake was significantly reduced for the iron birds whereas Haugh unit scores of eggs from all treatments were numerically or statistically better than controls. Egg weight and specific gravity data were not found to be significantly influenced by treatment.
DAMRON ET AL.
1080
TABLE 9. Analyses (\ig/g wet weight basis) of three tissues from White Leghorn hens fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent grade minerals (Experiment 1) Treatment
Cadmium ± SE1
Copper ± SE
Chromium + SE
Iron ± SE
Muscle Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
ND 2 .1 ± .15 ± .2 ± .05 ± ND
.02 .03 .02 .05
.58 ± .47 ± .46 ± .4 ± .45 ± .38+
.06 .02 .02 .03 .01 .04
ND ND ND ND ND ND
9.0 ± 7.6+ 6.1+ 6.4+ 6.0 ± 7.8 ±
1.2 1.0 .33 1.5 .4 1.6
.11 .23 .05 .19 .16 .31
ND ND ND ND ND .4 ± .02
85.0 133.3 262.0 95.5 95.8 74.8
± ± ± ± ± +
6.8 23.4 12.9 11.1 8.0 8.7
.02 .02 .08 .08 .24 .12
ND ND ND ND ND .4± .03
67.0 ± 139.0 ± 185.5+ 72.5 ± 86.8 + 68.8 ±
6.2 6.9 17.7 5.5 12.0 4.6
Liver .20 ± .04 5.2 + .60 9.5 ± 2.07 12.2 ± 1.32 .75 + .15 .20 ± .05
2.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7
+ + ± ± ± ±
Kidney Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
1.5 + .11 23.0 ± 2.53 37.4 + 4.06 80.6 ± 3.89 2.9 ± .29 1.3 ± .12
1
Standard error of the mean.
2
ND, below detection limits.
2.6 3.0 3.2 3.7 2.8 2.7
terials. A similiar effect was noted for liver iron in both experiments with 3-week-old chicks (Table 4). Liver copper was not altered by treatment and chromium was within detection limits only for the supplemental chromium treatment. Similar trends were present in the data concerning kidney tissue. Mineral levels in muscle did not seem to be influenced to any appreciable extent by any of the dietary additions.
REFERENCES Barr, A. J., J. H. Goodnight, J. P. Sail and J. T. Helwig, 1976. A User's Guide to SAS 76. SAS Inst. Inc., Raleigh, NC. Beaudouin, J., R. L. Shirley, and D. L. Hammell, 1980. Effect of sewage sludge diets fed swine on nutrient digestibility, reproduction, growth and minerals in swine. Pages 341, 342 in SludgeHealth Risks of Land Application. G. Bitton, B. L. Damron, G. T. Edds, and J. M. Davidson, ed. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. Bertrand, J. E., M. C. Lutrick, H. L. Breland, and R. L. West, 1980. Effects of dried digested sludge and corn grown on soil treated with liquid digested
+ + ± + + ±
sludge on performance, carcass quality and tissue residues in beef steers. J. Anlm. Sci. 50:35—40. Damron, B. L., A. R. Eldred, S. A. Angalet, J. L. Fry, and R. H. Harms, 1975. Evaluation of activated citrus sludge as a poultry feed ingredient. Environ. Prot. Ag., Corvallis, OR. Deobald, H. J., and C. A. Elvehjem, 1935. The effect of feeding high amounts of soluble iron and aluminum salts. Am. J. Physiol. 111:118—123. Firth, J. A., and B. C. Johnson, 1955. Sewage sludge as a feed ingredient for swine and poultry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 3(9):795, 796. Hurwitz, E., 1957. The use of activated sludge as an adjuvant to animal feeds. Pages 395— 414 in 12th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Kienholz, E. W., 1980. Effect of toxic chemicals present in sewage sludge on animal health. Pages 153-171 in Sludge - Health Risks of Land Application. G. Bitton, B. L. Damron, G. T. Edds, and J. M. Davidson, ed. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. Kunishisa, Y., T. Yoname, T. Tonka, I. Fukuda, and T. Nishikava, 1966. The effect of dietary chromium on the performance of chicks. Japanese Poultry Sci. 3:10-14. McNary, R. R., R. W. Wolford, and M. H. Dougherty, 1953. Methane fermentation of waste water from citrus processing plants. Pages 213, 214 in Univ. Florida Agric. Exp. Sta.Annu. Rep.
