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Effects of New Type Nipple Waterers on Broiler Performance1
The Professional Animal Scientist 9:60-63
Effects of New Type Nipple Waterers on Broiler Performance1 l. D. ANDREWS2 , l. K. STAMPS, and R. W. MOORE
Poultry Science Department University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR 72701 Abstract
Introduction
Four types of waterers were used in a study of broiler performance: 1) Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple; 2) Plasson bell broiler hanging plastic waterer; 3) Chore-time cup; and 4) Aqua high pressure nipple. In Experiment 1 at 5 wk, the broilers on the Plasson waterer were heavier than the broilers on the Chore-time cup or the Ziggity and Aqua nipples, and broilers on the Ziggity nipples were the lightest. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had better feed conversion than broilers on the other three waterer types. At 7 wk the broilers on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers on the Plasson bell waterer or the Chore-time cup. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had a better feed conversion than the broilers on the Ziggity nipple. In Experiment 2 at 5 wk, the broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple again were lower in body weight than those broilers on Plasson bell waterers or Aqua nipples and at 7 wk were lower in body weight than broilers on the other three waterer types. Broilers were lower in feed conversion on the Plasson bell waterer than broilers on the other three water types. When both experiments were combined at 5 wk, the broilers on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers on the other three waterer types. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had better feed conversion than broilers on the Plasson bell waterer. When both experiments were combined at 7 wk, the broilers on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers on the Chore-time cup. (Key Words: Broilers, Waterers, Body Weight, Feed Efficiency, Mortality.)
The perfect waterer for poultry has never been invented. Some waterer types have approached this level, but each waterer seems to have some detrimental attribute. McMasters (6) compared H8L-- Hart cups to trough waterers and found no significant difference between them on broiler performance. Andrews and Harris (4) found no difference in 8-wk broiler weight when broilers were reared in pens of 75 birds with one Plasson bell hanging plastic waterer or 10 Swish cups. The litter under the Swish cups were higher in moisture than the litter under the Plasson fountain. In 1970, Harris et al. (5) reported that broilers reared on nipple waterers were not as heavy at 8 wk as broilers reared on Plasson bell waterers. McMasters et al. (7) reported a higher broiler body weight on a metal, 8-ft. trough waterer when it was compared to nipples at 13:1 birds:nipple ratio. Positive growth response was obtained when the nipples were increased from 13:1 to 8:1 and 2.5:1 birds per nipple. Andrews and Harris (3) found that broilers were heavier when reared in pens equipped with Piasson beli waterers rather than nipple waterers. Andrews (1) reported that the Plasson bell waterers performed as well as the standard metal, 8-ft. trough waterer with regard to 8-wk body weight, feed efficiency, and mortality. Two Plasson bell waterers per pen of 150 broilers produced heavier broilers than when one Plasson bell waterer was used per pen. Andrews (2) compared red plastic and stainless steel nipples with Plasson bell waterers and found no difference in broiler 8-wk body weight between the two types of nipples but found that broilers on the Plasson bell \AJaterer were heavier than those broilers on nipples. Andrews and Harris (4) found that 8-wk body weight of broilers was greater with one Plasson bell waterer than with 15:1, 20:1, or 30:1 broilers:nipple ratio in
1Published with the approval of the Director of the Univ. Arkansas Agrjp. Exp. Sta. ~o whom correspondence should be addressed. Reviewed by L. W. Luther and R. H. Stock.
