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Effects of Phosphorus Supplementation on Growing Turkeys as Measured by Body Weight and Toe Ash1
SEASONAL GROWTH OF TURKEYS
Peryam, D. R., and N. F. Girardot, 1952. Advanced taste test methods. Food Engineering, (July 19) : 58-61. Roessler, E. B., J. Warren and J. F. Guyman, 1948. Significance in triangular taste test. Food Research, 13: 503. Stadelman, W. J., 1951. Use of diethylstilbestrol and thiouracil for improving finish of turkeys. Poultry Sci. 30: 931. Stadelman, W. J., R. Kruiswyk and W. B. Dockstader, 1952. Some effects of diethylstilbestrol on turkey hens. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 182-184. Wolterink, L. F., J. A. Davidson, E. P. Reineke, F. N. Barrett and A. M. Berridge, 1947. Effects of small amounts of diethylstilbestrol on the market quality of bronze turkey toms. Poultry Sci. 26: 559.
Effects of Phosphorus Supplementation on Growing Turkeys as Measured by Body Weight and Toe Ash1 R. A. WILCOX, C. W. CARLSON AND W. KOHLMEYER Department of Poultry Husbandry, South Dakota State College, Brookings (Received for publication January 16, 1961)
T
HE phosphorus requirement of turkeys from day old to 4, 6, or 8 weeks of age has received considerable study (Almquist, 1954; Creech et al., 1956). However for the age range from eight weeks to maturity, the phosphorus requirement has had little study. Sullivan (1959, 1960) has studied phosphorus requirements of Broad Breasted Bronze (BBB) turkeys from 4 to 16 and from 8 to 20 weeks of age and concluded that female turkeys needed 0.7 to 0.8 percent of total phosphorus while male turkeys needed 0.75 to 0.85 percent of total phosphorus. Body weights and bone ash values were used as criteria of judgment.
'Approved for publication by the Director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal Series No. 503.
Previous work at this station (Wilcox et al., 1954) had indicated that BBB turkeys required approximately 0.9 percent total phosphorus from 8 to 12 weeks of age and approximately 0.8 percent total phosphorus from 12 to 24 weeks of age. These values included additions of 0.5 and 0.4 percent of phosphorus from a commercial dicalcium phosphate to a practical-type diet. No comparison between sexes was made at that time. The National Research Council (1960) has listed the requirement for turkeys from 8 to 16 weeks as 0.85 percent total phosphorus with at least 0.5 percent being supplied in inorganic form. Possible differences due to sex were not indicated. The study reported in this paper was designed to further investigate the phosphorus requirement of turkeys from 8 to 24 weeks of age.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 26, 2015
synthetic estrogens in young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 25: 400-401. Davis, G. T., and R. H. Thayer, 1948. Finishing market turkeys with estrogens. Poultry Sci. 27: 79-83. Henderson, W., J. S. Carver and E. L. Stephenson, 1948. Finishing turkeys using thiouracil, iodinated casein, and diethylstilbestrol. Poulty Sci. 27: 667. Hixson, F. M., and R. B. Thompson, 1951. The use of estrogens for improving the market finish of turkeys in hot weather. Poultry Sci. 30: 393-395. Lane, R. P., J. H. Quisenberry, J. R. Couch and S. O. Brown, 1951. Effects of feeding certain hormones on growth and market quality of poultry; results of biological tests for hormonal residue. Poultry Sci. 30: 921.