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Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
FEEDING DRIED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient Requirements for Poultry and Toxic Levels of Inorganic Elements for Poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Osuna, O. and G. T. Edds, 1980. Feeding trials of dried urban sludge and the equivalent cadmium level in swine. Pages 334—335 in Sludge — Health Risks of Land Application. G. Bitton, B. L. Damron, G. T. Edds, and J. M. Davidson, ed. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.
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Schendel, H. E., and B. C. Johnson, 1954. Activated sewage sludge as a source of vitamin B 12 for the pig. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2(1):23, 24. Scott, H. M., and E. G. Adams, 1955. The effect of feeding graded levels of activated sludge and vitamin D on growth and bone ash of chicks. Poultry Sci. 34:1233. Weber, C. W., and B. L. Reid, 1970. Cadmium studies in chicks. Poultry Sci. 50:1644.
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1982 Poultry Science 61:1073-1081 INTRODUCTION Activated sludge, the solids left after t h e processing of sewage through a w a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t plant, has been t h e subject of animal feeding trials for well over 2 0 years. Hurwitz ( 1 9 5 7 ) and Schendel and J o h n s o n ( 1 9 5 4 ) f o u n d t h a t a level of 2% sludge provided a satisfactory source of vitamin B 1 2 for t h e pig.
1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 3215. 2 Department of Preventive Medicine, College - of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Chick trials summarized in t h e same r e p o r t b y Hurwitz ( 1 9 5 7 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t as little as 1% sludge furnished an a d e q u a t e a m o u n t of vitamin B12 for g r o w t h . Levels up t o 3% gave an additional response t h a t could n o t be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e presence of vitamin B 1 2 alone and was t h o u g h t t o indicate t h e action of u n k n o w n g r o w t h factors, possibly d u e t o t h e f e r m e n t a t i o n process involved. Firth and J o h n s o n ( 1 9 5 5 ) f o u n d t h a t dry activated sludge could be included in t h e diet of t h e baby pig up t o a level of 5% w i t h o u t adversely affecting g r o w t h . In their chick trials, levels of 2 and 10% in t h e diet p r o d u c e d a growth response in excess of 8% over t h e control g r o u p . S c o t t and A d a m s ( 1 9 5 5 ) f o u n d t h a t as little as 1% sludge de-
1073
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ABSTRACT Day-old color-sexed broiler chicks were used in two experiments of 3 weeks duration to measure the effects of various levels of Chicago sludge and reagent grade minerals upon performance. Levels of 0, 3, or 6% Chicago sludge were substituted, into the basal diet while equivalent nutrient levels were maintained. Four additional treatments in Experiment 1 and five in Experiment 2 contained the amounts of cadmium, chromium, copper, and iron from reagent sources equivalent to the levels of these elements furnished to the diet when 6% sludge was added. A check analysis of the Chicago sludge resulted in the feeding of two iron levels in the second experiment. In Experiment 1, the feeding of 2992 mg/kg of dietary iron or 150 mg/kg chromium from reagent sources resulted in significant body weight depressions. Only the feed intake of the birds receiving the supplemental iron was significantly below that of the control group. In Experiment 2, both iron levels (2993 mg/kg and 2196 mg/kg) significantly depressed body weights and daily feed intake. The inclusion of 6% Chicago sludge had no effect upon bird performance in either experiment. The cadmium and iron treatments of both experiments resulted in elevated liver and kidney levels of these minerals in proportion to their level of supplementation. There was also a trend of increased cadmium levels in the liver and kidney resulting from feeding increased sludge levels; however, the utilization rate from sludge appeared to be only approximately 20%. Two levels of Chicago sludge and various levels of supplemental reagent grade minerals were also fed to caged White Leghorn hens in two experiments. Six dietary treatments were fed for an 84-day period in Experiment 1 and 112 days in the second experiment. Levels of 3.5 and 7% Chicago sludge were substituted into the basal diet. In addition, amounts of cadmium, chromium, or copper equal to those found in the 7% sludge diet were fed as additional treatments using reagent sources. Iron from ferrous sulfate comprised an additional treatment in the second experiment. In the first experiment, hen production criteria were not significantly influenced by any of the dietary treatments. Egg weights and specific gravity were not significantly influenced by any of the dietary treatments, while daily feed intake was significantly reduced by the iron level fed. Mineral analyses of eggs from the hens of Experiment 1 did not indicate an effect from any of the dietary additions. In contrast, the tissue mineral concentrations found in Experiment 1 indicated that increased mineral stores would result from Chicago sludge and reagent mineral feeding. (Key words: municipal sludge, chicks, hens, minerals, toxicity)