60
BROILER PERFORMANCE WITH WATER EQUIPMENT
pens of 75 birds. Broilers reared in pens of 75 broilers equipped with one Plasson bell waterer were heavier than broilers reared in pens of 75 broilers with one 8-ft water trough. The following experiments were conducted to evaluate two new types of nipples (Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip and Aqua high pressure) with Chore-time cups and Plasson bell waterers. Materials and Methods
Twenty-one hundred male broiler chicks of a single, commercial, meat-type genotype and breeder age were obtained from a local hatchery. Seventy-five chicks were randomly assigned to each of 28 pens, which were 3.05 x 3.66 m. Four types of waterers were used, which allowed seven replications per waterer. The four waterers were: 1) Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple 3; 2) Plasson bell broiler waterer4; 3) Chore-time CUp5; and 4) Aqua high pressure nipple 6, which used 8 to 10 Ib pressure for operation and, in addition, for the first few days had a pressure surge of 15 to 20 Ib every few minutes (which could be adjusted by a dial on the instrument panel) that caused a droplet to form on the base of the nipple to attract the young chick. These waterers were used from d 1 to 7 wk of age. A commercial starter ration (21.6% protein and 3,083 kcal ME/kg) was fed for the first 3 wk after which a commercial finisher ration (19.2% protein and 3,238 kcal ME/kg) was fed until the end of the trial. Two 2-ft hog-type feeders were used in each pen. One small hover-type heater with individual thermostat was used in each pen to supply heat. Five- and 7-wk body weights were recorded, and feed efficiency was calculated. Mortality was recorded daily. Two experiments were conducted in the same house with the same pen arrangement and the same temperature and air flow provided by thermostat and timer controls of exhaust fans. The experimental unit used to analyze the data was the pen average for each variable. Percentage mortality was transformed using the square root transformation prior to analysis (9). Analysis of variance was performed using a general linear model proce-
3Ziggity Systems, Inc., Middlebury, IN 46540. 4Dlverslfled Imports, D.I.V. Co., Lakewood, NJ 08701. 5Chore-time Equipment, Inc., Milford, IN 46542. 6t.ANCO Intemational, Farmington, AR 72730.
61
dure (8). Mean separation was determined by Duncan's multiple range test using a significance level of P<.05. Results and Discussion
Experiment 1. At 5 wk, broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers reared on the other three types of waterers, and the broilers reared on the Aqua nipple were lower in body weight than the broilers reared on the Plasson bell waterer but were not different from broilers on the Chore-time cup (Table 1). Broilers reared on the Chore-time cup had a better feed conversion than broilers on the Ziggity nipple, Plasson bell waterer or Aqua nipple, but no differences were noted among the broilers on the latter three waterer types. No differences were observed among the four waterers for mortality. At 7 wk, body weight of broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple was less than the body weight of broilers reared on the Plasson or Chore-time cup, but was not different in body weight than those broilers reared on the Aqua nipple (Table 2). Body weights of broilers were not different among the Chore-time cup, Plasson bell waterer, or Aqua nipple. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had better feed conversion than broilers on the Ziggity nipple, and there were no differences for broilers among the Ziggity and Aqua nipples or Plasson bell waterer. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had greater mortality than those broilers on the Plasson bell waterer. There were no differences for broilers among the Ziggity and Aqua nipples or Plasson bell waterer. Broiler mortality was unusually high due to an outbreak of ascites. Experiment 2. At 5 wk, broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than those broilers on the Plasson bell waterer or Aqua nipple (Table 3), but there were no differences for broilers on the Chore-time cup, Plasson bell waterer, or Aqua nipple. No differences were found for broilers among the four waterers for feed conversion. However, the broilers on the Chore-time cup had a better feed conversion than broilers on the Plasson bell waterer at a P=.08. Broilers reared on the Aqua nipple had less mortality than those broilers reared on the Chore-time cup or Plasson bell waterer, but there were no differences for broilers between the two types of nipples. There were no mortality differ-
62
ANDREWS ET AL.
TABLE 1. Average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at Swk of age with four types of broiler waterers in Experiment 1. Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
1485 1639 1580 1S71
± ± ± ±
Feed conversion, Mortality, g:g % .0Sc .OS8 .0Sb .0Sb
1.62 1.61 1.58 1.61
± ± ± ±
.018 .018 .01 b .018
2.18 2.89 2.79 2.62
± ± ± ±
1.248 1.248 1.248 1.248
TABLE 3. Average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at Swk of age with four types of broiler waterers in Experiment2. Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
1485 1553 1544 1589
± ± ± ±
Feed conversion, g:g .0Sb .OS8 .OS8b .OS8
1.58 1.60 1.S7 1.58
± ± ± ±
.Q18 .Q18 .Q18 .Q18
Mortality, % 4.S2 S.41 7.37 1.46
± ± ± ±
1.248b 1.248 1.24a 1.24b
8.b.cMeans within columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P<.OS).