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R. A. WILCOX, C. W. CARLSON AND W. TABLE 1.—Composition of diets
Ingredients
Experimental diets Starter Diet 1 (no added diet P, 0.4% total P) (0-8 weeks) 8-16 16-24 weeks weeks
%
%
+
68
%
20 5 1 2 2 1 0 0.5 0.025 0.1 0 0.2
+
Diet 2 (0.2% added P) Ground yellow corn Dicalcium phosphate Other ingredients same as diet 1
51.9 1.1
66.9 1.1
Diet 3 (0.4% added P) Ground yellow corn Dicalcium phosphate Other ingredients same as diet 1
50.8 2.2
65.8 2.2
a Contained 0.455% manganese, 0.011% iodine, 0.010% cobalt, 0.165% iron, 0.048% copper and 0.300% sulfur (as sulfates). b Supplies 1800 I.U. of vitamin A and 680 I.C.U. of vitamin Ds per pound of diet. 0 For starting diet supplies 5 I.U. of vitamin E, 4.5 micrograms of vitamin B ]2 , 4 mg. of riboflavin, 4 mg. of pantothenic acid, 24 mg. of niacin and 10 mg. of chlortetracycline per pound of diet. For experimental diets supplies one-half the amounts given for starting diet.
EXPERIMENTAL
BBB turkey poults from the college flock were reared to eight weeks of age using the practical-type starting diet shown in Table 1. At eight weeks of age, the poults were randomly distributed into six pens with forty poults per pen. Three experimental diets (Table 1) were randomly assigned to these pens and the poults had free access
to diet and water. The basal diet (diet 1) contained approximately 0.4 percent total phosphorus by chemical analysis. The protein level of the diets was approximately 22 percent from 8 to 16 weeks and approximately 18 percent from 16 to 24 weeks of age. Body weights were recorded at the start of the experiment and at four-week intervals thereafter. At the 16, 20 and 24 week weighings, an electric debeaker was used to remove a portion of the right outside toe from about the second joint from the distal end from three randomly chosen turkeys of each sex from each pen. The removed toe included the bone, the toe nail, skin, tendons and other normal toe tissues. The removal of a portion of the toe did not appear to be detrimental in any way to the turkeys. Toe ash analysis was made in the following manner: The toes were dried in a forced-air drying oven at a temperature of approximately 70°C. for 7 to 10 days. They were then transferred to a vacuum oven at 90°C. for 24 hours to bring them to a moisture-free basis. The toes were then weighed into crucibles and ashed in a muffle furnace with the temperature being increased in 200° steps each hour until a temperature of 600°C. was reached. A final temperature of 650°C. was maintained for a minimum of three hours. After cooling in a desiccator, the ash was weighed and the toe ash calculated as percent of moisturefree toe. Analysis of variance and the calculation of least significant differences (LSD) were made according to the methods of Goulden (1952). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average body weights for each sex at each weigh period are shown in Table 2. Turkeys of both sexes receiving the basal diet (diet 1) grew at a much slower rate than did the turkeys on the other diets.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 26, 2015
53 Ground yellow corn 42 Soybean oil meal (44% 34 protein) 42 5 Yellow grease 5 1 Fish meal (60% protein) 2 2 Dried buttermilk 2 Alfalfa meal (17% pro2 tein) 2 2 Ground limestone 2 0 Dicalcium phosphate 2 0.5 Mineralized salt" 0.5 Choline chloride 0.025 0.025 0.1 DL-Methionine 0.1 0 ZnS0 4 0.022 Vitamin A and D con11 0.2 centrate 0.2 Vitamins and antibiotic 0 +
KOHLMEYER
1535
PHOSPHORUS FOR GROWING TURKEYS
TABLE 2.—Average body weights of,growing turkeys receiving three levels of phosphorus in their diets Average weights (pounds) Age (weeks) Males Diet 1" Diet 2 (0.2% added Diet 3 (0.4% added Females Diet 1" • Diet 2 (0.2% added Diet 3 (0.4% added
24
20
16
P) P)
4.7 4.8 4.8
8.6** 9.6 10.1*
11.8** 14.7 15.3*
14.8** 20.3 20.6
18.0** 26.4 27.1
P) P)
3.9 3.9 3.8
7.0** 7.6 7.7
9 4** 11.0 11.2
11.8** 14.6 14.4
14 7** 17.6 18.0 1.0 1.3
0.7 0.9
0.6 0.7
0.4 0.5
' Significantly greater weight than for diet 2. ** Highly significant difference from other diets. 1 Contained approximately 0 . 4 % total phosphorus.
