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Effects of thermal treatment on the composition and properties of air-blown anthracene oils
02 Uquid fuels (sources, properties, recovery)
02
LIQUID FUELS Sources, properties, recovery
02/01333 A new approach in correlating the oil thermodynamic properties Avaull~e, L. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2001, 30, (l), 43-65. A new compositional model is proposed to improve the prediction of phase behaviour and physical properties of oil reservoir effluents. This work is based on a very classical and easy-to-handle cubic equation of state (EoS) coupled with a performing group contribution method devoted to the estimation of binary interaction parameters. The proposed model is compared to other published methods on the basis of laboratory data on real fluids, including pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) measurements and slim tube experiments. The method developed in this work shows enhanced results on a large range of pressure and temperature.
02/01334 A study of the distribution of sulfur compounds in gasoline produced in China. Part 1. A method for the determination of the distribution of sulfur compounds in light petroleum fractions and gasoline Yin, C. and Xia, D. Fuel, 2001, 80, (4), 607-610. A systematic method for the determination of sulfur compounds in light petroleum fractions and gasoline is tested, on the basis of a developed analytic method for the sulfide sulfur-silver nitrate complex method. The distribution of various sulfur compounds in simulated light petroleum fraction as well as in FCC and RFCC gasoline has been quantitatively determined.
02/01335 Analytical modeling of gas recovery from in situ hydrates dissociation Goel, N. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2001, 29, (2), 115-127. Exploration activities around the world have confirmed that in situ hydrates are widely available in permafrost and oceanic sediments. These hydrocarbon deposits have stimulated world-wide efforts to understand gas production from hydrate dissociation in a porous media. This work is a contribution towards these efforts. The present study uses depressurization-driven in situ hydrate dissociation, incorporates decomposition kinetics into the radial diffusivity equation, and develops a model to predict the performance of naturally occurring hydrates. The proposed model is simple yet useful and it does not require any empirical correlation. The model-predicted performance compares well with the published experimental studies on the hydrate dissociation in porous media.
02/01336 Assessment standards for hydrocarbon~enerating potential of hydrocarbon source rock in immature to low matured coal measures in northeastern Tarim Basin Wang, D.L. et al. Zhongguo Kuangye Daxue Xuebao, 2001, 30, (3), 317322. (In Chinese) Based on a large number of experimental data, the assessment standards of hydrocarbon-generating and oil-generating potential of hydrocarbon source rock of Lower and Middle Jurassic coal measures in the northeast Tarim Basin were discussed. The assessment standards were established respectively for coals, carbonaceous mudstones, and dark mudstones. Several main assessment indexes of these different source rocks were analysed, in which the hydrogen index (111) was a key to assessing hydrocarbon-generating potential. The characteristics of hydrocarbon-generating and hydrocarbon-discharging were pointed out in contrast to the assessment standards of lake facies hydrocarbon source rock. By comparing with the assessment standards of hydrocarbon source rock of coal measures, the authors hold that the standards for assessing hydrocarbon-generating potential vary from region to region and there might be no universal standard. So it is necessary to establish an assessment standard corresponding to each area. The sedimentary environment might be also the primary factor influencing the assessment standards.
02/01337 Discovery of oil in the Inggen-Ejin Qi Basin, NW China and its geochemical characteristics Chen, J. et al. Diqiu Huaxue, 2001, 30, (4), 335-342. (In Chinese) It is the first time that crude oil is discovered both in the Qagan Sag and the Lujing Sag, in the eastern and western Inggen-Ejin Qi basin, NW China, respectively. The geochemical characteristics of the oil samples indicate that they consist of more than 80% saturated
hydrocarbon and very low resin and asphaltene, and belong to maturated oil with a low density° and low sulfur content at the generating peak stage (equal to R = 0.8--1.1%). The stable carbon isotope values (613C) of the whole oil are both less than - 3 1 % . The features of the biomarkers in the oils are as follows. There is a relatively high abundance of isoprenoids, no preference between pristane and phytane; the proportion of tricyclic terpenes over pentacyclic terpenes in the oil from the Qagan Sag, but the low content of these tricycles in the oil from the Lujing Sag; relatively high amounts of Ts, C2oTs, C3o-diahopane and gammacerane; the significant amounts of C30-hopane and very low concentration of homohopanes (higher than C32); high amounts of pregnanes in the Qagan oil; the significant proportion of C29 sterane, relatively high abundance of C27 sterane, the proportion of isocholestane over cholestane; low concentration of diacholestane; equivalent amounts between steranes and terpenes. These characteristics of the oils show that they are typical lacustrine oils and should be derived from the Cretaceous source rocks, not from the Jurassic coal measures.