8.bMeans within columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P<.OS). . .
ences among the broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple, Plasson bell waterer, or Chore-time cup. At 7 wk, there were no differences for broilers cup, or Aqua nipple for body weight (Table 4). However, the broilers on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers on the other three waterer types. This partially disagrees with the results of Harris et al. (4) and Andrews and Harris (2), who reported that broilers on nipples had lower body weight than those on trough or Plasson waterers_ In this case, the body weights of the broilers on the Ziggity nipple was different from the body weights of the broilers on the Aqua nipple, but neither was different from the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer. The Ziggity nipple used in this study was a two-stage nipple that was triggered by pushing up as well as pushing forward, which should deliver more water to the bird in a given time. The Aqua nipple operated under 8 to 10 Ib pressure and would probably deliver more water than the low pressure nipples reported by Harris et al. (4) and Andrews and Harris (2). Feed conversion of broilers reared on the Plasson bell waterer was less efficient than that of broilers reared on the
other three waterer types, but no significant differences were observed among the Ziggity nipple, Chore-time cup, or Aqua nipple. At 7 wk, the broilers reared on the Aqua nipple had a lower mortality than those reared on the Plasson bell waterer or Chore-time cup, but did not significantly differ from broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple. No differences were found for broilers on the Ziggity nipple, Plasson bell waterer, or Chore-time cup for mortality. Broiler mortality was high again in this experiment as was experienced in Experiment 1. Because the two experiments were conducted in the same house and under the same conditions, the parameters were combined and analyzed (Tables 5 and 6)_ When the 5-wk parameters of the two experiments were combined (Table 5), the broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple were not as heavy as broilers reared on the other three waterer types. There were no differences for broilers on the Plasson bell waterer, Chore-time cup, or the Aqua nipple for 5-wk body weight. The broilers on the Chore~time cup had a better feed conversion than the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer, and there were no differences between the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer or Ziggity and Aqua nipple. The broilers on the Aqua nipple had a lower mortal-
TABLE 2. Average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at 7 wk of age with four types of broiler waterers in Experiment 1.
TABLE 4. Average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at 7 wk of age with four types of broiler waterers in Experiment2.
reared on the Plasson bell 'Ilaterer, Chore . . time
Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
2379 2492 2491 2423
± ± ± ±
Feed conversion, g:g
.oab
1.93 1.9S 2.01 b 1.99
.osa
.oaa .oaa
± ± ± ±
Mortality, %
.03b 6.7S ± 2.0~b .Q3Bb 4.91 ± 2.0i> .Q3B 11.91 ± 2.0~ .Q3Bb 8.12 ± 2.0~b
a.bMeans within columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P<.OS).
Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bel! Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
2474 2520 2551 2542
Feed conversion, Mortality, g:g %
± .oob 1.97 ± ± .oga 2.04 ± ± .oga 1.93 ± ± .OS8 1.9S ±
.03b 6.45 ± .W 10.38 ± .03b 9.96 ± .03b 3.19 ±
1.948b 1.9S8 1.9S8 1.9Sb
a,bMeans within columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P<.OS).