The differences were highly significant for every weighing after the initial eight-week weighing. At 12 and 16 weeks of age, male turkeys receiving 0.4 percent added phosphorus in their diet (diet 3) were significantly heavier than the male turkeys receiving 0.2 percent added phosphorus (diet 2). The weight advantage appeared to carry over to the 20 and 24 weeks averages but was not significantly different at these ages. Female turkeys receiving diet 2 maintained growth equal to that of the female turkeys receiving diet 3 throughout the study. Toe ash data are shown in Table 3. For the ages of 16, 20 and 24 weeks, turkeys of both sexes receiving the basal diet had toe ash values much lower than those of turkeys receiving the other diets. The differences were highly significant at the three ages. Male turkeys receiving 0.4 percent added phosphorus had significantly higher toe ash values at 16 and 20 weeks of age than did the male turkeys receiving 0.2 percent added phosphorus. Female turkeys receiving diet 2 had toe ash values equal to those of female turkeys receiving the greater amount of phosphorus in diet 3 at all three ages. Giving consideration to both body weight and toe ash values, male turkeys appear to
need at least 0.8 percent total phosphorus from 8 to 20 weeks of age and at least 0.6 percent total phosphorus after 20 weeks. Of these levels, 0.4 and 0.2 percents, respectively, were furnished in a readily available form of inorganic phosphorus. Female turkeys do not appear to need more than 0.6 percent of total phosphorus from 8 to 24 weeks of age when 0.2 percent phosphorus is supplied in a readily available inorganic form. Phosphorus deficiency symptoms were observed for the turkeys receiving diet 1 at the various ages as follows: At 12 weeks of age when all turkeys were debeaked, the TABLE 3.—Average toe ash values of growing turkeys receiving three levels of phosphorus in their diets Percent of toe ash a (moisture-free basis)
Age (weeks) 16 Males Diet l b Diet 2 (0.2% Diet 3 (0.4% Females b Diet l Diet 2 (0.2% Diet 3 (0.4% LSDK
LSDoi
20
24
added P) added P)
12.51** 17.51 18.41*
13.36** 16.22 17.66*
14.05** 17.42 18.18
added P) added P)
14.54** 18.96 18.76
13.41" 16.74 16.54
13.56" 16.94 17.04
.81 1.09
.85 1.14
1.00 1.34
* Significantly greater value than for diet 2. ** Highly significant difference from other diets. Each toe ash value is the average of six individual determinations. b Contained approximately 0.4% total phosphorus. a
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 26, 2015
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R. A. WILCOX, C. W. CARLSON AND W. KOHLMKYEE
SUMMARY
Male BBB turkeys on a practical-type diet appear to require at least 0.8 percent total phosphorus from 8 to 20 weeks of age and at least 0.6 percent total phosphorus after 20 weeks of age. Female turkeys receiving 0.6 percent to-
tal phosphorus in their diet from 8 to 24 weeks of age had body weights and toe ash values equal to those of female turkeys receiving 0.8 percent total phosphorus in their diet. A procedure for toe ash determination is presented. REFERENCES Almquist, H. J., 1954. The phosphorus requirement of young chicks and poults—a review. Poultry Sci. 33 : 936-944. Creech, B. G., B. L. Reid and J. R. Couch, 1956. Evaluation of a dicalcium phosphate supplement as a source of phosphorus for chicks. 1. Comparison of dicalcium and tricalcium phosphates as a source of phosphorus in chick and poult rations. Poultry Sci. 35: 654-658. Goulden, C. H., 1952. Methods of Statistical Analysis. John Wiley and Son, Inc., New York. National Research Council, 1960. Nutrient Requirements for Domestic Animals. No. 1. Nutrient Requirements for Poultry. Sullivan, T. W., 1959. Phosphorus requirement of turkeys for late growth. Poultry Sci. 38: 1252. Sullivan, T. W., 1960. An estimate of the phosphorus requirement of Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys, 8-20 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 39: 1321-1327. Wilcox, R. A., C. W. Carlson, W. Kohlmeyer and G. F. Gastler, 1954. The effect of different levels of phosphorus and calcium on the body weight of growing turkeys. Proc. South Dakota Acad. Sci. 33 : 103-107.