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DAMRON ET AL.
The technique of municipal sewage processing has also been applied to the treatment of citrus waste from commercial processing plants in Florida (McNary et al, 1953). Many commercial plants are presently using these procedures for the handling of waste water. Recently, Damron et al. (1975) evaluated the use of activated citrus sludge in poultry feeds and found it to be an acceptable ingredient at levels between 5 and 7.5% of the diet. No significant differences were found in carcass weight, percent cooking loss, shear force, or sensory evaluation of broiler meat. The current trials were conducted, not to determine nutritional value, but rather to determine the possible detrimental effects upon chicks and hens of feeding Chicago sludge, a material containing high levels of certain potentially toxic minerals.
TABLE 1. Composition of basal diets Percentage Ingredient
Chicks
Hens
Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (48.6%) Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate (18.5%P;22%Ca) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P; 32% Ca) Animal fat Iodized salt DL-Methionine (98%) Microingredient mix 1 Filler2
48.00 35.30 1.26 ...
58.29 21.35 6.55 1.90
1.91 6.52 .35 .16 .50 6.00
4.00 .35 .06 .50 7.00
1 Ingredients supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 6600 IU; vitamin D 3 , 2200 ICU; menadione dimethyl-pyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg; niacin, 39.6 mg; choline chloride, 499.4 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , 22 Mg; ethoxyquin, .0125%; manganese, 60 mg; iron, 50 mg; copper, 6 mg; cobalt, .0198 mg; zinc, 35 mg. 2
Washed builder's sand.
TABLE 2. Chicago sludge analysis (as-fed)1 (mg/kg) Iron Chromium Zinc Copper Lead Nickel Cadmium
36,600 2,500 2,200 1,525 670 260 200
(%) Phosphorus Calcium Crude protein
2.30 1.95 30.25
1 Determined by the University of Florida Soils Laboratory, Gainesville, FL using a nitric acid digestion and atomic absorption techniques for mineral analyses.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Chick Studies. In each of two experiments, 8 day-old Cobb color-sexed broiler chicks (4 males and 4 females) were randomly assigned to each pen of a heated Petersime battery brooder with raised wire floors. Four replicate pens were assigned to each of seven dietary treat-
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pressed growth when the diet contained 100 units of vitamin D, but that 4% was tolerated very well when 200 units of vitamin D were present. More recently, Keinholz (1980) reported that a diet containing 20% anaerobically digested sewage sludge caused liver vitamin A levels of chicks to be depressed to 8% of normal after a 4-week feeding period. Steers were fed 500 g/head/day of dried Chicago sludge for 141 days by Bertrand et al. (1980) with no adverse effects upon performance and carcass quality measurements. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, and lead were significantly higher in the liver of steers fed Chicago sludge. Accumulations of cadmium, iron, mercury, and lead in the kidneys of animals receiving sludge were also significantly elevated. Levels of metal in muscle were not influenced by the feeding of Chicago sludge. Beaudouin et al. (1980) fed up to 20% sewage sludge to sows through their first two pregnancies and found that more live pigs were farrowed and weaned per litter from sows fed 20% sludge. However, 21-day weaning weights were lower from sows fed sludge-containing diets. There were no increases of cadmium, lead, nickel, zinc, chromium, copper, manganese, iron, or aluminum in the sow's milk or blood. Also, Osuna and Edds (1980) reported depressed growth and feed consumption in pigs fed 50% Chicago sludge (providing 83 ppm cadmium). In the same study, a normal starter diet supplemented with 83 ppm cadmium caused reduced growth and a microcytic, hypochromic anemia coupled with discoloration of muscle and kidney tissue.