63
BROILER PERFORMANCE WITH WATER EQUIPMENT TABLE 6. Experiments 1 and 2 combined average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at 7 wk of age with four types of broiler waterers. Waterer type
Body weight, g
Feed conversion, Mortality, g:g %
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
2428 ± .06b 1.95 2508 ± .068b 2.00 2520 ± .068 1.98 b 1.97 2483 ±
.ooa
± .02" 6.60 ± .02" 7.65 ± .02" 10.94 ± .02" 5.66
± 1.43b ± 1.43"b ± 1.43" ± 1.43b
TABLE 5. Experiments 1 and 2 combined average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at 5 wk of age with four types of broiler waterers. Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
1481 1592 1556 1574
± .00b ± .048 ± .048 ± .00a
Feed conversion, g:g 1.60 1.61 1.58 1.60
± .01 8b ± .018 ± .01 b ± .Q1ab
Mortality, % 3.35 4.15 5.08 2.04
± .gsab ± .gsab ± .9sa ± .W
aMeans within columns with no common superscripts differ significantly (P<.05).
a.bMeans within columns with no common superscripts differ significantly (P<.05).
ity percentage than the broilers on the Chore-time cup but was not different from the broilers on the Ziggity nipple or Plasson bell waterer. No difference in mortality percentage was found among the broilers on the Ziggity nipple, the Plasson bell waterer, or the Chore-time cup. When the 7-wk parameters of the two experiments were combined (Table 6), the broilers reared on the Chore-time cup had a heavier body weight than the broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple. No differences were found for body weight among the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer, the Chore-time cup or the aqua nipple or between the broilers on the two types of nipples and the Plasson bell waterer. However, there was a P=.06 for body weight of broilers between the Ziggity nipple and the Plasson bell waterer. No differences were found among the waterer types for feed conversion, even though the broilers on the Ziggity nipple had the better feed conversion, with a P=.11 between the broilers on the Ziggity nipple and the Plasson bell waterer. The broilers on the Aqua nipple were lower in percentage mortality than the broilers on the Chore-time cup, but were not different from the broilers on the Ziggity nipple or Plasson bell waterer. No differences were found for broilers on the Ziggity nipple or Plasson bell waterer. No differences were found for broilers on the Ziggity or Aqua nipple and the Plasson bell waterer or between the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer or Chore-time cup. When conSidering a waterer type to use in a broiler house, litter conditions around the waterer are an important consideration. Litter conditions were dry and loose around the Chore-time cup in
these experiments, but the litter was not quite as dry and loose around the nipple waterers. There was considerable wetness and "slicking over" of the litter around the Plasson bell waterers. There has been much interest recently in the use of nipple waterers for broiler rearing because it is a closed system and provides good quality water to the broilers if the water source is of good quality, with the added benefit of less labor required for cleaning. From the results of these two experiments, the use of nipples (especially the Aqua nipple) used in these experiments for the rearing of broilers may be warranted for use when the advantages of feed conversion and mortality are considered. This may especially be true when nipples are compared with the Plasson bell waterer because the Plasson bell waterer has been one of the accepted waterers used in the broiler industry for several years. Literature Cited 1. Andrews, L. D. 1974. Broiler and turkey poult performance on Mark III and trough waterers. Arkansas Farm Res. 23:(4)10. 2. Andrews, L. D. 1976. Performance of broilers on different waterers. Arkansas Farm Res. 25:(3)7. 3. Andrews, L. D., and G. C. Harris, Jr. 1971. Comparison of systems for watering broilers. Arkansas Farm Res. 20:(6)8. 4. Andrews, L. D., and G. C. Harris, Jr. 1975. Broiler performance and types of watering equipment. Poult. Sci. 54:1727. 5. Harris, G. C., Jr., L. D. Andrews, and J. D. McMasters, Jr. 1970. Watering systems for broilers. Arkansas Farm Res. 19:(2)5. 6. McMasters, J. D., Jr. 1968. Effects of different light densities and water systems on broiler growth and carcass quality. Master's thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. 7. McMasters, J. D., Jr., G. C. Harris, Jr., and T. L. Goodwin. 1971. Effects of nipple and trough watering systems on broiler performance. Poult. Sci. 50:432. 8. SAS. 1986. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC. 9. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hili Book Co., Inc., New York, NY.