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1491) Dr. Bird graduated from Michigan State University in 1936, and received a Ph.D. degree at the University of California in 1948. For the past 14 years he has been Poultry Nutritionist in the Feed Research Department of the Eastern States Farmers' Exchange. From 1941 to 1947 he was on the staff of the University of California. He is the author of 16 scientific publications, and he a member of the Poultry Science Association, the American Chemical Society, American Institute of Nutrition, the Animal Nutrition Research Council, the Research Council of the American Dehydrators Association and Sigma Xi. Professor Smyth was born in Morgantown, In-
diana, in 1895. He received the B.S. degree at Purdue University in 1920, and a M.S. degree at the University of Kentucky in 1928. From 1920 to 1929 he was Extension Poultry Specialist at the University of Kentucky, and since 1929 has been Head of the Department of Poultry Science at the University of Maine. In 1959 he received the Ralston Purina Teaching Award from the Poultry Science Association. He was a Director of the Association from 1954 to 1956. In 1959, he served in Italy and Spain for four months on a special assignment for the Foreign Agricultural Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Soybean Council of America. i page 1597)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 26, 2015
beaks of the turkeys receiving diet 1 were observed to be much softer and more pliable than those of turkeys receiving the other diets. At 16 weeks of age, four of the 77 turkeys receiving diet 1 exhibited various degrees of twisted legs. All birds on the diet were less active than those on the other diets. At 20 weeks of age, most of the turkeys receiving diet 1 would assume a sitting (resting) position when not moving around. Five males were handicapped by spraddled or twisted legs but were sufficiently mobile to be able to reach feed and water. At 24 weeks of age, the tendency of the turkeys receiving diet 1 to sit appeared reduced from that at 20 weeks, especially for the females. Seven males were handicapped to various degrees by spraddled or twisted legs. The mortality for turkeys receiving diet 1 was approximately 13 percent as compared to 4 percent for diet 2 and 1 percent for diet 3.
Peryam, D. R., and N. F. Girardot, 1952. Advanced taste test methods. Food Engineering, (July 19) : 58-61. Roessler, E. B., J. Warren and J. F. Guyman, 1948. Significance in triangular taste test. Food Research, 13: 503. Stadelman, W. J., 1951. Use of diethylstilbestrol and thiouracil for improving finish of turkeys. Poultry Sci. 30: 931. Stadelman, W. J., R. Kruiswyk and W. B. Dockstader, 1952. Some effects of diethylstilbestrol on turkey hens. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 182-184. Wolterink, L. F., J. A. Davidson, E. P. Reineke, F. N. Barrett and A. M. Berridge, 1947. Effects of small amounts of diethylstilbestrol on the market quality of bronze turkey toms. Poultry Sci. 26: 559.
Effects of Phosphorus Supplementation on Growing Turkeys as Measured by Body Weight and Toe Ash1 R. A. WILCOX, C. W. CARLSON AND W. KOHLMEYER Department of Poultry Husbandry, South Dakota State College, Brookings (Received for publication January 16, 1961)
T
HE phosphorus requirement of turkeys from day old to 4, 6, or 8 weeks of age has received considerable study (Almquist, 1954; Creech et al., 1956). However for the age range from eight weeks to maturity, the phosphorus requirement has had little study. Sullivan (1959, 1960) has studied phosphorus requirements of Broad Breasted Bronze (BBB) turkeys from 4 to 16 and from 8 to 20 weeks of age and concluded that female turkeys needed 0.7 to 0.8 percent of total phosphorus while male turkeys needed 0.75 to 0.85 percent of total phosphorus. Body weights and bone ash values were used as criteria of judgment.
'Approved for publication by the Director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal Series No. 503.