FEEDING DRIED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE
which indicated that a lower iron- level was present. Body weight, feed intake, feed efficiency (g feed/g final body weight), and mortality data were collected during the three-week experimental period. Samples of liver, kidney, and muscle were taken in each experiment from 2 birds of each sex from three replicate pens of each treatment. Hen Studies. Eight replicate pens of 5 individually caged White Leghorn hens were assigned to each of six dietary treatments for a feeding period of 84 days in Experiment 1 and 112 days in the second experiment. Levels of 3.5 and 7% Chicago sludge were substituted into a basal diet at the expense of dietary filler (Table 1). This diet was calculated to contain 15.4% protein, 3.0% calcium, .6% phosphorus, .81% lysine, .58% sulfur containing amino acids, and 2820 kcal ME/kg. In addition, three other treatments in both studies included the provision of cadmium chloride, chromic sulfate, or copper sulfate necessary to provide cation levels equivalent to those from 7% Chicago sludge. Since iron had been found to reduce body weights in chick experiments, a diet was also included in the second experiment providing iron as ferrous sulfate. Egg production, egg weight, daily feed intake, feed efficiency, specific gravity, Haugh
TABLE 3. Performance of broiler chicks fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent grade minerals Treatments
Body weight (g)
Daily feed (g) ^
_
.
.
T
_
Feed/weight (g)
_
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150 mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg
a
ab
560 541ab 545 ab 525 b 540ab 552ab 450 c
38.5 38.1ab 38.2 a b 36.3bc 39.2 a 38.8 a 34.4 C
1.43 b 1.48 b 1.47 b 1.45 b 1.52 b 1.47 b 1.63 a
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150 mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg Fe, 2196 mg/kg
576 a 563 a 553 a 559 a 528 a 559 a 439 b 470b
41.4 a 40.8ab 40.6 a b 41.7 a 41.9 a 40.6ab 35.lc 36.9 b c
1.50 d 1.53 b c d 1.54 b c d 1.56 a b c d 1.68 a 1.52 cd 1.66 ab 1.65 a b c
Means within columns without common letters are significantly different (P<.05).
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ments for a 3-week feeding period. Levels of 0, 3, or 6% Chicago sludge were substituted into the basal diet at the expense of dietary filler (Table 1). This diet was calculated to provide 21% protein, 2715 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, 1.2% calcium, .66% total phosphorus, 1.24% lysine, and .84% total sulfur containing amino acids. Sludge additions could have contributed additional nutrients as levels were increased. However, since the biological availability of these nutrients was not known and since the primary thrust of this research was the possible toxicity that might occur, no dietary nutritional value was assigned to the sludge. Four other treatments in Experiment 1 and five in Experiment 2 contained the amounts of chromic sulfate, cadmium chloride, cupric sulfate, and ferrous sulfate necessary to provide cation levels equivalent to those from 6% Chicago sludge. These calculations were based on the analytical values of Table 2 determined by the University of Florida Soil Testing Laboratory. Supplemental mineral levels for both experiments were 150 mg/kg chromium, 12 mg/kg cadmium, 92 mg/kg copper, and 2992 mg/kg iron. An additional iron level of 2196 mg/kg was included in the second experiment, based on a second sludge analysis
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3
2
1
2.5 4.5 7.0 4.6 2.5 3.6 4.5
13.2 20.6 30.7 17.4 13.6 11.4 75.9
.7 .8 .3 .5 .4 .2 .6
tissue mineral
ND, below detection limits.