Effects of New Type Nipple Waterers on Broiler Performance1 l. D. ANDREWS2 , l. K. STAMPS, and R. W. MOORE
Poultry Science Department University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR 72701 Abstract
Introduction
Four types of waterers were used in a study of broiler performance: 1) Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple; 2) Plasson bell broiler hanging plastic waterer; 3) Chore-time cup; and 4) Aqua high pressure nipple. In Experiment 1 at 5 wk, the broilers on the Plasson waterer were heavier than the broilers on the Chore-time cup or the Ziggity and Aqua nipples, and broilers on the Ziggity nipples were the lightest. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had better feed conversion than broilers on the other three waterer types. At 7 wk the broilers on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers on the Plasson bell waterer or the Chore-time cup. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had a better feed conversion than the broilers on the Ziggity nipple. In Experiment 2 at 5 wk, the broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple again were lower in body weight than those broilers on Plasson bell waterers or Aqua nipples and at 7 wk were lower in body weight than broilers on the other three waterer types. Broilers were lower in feed conversion on the Plasson bell waterer than broilers on the other three water types. When both experiments were combined at 5 wk, the broilers on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers on the other three waterer types. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had better feed conversion than broilers on the Plasson bell waterer. When both experiments were combined at 7 wk, the broilers on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers on the Chore-time cup. (Key Words: Broilers, Waterers, Body Weight, Feed Efficiency, Mortality.)
The perfect waterer for poultry has never been invented. Some waterer types have approached this level, but each waterer seems to have some detrimental attribute. McMasters (6) compared H8L-- Hart cups to trough waterers and found no significant difference between them on broiler performance. Andrews and Harris (4) found no difference in 8-wk broiler weight when broilers were reared in pens of 75 birds with one Plasson bell hanging plastic waterer or 10 Swish cups. The litter under the Swish cups were higher in moisture than the litter under the Plasson fountain. In 1970, Harris et al. (5) reported that broilers reared on nipple waterers were not as heavy at 8 wk as broilers reared on Plasson bell waterers. McMasters et al. (7) reported a higher broiler body weight on a metal, 8-ft. trough waterer when it was compared to nipples at 13:1 birds:nipple ratio. Positive growth response was obtained when the nipples were increased from 13:1 to 8:1 and 2.5:1 birds per nipple. Andrews and Harris (3) found that broilers were heavier when reared in pens equipped with Piasson beli waterers rather than nipple waterers. Andrews (1) reported that the Plasson bell waterers performed as well as the standard metal, 8-ft. trough waterer with regard to 8-wk body weight, feed efficiency, and mortality. Two Plasson bell waterers per pen of 150 broilers produced heavier broilers than when one Plasson bell waterer was used per pen. Andrews (2) compared red plastic and stainless steel nipples with Plasson bell waterers and found no difference in broiler 8-wk body weight between the two types of nipples but found that broilers on the Plasson bell \AJaterer were heavier than those broilers on nipples. Andrews and Harris (4) found that 8-wk body weight of broilers was greater with one Plasson bell waterer than with 15:1, 20:1, or 30:1 broilers:nipple ratio in
1Published with the approval of the Director of the Univ. Arkansas Agrjp. Exp. Sta. ~o whom correspondence should be addressed. Reviewed by L. W. Luther and R. H. Stock.