02/01338 Effects of thermal treatment on the composition and properties of air-blown anthracene oils Bermejo, J. et al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (9), 1229-1238. Eight parent samples, obtained from a commercial anthracene oil by air-blowing under different conditions, were thermally treated in nitrogen between 350 and 390°C for 3-8 h. Changes in the composition, pyrolysis behaviour and microstructure of the resultant cokes were studied by standard procedures (i.e. elemental analysis, softening point, etc.), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, mass spectrometry and optical microscopy. The results show that thermal treatment causes the removal of hydrogen (mainly aliphatic) and a considerable amount of the oxygenated functionalities created during the air-blowing treatment. As a result, H20, CO and CO2 are removed and new C - C bonds are formed producing larger molecules with a higher degree of condensation. Consequently, the toluene insolubles, softening point and carbon yield of the treated samples substantially increase their values. Thermal treatment also improves the quality of samples as carbon precursors and increases graphitizability and resistance of the derived cokes to oxidation.
02/01339 Experimental data for the extraction of Peace River bitumen using supercritical ethane Rose, J.L. et al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (8), 1101-1110. An apparatus was constructed capable of providing extraction data over a wide range of temperatures and pressures using a semi-batch extractor packed with a mixture of bitumen and sand. The results of the extraction of Peace River bitumen using supercritical ethane show that the quantity of recovered bitumen increased when the operating temperature was decreased or the pressure increased. Analysis of the extracted samples showed that the composition, viscosity and S A R A fractions were lighter than the feed, had lower viscosities and were free of asphaltenes. The amount by which these properties changed was influenced by changes in the extraction conditions and at what time the samples were obtained during the extraction process.
02/01340 Gas hydrates: importance and applications in petroleum exploration Grauls, D. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2001, 18, (4), 519-523. A recent hydrate resources assessment concluded that gas hydrates might represent the most important gas resource for the next century estimated at 10 13 "and 20 x 10 15 m 3 (standard conditions) of methane gas in onshore and deep offshore areas, respectively. Even though it is probable that these figures are overestimated, especially in offshore areas, and even though gas hydrates cannot be economically produced at present, they remain, however, an important gas resource and also need to be carefully considered in deep offshore petroleum exploration for different reasons. Gas hydrates first of all act as an efficient seal: significant amount of gas can be trapped in some circumstances beneath the base or hydrate stability zone (HSZ). Or the bottom simulating reflector (BSR). Furthermore, as the stability of hydrates is effectively constrained thermodynamically, the BSR, if present, can be used as a direct thermal indicator. Predicting heat flow is of gx'eat importance for modelling purposes in poorly explored offshore areas whenever there are no well data available. In addition, gas hydrates are a good direct hydrocarbon indicator: the presence of a strong BSR at the base of a gas HSZ and of free gas indicates that the petroleum system has been active since a recent period. As exploration moves more and more towards deeper offshore areas, an accurate assessment of drilling and production hazards is of prime importance as they directly impact the exploration cost.
02/01341 Heavy oil microfiltration using ceramic monolith membranes Lai, W.-C. and Smith, K.J. Fuel, 2001, 80, (8), 1121-1130.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 2002 173
02
LIQUID FUELS Sources, properties, recovery
02/01333 A new approach in correlating the oil thermodynamic properties Avaull~e, L. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2001, 30, (l), 43-65. A new compositional model is proposed to improve the prediction of phase behaviour and physical properties of oil reservoir effluents. This work is based on a very classical and easy-to-handle cubic equation of state (EoS) coupled with a performing group contribution method devoted to the estimation of binary interaction parameters. The proposed model is compared to other published methods on the basis of laboratory data on real fluids, including pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) measurements and slim tube experiments. The method developed in this work shows enhanced results on a large range of pressure and temperature.
02/01334 A study of the distribution of sulfur compounds in gasoline produced in China. Part 1. A method for the determination of the distribution of sulfur compounds in light petroleum fractions and gasoline Yin, C. and Xia, D. Fuel, 2001, 80, (4), 607-610. A systematic method for the determination of sulfur compounds in light petroleum fractions and gasoline is tested, on the basis of a developed analytic method for the sulfide sulfur-silver nitrate complex method. The distribution of various sulfur compounds in simulated light petroleum fraction as well as in FCC and RFCC gasoline has been quantitatively determined.
02/01335 Analytical modeling of gas recovery from in situ hydrates dissociation Goel, N. et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2001, 29, (2), 115-127. Exploration activities around the world have confirmed that in situ hydrates are widely available in permafrost and oceanic sediments. These hydrocarbon deposits have stimulated world-wide efforts to understand gas production from hydrate dissociation in a porous media. This work is a contribution towards these efforts. The present study uses depressurization-driven in situ hydrate dissociation, incorporates decomposition kinetics into the radial diffusivity equation, and develops a model to predict the performance of naturally occurring hydrates. The proposed model is simple yet useful and it does not require any empirical correlation. The model-predicted performance compares well with the published experimental studies on the hydrate dissociation in porous media.