Chromium below detection limits.
Standard error of the mean.
59.4 84.8 82.2 52.5 54.8 63.6 80.2
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150 mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg Fe, 2196 mg/kg
± ± ± ± + ± ±
132.4 ± 190.0 ± 260.1 ± 131.4 ± 150.0+ 156.3 ± 635.4 ±
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150 mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg Fe, 2196 mg/kg
± ± + ± + ± +
7.3 8.6 7.7 7.9 6.0 5.8 7.8
Iron SE 1
Control Sludge, 3% Sludge, 6% Cr, 150mg/kg Cd, 12 mg/kg Cu, 92 mg/kg Fe, 2992 mg/kg Fe, 2196 mg/kg
Treatments
T A B L E 4 . Wet-weight
of 3^week-old
.2 ± .6 ± 1.0 ± ND 1.6 ± ND ND
.1 ± .3 ± .5 ± ND 1.89 ± ND ND
ND 3 ND ND ND ND ND ND
.73
.12 .04 .10
.29
.07 .02 .06
C a d m i u m SE
Experiment 1
concentrations
± + ± ± + ± ±
.14 .11 .11 .20 .10 .12 .30
2.6 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.1
± + ± ± ± ± ±
.08 .27 .03 .06 .05 .10 .16
Kidney 2
3.5 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.6 2.5
Liver2
Muscle ' .6 ± .04 .6 ± .06 .4 ± .03 .6 ± .02 .5 ± .04 .6 ± .04 .4 ± .04
C o p p e r SE
60.5 59.5 69.9 60.2 59.0 59.0 78.4 62.7
92.7 91.7 112.8 59.5 75.5 80.1 640.5 392.5
10.2 8.9 9.0 9.8 8.4 8.7 10.2 8.4 .5 .7 .5 1.0 .4 .5 .9 .4
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
4.0 3.1 5.5 4.2 2.9 4.3 3.1 2.9
+ 6.3 ± 8.8 ± 8.1 + 6.9 ± 7.3 ± 6.5 ± 71.5 ± 41.8
± ± ± ± ± ± ± +
Iron SE
chicks fed various levels of Chicago
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FEEDING DRIED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chick Studies. A significant depression of body weight resulted from the supplementation of 2992 mg/kg iron in the feed (Table 3). This value was also significantly lower than any other treatment weight. The dietary addition of chromium was associated with a significantly depressed body weight when compared with controls. However, the level employed (150 mg/kg) was below that found toxic (300 mg/kg) by Kunishisa et al. (1966). However, Weber and Reid (1970) reported a 25% growth reduction from the feeding of 100 mg/kg cadmium in a practical chick diet. Feed intake and feed efficiency values of Experiment 1 were statistically reduced only in the group receiving supplemental iron. It is very difficult to determine if this was the cause or effect of the depressive results seen in body weights. In the second experiment (Table 3), iron was the only element to depress body weights. The degree of weight reduction appeared to be correlated with the amount of iron fed. These results are somewhat in contrast to those of Deobald and Elvehjem (1935) who found the toxic level to be approximately 4500 mg/kg. Feed intake was reduced, as in Ex-
periment 1, by the presence of either iron level. Feed conversion values for both iron and the cadmium treatments were also significantly poorer than that of the control group. Although cadmium did not cause a significant depression in body weight, a reduction was observed in both experiments. These birds appeared borderline to a toxic situation even though the National Research Council (1977) indicates 20 mg/kg of feed to be toxic. Mortality data provided no clear trends, since only 2 birds were lost in each experiment. The control and 3% Chicago sludge groups were affected in the first experiment. Two chicks assigned to the reagent-grade cadmium treatment were lost in the second experiment. Tissue data of both experiments (Table 4) indicated no accumulation of minerals in muscle tissue as a result of the feeding of sludge or supplemental elements. This finding agrees with that reported by Bertrand et al. (1980) who fed 500 g of Chicago sludge per day to steers and measured the levels of several minerals in muscle. The cadmium and iron treatments of both studies resulted in elevated liver 'and kidney levels of these minerals. There appeared to be increased cadmium residues in liver and kidney resulting from increasing