60
BROILER PERFORMANCE WITH WATER EQUIPMENT
pens of 75 birds. Broilers reared in pens of 75 broilers equipped with one Plasson bell waterer were heavier than broilers reared in pens of 75 broilers with one 8-ft water trough. The following experiments were conducted to evaluate two new types of nipples (Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip and Aqua high pressure) with Chore-time cups and Plasson bell waterers. Materials and Methods
Twenty-one hundred male broiler chicks of a single, commercial, meat-type genotype and breeder age were obtained from a local hatchery. Seventy-five chicks were randomly assigned to each of 28 pens, which were 3.05 x 3.66 m. Four types of waterers were used, which allowed seven replications per waterer. The four waterers were: 1) Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple 3; 2) Plasson bell broiler waterer4; 3) Chore-time CUp5; and 4) Aqua high pressure nipple 6, which used 8 to 10 Ib pressure for operation and, in addition, for the first few days had a pressure surge of 15 to 20 Ib every few minutes (which could be adjusted by a dial on the instrument panel) that caused a droplet to form on the base of the nipple to attract the young chick. These waterers were used from d 1 to 7 wk of age. A commercial starter ration (21.6% protein and 3,083 kcal ME/kg) was fed for the first 3 wk after which a commercial finisher ration (19.2% protein and 3,238 kcal ME/kg) was fed until the end of the trial. Two 2-ft hog-type feeders were used in each pen. One small hover-type heater with individual thermostat was used in each pen to supply heat. Five- and 7-wk body weights were recorded, and feed efficiency was calculated. Mortality was recorded daily. Two experiments were conducted in the same house with the same pen arrangement and the same temperature and air flow provided by thermostat and timer controls of exhaust fans. The experimental unit used to analyze the data was the pen average for each variable. Percentage mortality was transformed using the square root transformation prior to analysis (9). Analysis of variance was performed using a general linear model proce-
3Ziggity Systems, Inc., Middlebury, IN 46540. 4Dlverslfled Imports, D.I.V. Co., Lakewood, NJ 08701. 5Chore-time Equipment, Inc., Milford, IN 46542. 6t.ANCO Intemational, Farmington, AR 72730.
61
dure (8). Mean separation was determined by Duncan's multiple range test using a significance level of P<.05. Results and Discussion
Experiment 1. At 5 wk, broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers reared on the other three types of waterers, and the broilers reared on the Aqua nipple were lower in body weight than the broilers reared on the Plasson bell waterer but were not different from broilers on the Chore-time cup (Table 1). Broilers reared on the Chore-time cup had a better feed conversion than broilers on the Ziggity nipple, Plasson bell waterer or Aqua nipple, but no differences were noted among the broilers on the latter three waterer types. No differences were observed among the four waterers for mortality. At 7 wk, body weight of broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple was less than the body weight of broilers reared on the Plasson or Chore-time cup, but was not different in body weight than those broilers reared on the Aqua nipple (Table 2). Body weights of broilers were not different among the Chore-time cup, Plasson bell waterer, or Aqua nipple. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had better feed conversion than broilers on the Ziggity nipple, and there were no differences for broilers among the Ziggity and Aqua nipples or Plasson bell waterer. Broilers on the Chore-time cup had greater mortality than those broilers on the Plasson bell waterer. There were no differences for broilers among the Ziggity and Aqua nipples or Plasson bell waterer. Broiler mortality was unusually high due to an outbreak of ascites. Experiment 2. At 5 wk, broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than those broilers on the Plasson bell waterer or Aqua nipple (Table 3), but there were no differences for broilers on the Chore-time cup, Plasson bell waterer, or Aqua nipple. No differences were found for broilers among the four waterers for feed conversion. However, the broilers on the Chore-time cup had a better feed conversion than broilers on the Plasson bell waterer at a P=.08. Broilers reared on the Aqua nipple had less mortality than those broilers reared on the Chore-time cup or Plasson bell waterer, but there were no differences for broilers between the two types of nipples. There were no mortality differ-
62
ANDREWS ET AL.
TABLE 1. Average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at Swk of age with four types of broiler waterers in Experiment 1. Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
1485 1639 1580 1S71
± ± ± ±
Feed conversion, Mortality, g:g % .0Sc .OS8 .0Sb .0Sb
1.62 1.61 1.58 1.61
± ± ± ±
.018 .018 .01 b .018
2.18 2.89 2.79 2.62
± ± ± ±
1.248 1.248 1.248 1.248
TABLE 3. Average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at Swk of age with four types of broiler waterers in Experiment2. Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
1485 1553 1544 1589
± ± ± ±
Feed conversion, g:g .0Sb .OS8 .OS8b .OS8
1.58 1.60 1.S7 1.58
± ± ± ±
.Q18 .Q18 .Q18 .Q18
Mortality, % 4.S2 S.41 7.37 1.46
± ± ± ±
1.248b 1.248 1.24a 1.24b
8.b.cMeans within columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P<.OS).