Previous work at this station (Wilcox et al., 1954) had indicated that BBB turkeys required approximately 0.9 percent total phosphorus from 8 to 12 weeks of age and approximately 0.8 percent total phosphorus from 12 to 24 weeks of age. These values included additions of 0.5 and 0.4 percent of phosphorus from a commercial dicalcium phosphate to a practical-type diet. No comparison between sexes was made at that time. The National Research Council (1960) has listed the requirement for turkeys from 8 to 16 weeks as 0.85 percent total phosphorus with at least 0.5 percent being supplied in inorganic form. Possible differences due to sex were not indicated. The study reported in this paper was designed to further investigate the phosphorus requirement of turkeys from 8 to 24 weeks of age.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 26, 2015
synthetic estrogens in young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 25: 400-401. Davis, G. T., and R. H. Thayer, 1948. Finishing market turkeys with estrogens. Poultry Sci. 27: 79-83. Henderson, W., J. S. Carver and E. L. Stephenson, 1948. Finishing turkeys using thiouracil, iodinated casein, and diethylstilbestrol. Poulty Sci. 27: 667. Hixson, F. M., and R. B. Thompson, 1951. The use of estrogens for improving the market finish of turkeys in hot weather. Poultry Sci. 30: 393-395. Lane, R. P., J. H. Quisenberry, J. R. Couch and S. O. Brown, 1951. Effects of feeding certain hormones on growth and market quality of poultry; results of biological tests for hormonal residue. Poultry Sci. 30: 921.
1533
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R. A. WILCOX, C. W. CARLSON AND W. TABLE 1.—Composition of diets
Ingredients
Experimental diets Starter Diet 1 (no added diet P, 0.4% total P) (0-8 weeks) 8-16 16-24 weeks weeks
%
%
+
68
%
20 5 1 2 2 1 0 0.5 0.025 0.1 0 0.2
+
Diet 2 (0.2% added P) Ground yellow corn Dicalcium phosphate Other ingredients same as diet 1
51.9 1.1
66.9 1.1
Diet 3 (0.4% added P) Ground yellow corn Dicalcium phosphate Other ingredients same as diet 1
50.8 2.2
65.8 2.2
a Contained 0.455% manganese, 0.011% iodine, 0.010% cobalt, 0.165% iron, 0.048% copper and 0.300% sulfur (as sulfates). b Supplies 1800 I.U. of vitamin A and 680 I.C.U. of vitamin Ds per pound of diet. 0 For starting diet supplies 5 I.U. of vitamin E, 4.5 micrograms of vitamin B ]2 , 4 mg. of riboflavin, 4 mg. of pantothenic acid, 24 mg. of niacin and 10 mg. of chlortetracycline per pound of diet. For experimental diets supplies one-half the amounts given for starting diet.
EXPERIMENTAL
BBB turkey poults from the college flock were reared to eight weeks of age using the practical-type starting diet shown in Table 1. At eight weeks of age, the poults were randomly distributed into six pens with forty poults per pen. Three experimental diets (Table 1) were randomly assigned to these pens and the poults had free access
to diet and water. The basal diet (diet 1) contained approximately 0.4 percent total phosphorus by chemical analysis. The protein level of the diets was approximately 22 percent from 8 to 16 weeks and approximately 18 percent from 16 to 24 weeks of age. Body weights were recorded at the start of the experiment and at four-week intervals thereafter. At the 16, 20 and 24 week weighings, an electric debeaker was used to remove a portion of the right outside toe from about the second joint from the distal end from three randomly chosen turkeys of each sex from each pen. The removed toe included the bone, the toe nail, skin, tendons and other normal toe tissues. The removal of a portion of the toe did not appear to be detrimental in any way to the turkeys. Toe ash analysis was made in the following manner: The toes were dried in a forced-air drying oven at a temperature of approximately 70°C. for 7 to 10 days. They were then transferred to a vacuum oven at 90°C. for 24 hours to bring them to a moisture-free basis. The toes were then weighed into crucibles and ashed in a muffle furnace with the temperature being increased in 200° steps each hour until a temperature of 600°C. was reached. A final temperature of 650°C. was maintained for a minimum of three hours. After cooling in a desiccator, the ash was weighed and the toe ash calculated as percent of moisturefree toe. Analysis of variance and the calculation of least significant differences (LSD) were made according to the methods of Goulden (1952). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average body weights for each sex at each weigh period are shown in Table 2. Turkeys of both sexes receiving the basal diet (diet 1) grew at a much slower rate than did the turkeys on the other diets.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 26, 2015
53 Ground yellow corn 42 Soybean oil meal (44% 34 protein) 42 5 Yellow grease 5 1 Fish meal (60% protein) 2 2 Dried buttermilk 2 Alfalfa meal (17% pro2 tein) 2 2 Ground limestone 2 0 Dicalcium phosphate 2 0.5 Mineralized salt" 0.5 Choline chloride 0.025 0.025 0.1 DL-Methionine 0.1 0 ZnS0 4 0.022 Vitamin A and D con11 0.2 centrate 0.2 Vitamins and antibiotic 0 +
KOHLMEYER
1535
PHOSPHORUS FOR GROWING TURKEYS
TABLE 2.—Average body weights of,growing turkeys receiving three levels of phosphorus in their diets Average weights (pounds) Age (weeks) Males Diet 1" Diet 2 (0.2% added Diet 3 (0.4% added Females Diet 1" • Diet 2 (0.2% added Diet 3 (0.4% added
24
20
16
P) P)
4.7 4.8 4.8
8.6** 9.6 10.1*
11.8** 14.7 15.3*
14.8** 20.3 20.6
18.0** 26.4 27.1
P) P)
3.9 3.9 3.8
7.0** 7.6 7.7
9 4** 11.0 11.2
11.8** 14.6 14.4
14 7** 17.6 18.0 1.0 1.3
0.7 0.9
0.6 0.7
0.4 0.5
' Significantly greater weight than for diet 2. ** Highly significant difference from other diets. 1 Contained approximately 0 . 4 % total phosphorus.
The differences were highly significant for every weighing after the initial eight-week weighing. At 12 and 16 weeks of age, male turkeys receiving 0.4 percent added phosphorus in their diet (diet 3) were significantly heavier than the male turkeys receiving 0.2 percent added phosphorus (diet 2). The weight advantage appeared to carry over to the 20 and 24 weeks averages but was not significantly different at these ages. Female turkeys receiving diet 2 maintained growth equal to that of the female turkeys receiving diet 3 throughout the study. Toe ash data are shown in Table 3. For the ages of 16, 20 and 24 weeks, turkeys of both sexes receiving the basal diet had toe ash values much lower than those of turkeys receiving the other diets. The differences were highly significant at the three ages. Male turkeys receiving 0.4 percent added phosphorus had significantly higher toe ash values at 16 and 20 weeks of age than did the male turkeys receiving 0.2 percent added phosphorus. Female turkeys receiving diet 2 had toe ash values equal to those of female turkeys receiving the greater amount of phosphorus in diet 3 at all three ages. Giving consideration to both body weight and toe ash values, male turkeys appear to
need at least 0.8 percent total phosphorus from 8 to 20 weeks of age and at least 0.6 percent total phosphorus after 20 weeks. Of these levels, 0.4 and 0.2 percents, respectively, were furnished in a readily available form of inorganic phosphorus. Female turkeys do not appear to need more than 0.6 percent of total phosphorus from 8 to 24 weeks of age when 0.2 percent phosphorus is supplied in a readily available inorganic form. Phosphorus deficiency symptoms were observed for the turkeys receiving diet 1 at the various ages as follows: At 12 weeks of age when all turkeys were debeaked, the TABLE 3.—Average toe ash values of growing turkeys receiving three levels of phosphorus in their diets Percent of toe ash a (moisture-free basis)
Age (weeks) 16 Males Diet l b Diet 2 (0.2% Diet 3 (0.4% Females b Diet l Diet 2 (0.2% Diet 3 (0.4% LSDK
LSDoi
20
24
added P) added P)
12.51** 17.51 18.41*
13.36** 16.22 17.66*
14.05** 17.42 18.18
added P) added P)
14.54** 18.96 18.76
13.41" 16.74 16.54
13.56" 16.94 17.04
.81 1.09
.85 1.14
1.00 1.34
* Significantly greater value than for diet 2. ** Highly significant difference from other diets. Each toe ash value is the average of six individual determinations. b Contained approximately 0.4% total phosphorus. a