sludge levels. The liver appeared to be the greatest accumulator of iron, with increases related to sludge addition occurring in the first experiment but not the second. Liver iron increased in both experiments in proportion to the amount fed from the reagent source. Iron levels of kidney tissue were also increased by the feeding of reagent grade iron. Tissue copper values were not altered by any of the dietary variables and chromium was below detection limits. Hen Studies. In Experiment 1, egg production, daily feed intake, feed efficiency, egg weights, and final body weights (Table 5) were not affected by the addition of up to 7% sludge to the diet or the feeding of comparable mineral levels from reagent sources. Specific gravity was significantly improved in eggs from hens that received 7% sludge. Although Haugh unit scores for copper treated hens were significantly lower than the values associated with sludge or cadmium feeding, they were not different from die controls. This difference in interior egg quality largely resulted from unexplained sharp reductions that occurred in the last month of the study. It is questioned that this is a true effect since the trend was not repeated in the second experiment.
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units, and mortality data were summarized or calculated at 28-day intervals. Birds were individually weighed at the termination of the experiment. At the end of Experiment 1, a sample of 1 day's egg production was collected from all treatment groups for mineral analysis. Feed for each treatment was taken directly from the mixer discharge for submission to the Soils Laboratory. Two hens from each replicate pen were sacrificed at termination of the experiment and samples of kidney, muscle, and liver excised for analysis. Samples of sludge feed and tissues (kidney, liver, and muscle) were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues and polychlorinated biphenyls by the University of Florida Pesticide Research Laboratory. The farm water supply was found to contain 9 mg/kg sodium, 20 mg/kg calcium, .1 mg/kg iron, .03 mg/kg zinc, and negligible amounts of copper, cadmium, and chromium. Data from both chick and hen experiments were subjected to computerized analysis of variance and multiple range test procedures using the Statistical Analysis System (Barr et al, 1976).
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Daily feed
99.2 98.5 97.4 95.7 98.5 100.4
Feed/doz (kg)
1.56 1.56 1.62 1.56 1.60 1.60
76.03 75.81 72.56 73.63 73.85 72.97
74.6 75.79 a 77.3 a 77.27 a 75.96 a 73.42 a 66.83 b
ab
% Hen-day egg production
! 5 9 abc 1.55 c 1.52c 1.52c 1.57 bc 1.64 ab 1.68 a
Feed/doz (kg)
95.7 96.0 a 96.2 a 96.6 a 97.2 a 96.3 a 89.6 b
a
Daily feed
' Means without common superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05).
Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg Fe, 2562 mg/kg
frrt yg)
62.1 61.2 60.7 61.5 60.3 61.5
Egg weight
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Spe grav
("n-^l
Kg) 63.0 62.1 61.2 62.0 62.7 63.1 62.4
Egg weight
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Spe grav
TABLE 6. Performance data of White Leghorn hens fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent
' ' c Means without common superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05).
Treatment'
a
Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
Treatments
% Hen-day egg production
TABLE 5. Performance data of White Leghorn hens fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent
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FEEDING DRIED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE
1079
TABLE 7. Analyses of feeds
I)
Microingredients per gram Treatment
Iron
Copper
Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
10 50 73 10 93 10
Cadmium
Chromium
ND 2.8 1.8 8.1 ND ND
188 725
1525 250 225 213
3 100 163 6 1 125
ND, below detection limits.