8.bMeans within columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P<.OS). . .
ences among the broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple, Plasson bell waterer, or Chore-time cup. At 7 wk, there were no differences for broilers cup, or Aqua nipple for body weight (Table 4). However, the broilers on the Ziggity nipple were lower in body weight than broilers on the other three waterer types. This partially disagrees with the results of Harris et al. (4) and Andrews and Harris (2), who reported that broilers on nipples had lower body weight than those on trough or Plasson waterers_ In this case, the body weights of the broilers on the Ziggity nipple was different from the body weights of the broilers on the Aqua nipple, but neither was different from the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer. The Ziggity nipple used in this study was a two-stage nipple that was triggered by pushing up as well as pushing forward, which should deliver more water to the bird in a given time. The Aqua nipple operated under 8 to 10 Ib pressure and would probably deliver more water than the low pressure nipples reported by Harris et al. (4) and Andrews and Harris (2). Feed conversion of broilers reared on the Plasson bell waterer was less efficient than that of broilers reared on the
other three waterer types, but no significant differences were observed among the Ziggity nipple, Chore-time cup, or Aqua nipple. At 7 wk, the broilers reared on the Aqua nipple had a lower mortality than those reared on the Plasson bell waterer or Chore-time cup, but did not significantly differ from broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple. No differences were found for broilers on the Ziggity nipple, Plasson bell waterer, or Chore-time cup for mortality. Broiler mortality was high again in this experiment as was experienced in Experiment 1. Because the two experiments were conducted in the same house and under the same conditions, the parameters were combined and analyzed (Tables 5 and 6)_ When the 5-wk parameters of the two experiments were combined (Table 5), the broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple were not as heavy as broilers reared on the other three waterer types. There were no differences for broilers on the Plasson bell waterer, Chore-time cup, or the Aqua nipple for 5-wk body weight. The broilers on the Chore~time cup had a better feed conversion than the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer, and there were no differences between the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer or Ziggity and Aqua nipple. The broilers on the Aqua nipple had a lower mortal-
TABLE 2. Average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at 7 wk of age with four types of broiler waterers in Experiment 1.
TABLE 4. Average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at 7 wk of age with four types of broiler waterers in Experiment2.
reared on the Plasson bell 'Ilaterer, Chore . . time
Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
2379 2492 2491 2423
± ± ± ±
Feed conversion, g:g
.oab
1.93 1.9S 2.01 b 1.99
.osa
.oaa .oaa
± ± ± ±
Mortality, %
.03b 6.7S ± 2.0~b .Q3Bb 4.91 ± 2.0i> .Q3B 11.91 ± 2.0~ .Q3Bb 8.12 ± 2.0~b
a.bMeans within columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P<.OS).
Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bel! Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
2474 2520 2551 2542
Feed conversion, Mortality, g:g %
± .oob 1.97 ± ± .oga 2.04 ± ± .oga 1.93 ± ± .OS8 1.9S ±
.03b 6.45 ± .W 10.38 ± .03b 9.96 ± .03b 3.19 ±
1.948b 1.9S8 1.9S8 1.9Sb
a,bMeans within columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P<.OS).