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 26, 2015
LSDo6 LSD 01
12
8
1536
R. A. WILCOX, C. W. CARLSON AND W. KOHLMKYEE
SUMMARY
Male BBB turkeys on a practical-type diet appear to require at least 0.8 percent total phosphorus from 8 to 20 weeks of age and at least 0.6 percent total phosphorus after 20 weeks of age. Female turkeys receiving 0.6 percent to-
tal phosphorus in their diet from 8 to 24 weeks of age had body weights and toe ash values equal to those of female turkeys receiving 0.8 percent total phosphorus in their diet. A procedure for toe ash determination is presented. REFERENCES Almquist, H. J., 1954. The phosphorus requirement of young chicks and poults—a review. Poultry Sci. 33 : 936-944. Creech, B. G., B. L. Reid and J. R. Couch, 1956. Evaluation of a dicalcium phosphate supplement as a source of phosphorus for chicks. 1. Comparison of dicalcium and tricalcium phosphates as a source of phosphorus in chick and poult rations. Poultry Sci. 35: 654-658. Goulden, C. H., 1952. Methods of Statistical Analysis. John Wiley and Son, Inc., New York. National Research Council, 1960. Nutrient Requirements for Domestic Animals. No. 1. Nutrient Requirements for Poultry. Sullivan, T. W., 1959. Phosphorus requirement of turkeys for late growth. Poultry Sci. 38: 1252. Sullivan, T. W., 1960. An estimate of the phosphorus requirement of Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys, 8-20 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 39: 1321-1327. Wilcox, R. A., C. W. Carlson, W. Kohlmeyer and G. F. Gastler, 1954. The effect of different levels of phosphorus and calcium on the body weight of growing turkeys. Proc. South Dakota Acad. Sci. 33 : 103-107.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1491) Dr. Bird graduated from Michigan State University in 1936, and received a Ph.D. degree at the University of California in 1948. For the past 14 years he has been Poultry Nutritionist in the Feed Research Department of the Eastern States Farmers' Exchange. From 1941 to 1947 he was on the staff of the University of California. He is the author of 16 scientific publications, and he a member of the Poultry Science Association, the American Chemical Society, American Institute of Nutrition, the Animal Nutrition Research Council, the Research Council of the American Dehydrators Association and Sigma Xi. Professor Smyth was born in Morgantown, In-
diana, in 1895. He received the B.S. degree at Purdue University in 1920, and a M.S. degree at the University of Kentucky in 1928. From 1920 to 1929 he was Extension Poultry Specialist at the University of Kentucky, and since 1929 has been Head of the Department of Poultry Science at the University of Maine. In 1959 he received the Ralston Purina Teaching Award from the Poultry Science Association. He was a Director of the Association from 1954 to 1956. In 1959, he served in Italy and Spain for four months on a special assignment for the Foreign Agricultural Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Soybean Council of America. i page 1597)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 26, 2015
beaks of the turkeys receiving diet 1 were observed to be much softer and more pliable than those of turkeys receiving the other diets. At 16 weeks of age, four of the 77 turkeys receiving diet 1 exhibited various degrees of twisted legs. All birds on the diet were less active than those on the other diets. At 20 weeks of age, most of the turkeys receiving diet 1 would assume a sitting (resting) position when not moving around. Five males were handicapped by spraddled or twisted legs but were sufficiently mobile to be able to reach feed and water. At 24 weeks of age, the tendency of the turkeys receiving diet 1 to sit appeared reduced from that at 20 weeks, especially for the females. Seven males were handicapped to various degrees by spraddled or twisted legs. The mortality for turkeys receiving diet 1 was approximately 13 percent as compared to 4 percent for diet 2 and 1 percent for diet 3.