Effects of irradiation as a pretreatment in enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose materials

Radiat. Phys. Chem. Vol. "/2 No 8-5 pp. 901-906 1988

/88/09901-06508.00/0 ~) 1988 Pergamon press Ltd

Printed in Great Britain

Effects

of

Enzymatic

Irradiation Hydrolysis

K.Kojima sumitomo

as a P r e t r e a t m e n t

of C e l l u l o s e

S.Miyake

Electric

in

Materials

I.Uda

industries,

Ltd.

Osaka,

Japan

Introduction

The w o r l d ' s fuels,

diminishing

forcing

required

energy

industrial

supply

fuels.

various Under

kinds

these

and

circumstances,

Development(RAPAD)

the M i n i s t r y

of

International

as a m e m b e r

as a p r e t r e a t m e n t some of

the

in t h e i r

of a l t e r n a t i v e

Alternatives

Electric

created

countries including

q u a n t i t i e s of energy,

to d e v e l o p

has

of R A P A D

qrowing

efforts

sources

Industry

the

of c e l l u l o s e

this

to r e p l a c e

(MITI).The

to e x a m i n e

hydrolysis

for

1980,

about

to o b t a i n

Association

e s t a b l i s h e d in May and

anxiety

to s t r i v e

all-out

energy

has b e e n

in e n z y m a t i c

Japan

the R e s e a r c h

was

Trade

a

with

effects

purpose,

petroleum

for

role

their

Petroleum support

from

of S u m i t o m o

of i r r a d i a t i o n

materials-In

this

report,

r e s u l t s are d e s c r i b e d .

Experiment

Figure c haff with

1 shows

as the m a t e r i a l s , 2 MeV

and o t h e r enzyme.

samples

Other

called

samples we used

"Onozuka".

a sugar

be a f f e c t e d

were

processes

of

10mA.

treated were

carried

After

by alkali,

and

a commercially

of g l u c o s e

for each

by the d i f f e r e n t

process.

rice

samples

generated

straw beam

and h y d r o l y z e d

the a m o u n t

acceleratoz

by an

by enzyme. cellulase

by s a c c h a r i f i c a t i o n

We e x p e c t e d

and

were milled

hydrolyzed

trichoderma viride

t y p e s of p r e t r e a t m e n t . 90]

some

then they w e r e

milled

available

Using

out by an e l e c t r o n

irradiation,

simultaneously

The a m o u n t

analyzer

we i n v e s t i g a t e d .

i r r a d i a t i o n was

and a c u r r e n t

As the enzyme,

with

the v a r i o u s

was m e a s u r e d

of g l u c o s e

to

902

K. KOJIMA, S. MIYAKE AND I. UDA

l ,..irradiation~ ' alkali I

]

treatmen~

I

milling and I saccharificat!on J

1

Fig.

l

1 Flowchart Enzymatic

of E x p e r i m e n t a l Hydrolysis

Processes

Results One

effect

milled

to small

rice

straw

save

energy

Then,

milled

the

cellulose

irradiation.

milled

for reducing the

in F i g u r e

energy

We also

into

straw

to small

tested

1 shows

simultaneous increases,

3, c o m p a r e d

to o b t a i n the

Saccharification Table

after

be e a s i l y

being

that

small

to small

materials

Figure

2 shows

particles. particles

particles,

the

could

rice

be e a s i l y

that

the

irradiated

In other words,

we

by u s i n g

this method.

s t r a w was

hydrolyzed

could

by the enzyme.

shown

less

was

particles

could

after

easily As

of i r r a d i a t i o n

effects

was

that

about

the of

carried

generating

same

out

irrdiationand

milling

in a ball mill completely

saccharification. speed

only,

milling

needed

g l u c o s e yield.

simultaneous

we can a l m o s t

m i l l i n g and the

with milling

of g l u c o s e

and enzymatic h y d r o l y s i s .

inside

change

rice

Furthermore, becomes

an air oven. straw

as the

faster.

to glucose by irradiation dose

Effects of irradiation as a pretreatment

1

~

903

O0

E

0 ";-

0

•

0

0

48 Mrod ~- ..12

g-

t

0

0

I

I

5

10

> Milling time with boll mill Fig.2

Effect

of

Irradiation

on Particle

Size

• 100

8O j[~,J

-060

A/

/,"