63
BROILER PERFORMANCE WITH WATER EQUIPMENT TABLE 6. Experiments 1 and 2 combined average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at 7 wk of age with four types of broiler waterers. Waterer type
Body weight, g
Feed conversion, Mortality, g:g %
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
2428 ± .06b 1.95 2508 ± .068b 2.00 2520 ± .068 1.98 b 1.97 2483 ±
.ooa
± .02" 6.60 ± .02" 7.65 ± .02" 10.94 ± .02" 5.66
± 1.43b ± 1.43"b ± 1.43" ± 1.43b
TABLE 5. Experiments 1 and 2 combined average body weight, feed conversion, and mortality with their standard errors at 5 wk of age with four types of broiler waterers. Waterer type
Body weight, g
Ziggity 1400 E-Z Sip nipple Plasson bell Chore-time cup Aqua high pressure nipple
1481 1592 1556 1574
± .00b ± .048 ± .048 ± .00a
Feed conversion, g:g 1.60 1.61 1.58 1.60
± .01 8b ± .018 ± .01 b ± .Q1ab
Mortality, % 3.35 4.15 5.08 2.04
± .gsab ± .gsab ± .9sa ± .W
aMeans within columns with no common superscripts differ significantly (P<.05).
a.bMeans within columns with no common superscripts differ significantly (P<.05).
ity percentage than the broilers on the Chore-time cup but was not different from the broilers on the Ziggity nipple or Plasson bell waterer. No difference in mortality percentage was found among the broilers on the Ziggity nipple, the Plasson bell waterer, or the Chore-time cup. When the 7-wk parameters of the two experiments were combined (Table 6), the broilers reared on the Chore-time cup had a heavier body weight than the broilers reared on the Ziggity nipple. No differences were found for body weight among the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer, the Chore-time cup or the aqua nipple or between the broilers on the two types of nipples and the Plasson bell waterer. However, there was a P=.06 for body weight of broilers between the Ziggity nipple and the Plasson bell waterer. No differences were found among the waterer types for feed conversion, even though the broilers on the Ziggity nipple had the better feed conversion, with a P=.11 between the broilers on the Ziggity nipple and the Plasson bell waterer. The broilers on the Aqua nipple were lower in percentage mortality than the broilers on the Chore-time cup, but were not different from the broilers on the Ziggity nipple or Plasson bell waterer. No differences were found for broilers on the Ziggity nipple or Plasson bell waterer. No differences were found for broilers on the Ziggity or Aqua nipple and the Plasson bell waterer or between the broilers on the Plasson bell waterer or Chore-time cup. When conSidering a waterer type to use in a broiler house, litter conditions around the waterer are an important consideration. Litter conditions were dry and loose around the Chore-time cup in
these experiments, but the litter was not quite as dry and loose around the nipple waterers. There was considerable wetness and "slicking over" of the litter around the Plasson bell waterers. There has been much interest recently in the use of nipple waterers for broiler rearing because it is a closed system and provides good quality water to the broilers if the water source is of good quality, with the added benefit of less labor required for cleaning. From the results of these two experiments, the use of nipples (especially the Aqua nipple) used in these experiments for the rearing of broilers may be warranted for use when the advantages of feed conversion and mortality are considered. This may especially be true when nipples are compared with the Plasson bell waterer because the Plasson bell waterer has been one of the accepted waterers used in the broiler industry for several years. Literature Cited 1. Andrews, L. D. 1974. Broiler and turkey poult performance on Mark III and trough waterers. Arkansas Farm Res. 23:(4)10. 2. Andrews, L. D. 1976. Performance of broilers on different waterers. Arkansas Farm Res. 25:(3)7. 3. Andrews, L. D., and G. C. Harris, Jr. 1971. Comparison of systems for watering broilers. Arkansas Farm Res. 20:(6)8. 4. Andrews, L. D., and G. C. Harris, Jr. 1975. Broiler performance and types of watering equipment. Poult. Sci. 54:1727. 5. Harris, G. C., Jr., L. D. Andrews, and J. D. McMasters, Jr. 1970. Watering systems for broilers. Arkansas Farm Res. 19:(2)5. 6. McMasters, J. D., Jr. 1968. Effects of different light densities and water systems on broiler growth and carcass quality. Master's thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. 7. McMasters, J. D., Jr., G. C. Harris, Jr., and T. L. Goodwin. 1971. Effects of nipple and trough watering systems on broiler performance. Poult. Sci. 50:432. 8. SAS. 1986. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC. 9. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hili Book Co., Inc., New York, NY.