Table 7 presents a summary of the analytical data taken on the feeds of the first experiment; it can definitely be seen that the addition of sludge contributed significant amounts of the mineral elements under study to the diets. Analyses of eggs from the hens of Experiment 1 did not indicate any effect from any of the dietary additions (Table 8). In contrast, the tissue analysis results from Experiment 1 (Table 9) did indicate that increased mineral stores would result from sludge and reagent mineral feeding. In liver, both cadmium and iron were increased stepwise as the sludge content increased. Cadmium was at its highest level when fed from the purified source, indicating a difference in availability from the two ma-
TABLE 8. Mineral analyses (tig/g of wet sample) of eggs from White Leghorn hens fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent grade minerals (Experiment 1) Treatment
Y 1 ± SE2
Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
.03 .03 .03 .03 .02 .02
Alb + SE
Alb ± SE
SE
- Cadmium + ± ± ± ± ±
.01 ± .01 ± .01 ± .01 ± .01 ± .01 ±
.005 .006 .006 .004 .007 .005
.003 .004 .003 .003 .002 .003
Chromium Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
.06 .08 .04 .09 .09 .09
± ± + + ± +
1
Yolk and albumen.
2
Standard error of the mean.
.02 .02 .03 .02 .02 .02
1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6
± ± ± ± ± ±
.16 .08 .07 .07 .15 .06
—^^—^^— .04 .05 .03 .05 .06 .02
± ± ± + ± ±
.01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .01
75 ± 73 ± 74 + 63 ± 57+ 67 ±
2.8 5.3 2.5 3.5 3.3 3.9
.25 ± .21 ± .19* .22 ± .20 ± .22 ±
.02 .04 .01 .03 .02 .02
Iron ——————— .45 .41 .42 .30 .29 .44
± ± ± ± ± ±
.04 .08 .06 .04 .03 .06
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In Experiment 2 (Table 6), the addition of iron from a reagent source produced the main significant effect. Egg production of birds receiving reagent grade iron did not differ statistically from that of controls but was numerically depressed and significantly lower than all other treatment groups. A similar trend was observed in final body weights where the iron treatment differed from all but the control and cadmium groups. Daily feed intake was significantly reduced for the iron birds whereas Haugh unit scores of eggs from all treatments were numerically or statistically better than controls. Egg weight and specific gravity data were not found to be significantly influenced by treatment.
DAMRON ET AL.
1080
TABLE 9. Analyses (\ig/g wet weight basis) of three tissues from White Leghorn hens fed various levels of Chicago sludge or reagent grade minerals (Experiment 1) Treatment
Cadmium ± SE1
Copper ± SE
Chromium + SE
Iron ± SE
Muscle Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
ND 2 .1 ± .15 ± .2 ± .05 ± ND
.02 .03 .02 .05
.58 ± .47 ± .46 ± .4 ± .45 ± .38+
.06 .02 .02 .03 .01 .04
ND ND ND ND ND ND
9.0 ± 7.6+ 6.1+ 6.4+ 6.0 ± 7.8 ±
1.2 1.0 .33 1.5 .4 1.6
.11 .23 .05 .19 .16 .31
ND ND ND ND ND .4 ± .02
85.0 133.3 262.0 95.5 95.8 74.8
± ± ± ± ± +
6.8 23.4 12.9 11.1 8.0 8.7
.02 .02 .08 .08 .24 .12
ND ND ND ND ND .4± .03
67.0 ± 139.0 ± 185.5+ 72.5 ± 86.8 + 68.8 ±
6.2 6.9 17.7 5.5 12.0 4.6
Liver .20 ± .04 5.2 + .60 9.5 ± 2.07 12.2 ± 1.32 .75 + .15 .20 ± .05
2.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7
+ + ± ± ± ±
Kidney Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
1.5 + .11 23.0 ± 2.53 37.4 + 4.06 80.6 ± 3.89 2.9 ± .29 1.3 ± .12
1
Standard error of the mean.