>., e 0

40

milling only A

~

irrodiotion end milling

O

o20

0

I

I

I

0.1

0.2

0.3

I

0.4

I

I

I

0.5

0.6

0.7

> Energy for pretrestment ( K w h / k g ) Fig.3 Table.l

Effect

of

Irradiation

Simultaneous

Irradiation

(Mrad)

dose

Milling

on G l u c o s e

and

Yield

Saccharification

Time

needed

Percent

till

I% g l u c o s e

conversion

generated

glucose 168

(Hrs)

of

hours (%)

0

24

92

24

14

89

48

Ii

95

96

7

93

of

after

904

K. KOJIMA, S. MIYAKE AND I. UDA

Another

effect

easily for

removed

rice

Figure

The

the

that

5 shows We

the

tested

find

the

lignin

of c e l l u l o s e

irradiation.

The e x t r a c t e d

of rice

straw

of

in F i g u r e

6. The

7 shows

chaff.

In the

In the

case

the

Figure

amount

was e a s i l y

materials

4 shows

increased

removed

was

the r e s u l t

by i r r a d i a t i o n ,

by a l k a l i t r e a t m e n t

the case

extracted amount

of rice

of our

than

chaff, of

the g l u c o s e

the g l u c o s e 120°C.

for

make

and e n z y m a t i c

yield

But a f t e r treatment

it c l e a r

enzymatic

yield

that

0

1.1J

I

5O -->

I0(

Irradiation dose (Mrad)

Effect

of

on L i g n i n Alkali

Irradiation Extraction

Dose by

Treatment

(IN N a O H

aq.30°C,

about

of c e l l u l o s e

3oi

0

only

irradiation

hydrolysis

at all

4.1%

15min)

are of

of rice

20% a f t e r

irradiation,

is very

the

.

at a low t e m p e r a t u r e

ID

Fig.4

at all

hydrolysis

48 M r a d ' s

0

L0

was

was

o

S ~

by i r r a d i a t i o n

by i r r a d i a t i o n

5o

E o

concentrations

at v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s

increased

20% by alkali

experiments

of p r e t r e a t m e n t

by v a r i o u s

increased

treatment

chaff,

at a h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e

results

amount

of a l k a l i

of u n t r e a t e d

was m o r e

straw

s t r a w by a l k a l i

extracted

results

of rice

of NaOH.

of n o n - i r r a d i a t e d

yield

as a f o r m

that

treatment

Figure

treatment

of t r e a t m e n t

concentrations

temperatures.

The

by alkali.

results

tested

glucose

that

treatment after

lignin

the

can

results

sho w n

treated

was

irradiation.

of NaOH. of

irradiation

by a l k a l i

straw

indicating aft e r

of

of

alkali the 30°C.

effective

materials.

Effects of irradiation as a pretreatment

60

--

96

905

Mrod i ~

50

O

E o

40

"0

0 Mrod

"6 S 3O /

x

I.iJ

o

oT0

I

0.5

1.0

---> Concenlrolion Fig.5

Effects and

of N o O H IN)

of N a O H

Concentration

Irradiation Dose

Lignin

Extraction

on

(NaOH,

70

60°C

s

48 ~.d..f :

v

6O e-

E

50 o

40

~

30 I

0

5O >

Fig.

Temperature

6 Effects

I00 (°C)

of T e m p e r a t u r e

Irradiation Extraction

Dose

and

on L i g n i n

(IN N a O H

15min)

15min)

906

K. KOJIMA~ S. MIYAKE AND I. UDA

1 Dose Temp. Time Gluco ll~yield Extroded" amount IMrod) (°C) [h) ~ ~(%) %0 {% )<

Untreated 0

e0 ~2 0

2~

30 ~0

I[ I 4"1 35.6 IIIItlllllllse ~L8.O IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,~.6 2~ IIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIII[22~ 25.3 i llllllllllIl~62 lllll ~L2.3 Ill~9~ ,

I

•57.0

.

IIIII

p

~52.1

/! 22.9 Fig.7 G l u c o s e Yields

46.8 and Lignin

Extraction Amounts Alkali-treated

for

Rice Chaff

(IN NaOH aq)

Acknowledgment This r e s e a r c h was c a r r i e d out as a part of a c t i v i t i e s from MITI.

of RAPAD,

under a s u b s i d y

We wish to thank R A P A D for g r a n t i n g p e r m i s s i o n to p u b l i s h

this report