2
ND, below detection limits.
2.6 3.0 3.2 3.7 2.8 2.7
terials. A similiar effect was noted for liver iron in both experiments with 3-week-old chicks (Table 4). Liver copper was not altered by treatment and chromium was within detection limits only for the supplemental chromium treatment. Similar trends were present in the data concerning kidney tissue. Mineral levels in muscle did not seem to be influenced to any appreciable extent by any of the dietary additions.
REFERENCES Barr, A. J., J. H. Goodnight, J. P. Sail and J. T. Helwig, 1976. A User's Guide to SAS 76. SAS Inst. Inc., Raleigh, NC. Beaudouin, J., R. L. Shirley, and D. L. Hammell, 1980. Effect of sewage sludge diets fed swine on nutrient digestibility, reproduction, growth and minerals in swine. Pages 341, 342 in SludgeHealth Risks of Land Application. G. Bitton, B. L. Damron, G. T. Edds, and J. M. Davidson, ed. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. Bertrand, J. E., M. C. Lutrick, H. L. Breland, and R. L. West, 1980. Effects of dried digested sludge and corn grown on soil treated with liquid digested
+ + ± + + ±
sludge on performance, carcass quality and tissue residues in beef steers. J. Anlm. Sci. 50:35—40. Damron, B. L., A. R. Eldred, S. A. Angalet, J. L. Fry, and R. H. Harms, 1975. Evaluation of activated citrus sludge as a poultry feed ingredient. Environ. Prot. Ag., Corvallis, OR. Deobald, H. J., and C. A. Elvehjem, 1935. The effect of feeding high amounts of soluble iron and aluminum salts. Am. J. Physiol. 111:118—123. Firth, J. A., and B. C. Johnson, 1955. Sewage sludge as a feed ingredient for swine and poultry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 3(9):795, 796. Hurwitz, E., 1957. The use of activated sludge as an adjuvant to animal feeds. Pages 395— 414 in 12th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Kienholz, E. W., 1980. Effect of toxic chemicals present in sewage sludge on animal health. Pages 153-171 in Sludge - Health Risks of Land Application. G. Bitton, B. L. Damron, G. T. Edds, and J. M. Davidson, ed. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. Kunishisa, Y., T. Yoname, T. Tonka, I. Fukuda, and T. Nishikava, 1966. The effect of dietary chromium on the performance of chicks. Japanese Poultry Sci. 3:10-14. McNary, R. R., R. W. Wolford, and M. H. Dougherty, 1953. Methane fermentation of waste water from citrus processing plants. Pages 213, 214 in Univ. Florida Agric. Exp. Sta.Annu. Rep.
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Control Sludge, 3.5% Sludge, 7% Cd, 14 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Cr, 175 mg/kg
FEEDING DRIED MUNICIPAL SLUDGE National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient Requirements for Poultry and Toxic Levels of Inorganic Elements for Poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Osuna, O. and G. T. Edds, 1980. Feeding trials of dried urban sludge and the equivalent cadmium level in swine. Pages 334—335 in Sludge — Health Risks of Land Application. G. Bitton, B. L. Damron, G. T. Edds, and J. M. Davidson, ed. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.
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Schendel, H. E., and B. C. Johnson, 1954. Activated sewage sludge as a source of vitamin B 12 for the pig. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2(1):23, 24. Scott, H. M., and E. G. Adams, 1955. The effect of feeding graded levels of activated sludge and vitamin D on growth and bone ash of chicks. Poultry Sci. 34:1233. Weber, C. W., and B. L. Reid, 1970. Cadmium studies in chicks. Poultry Sci. 50:1644.
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