02/01336 Assessment standards for hydrocarbon~enerating potential of hydrocarbon source rock in immature to low matured coal measures in northeastern Tarim Basin Wang, D.L. et al. Zhongguo Kuangye Daxue Xuebao, 2001, 30, (3), 317322. (In Chinese) Based on a large number of experimental data, the assessment standards of hydrocarbon-generating and oil-generating potential of hydrocarbon source rock of Lower and Middle Jurassic coal measures in the northeast Tarim Basin were discussed. The assessment standards were established respectively for coals, carbonaceous mudstones, and dark mudstones. Several main assessment indexes of these different source rocks were analysed, in which the hydrogen index (111) was a key to assessing hydrocarbon-generating potential. The characteristics of hydrocarbon-generating and hydrocarbon-discharging were pointed out in contrast to the assessment standards of lake facies hydrocarbon source rock. By comparing with the assessment standards of hydrocarbon source rock of coal measures, the authors hold that the standards for assessing hydrocarbon-generating potential vary from region to region and there might be no universal standard. So it is necessary to establish an assessment standard corresponding to each area. The sedimentary environment might be also the primary factor influencing the assessment standards.
02/01337 Discovery of oil in the Inggen-Ejin Qi Basin, NW China and its geochemical characteristics Chen, J. et al. Diqiu Huaxue, 2001, 30, (4), 335-342. (In Chinese) It is the first time that crude oil is discovered both in the Qagan Sag and the Lujing Sag, in the eastern and western Inggen-Ejin Qi basin, NW China, respectively. The geochemical characteristics of the oil samples indicate that they consist of more than 80% saturated
hydrocarbon and very low resin and asphaltene, and belong to maturated oil with a low density° and low sulfur content at the generating peak stage (equal to R = 0.8--1.1%). The stable carbon isotope values (613C) of the whole oil are both less than - 3 1 % . The features of the biomarkers in the oils are as follows. There is a relatively high abundance of isoprenoids, no preference between pristane and phytane; the proportion of tricyclic terpenes over pentacyclic terpenes in the oil from the Qagan Sag, but the low content of these tricycles in the oil from the Lujing Sag; relatively high amounts of Ts, C2oTs, C3o-diahopane and gammacerane; the significant amounts of C30-hopane and very low concentration of homohopanes (higher than C32); high amounts of pregnanes in the Qagan oil; the significant proportion of C29 sterane, relatively high abundance of C27 sterane, the proportion of isocholestane over cholestane; low concentration of diacholestane; equivalent amounts between steranes and terpenes. These characteristics of the oils show that they are typical lacustrine oils and should be derived from the Cretaceous source rocks, not from the Jurassic coal measures.
02/01338 Effects of thermal treatment on the composition and properties of air-blown anthracene oils Bermejo, J. et al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (9), 1229-1238. Eight parent samples, obtained from a commercial anthracene oil by air-blowing under different conditions, were thermally treated in nitrogen between 350 and 390°C for 3-8 h. Changes in the composition, pyrolysis behaviour and microstructure of the resultant cokes were studied by standard procedures (i.e. elemental analysis, softening point, etc.), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, mass spectrometry and optical microscopy. The results show that thermal treatment causes the removal of hydrogen (mainly aliphatic) and a considerable amount of the oxygenated functionalities created during the air-blowing treatment. As a result, H20, CO and CO2 are removed and new C - C bonds are formed producing larger molecules with a higher degree of condensation. Consequently, the toluene insolubles, softening point and carbon yield of the treated samples substantially increase their values. Thermal treatment also improves the quality of samples as carbon precursors and increases graphitizability and resistance of the derived cokes to oxidation.
02/01339 Experimental data for the extraction of Peace River bitumen using supercritical ethane Rose, J.L. et al. Fuel, 2001, 80, (8), 1101-1110. An apparatus was constructed capable of providing extraction data over a wide range of temperatures and pressures using a semi-batch extractor packed with a mixture of bitumen and sand. The results of the extraction of Peace River bitumen using supercritical ethane show that the quantity of recovered bitumen increased when the operating temperature was decreased or the pressure increased. Analysis of the extracted samples showed that the composition, viscosity and S A R A fractions were lighter than the feed, had lower viscosities and were free of asphaltenes. The amount by which these properties changed was influenced by changes in the extraction conditions and at what time the samples were obtained during the extraction process.
02/01340 Gas hydrates: importance and applications in petroleum exploration Grauls, D. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2001, 18, (4), 519-523. A recent hydrate resources assessment concluded that gas hydrates might represent the most important gas resource for the next century estimated at 10 13 "and 20 x 10 15 m 3 (standard conditions) of methane gas in onshore and deep offshore areas, respectively. Even though it is probable that these figures are overestimated, especially in offshore areas, and even though gas hydrates cannot be economically produced at present, they remain, however, an important gas resource and also need to be carefully considered in deep offshore petroleum exploration for different reasons. Gas hydrates first of all act as an efficient seal: significant amount of gas can be trapped in some circumstances beneath the base or hydrate stability zone (HSZ). Or the bottom simulating reflector (BSR). Furthermore, as the stability of hydrates is effectively constrained thermodynamically, the BSR, if present, can be used as a direct thermal indicator. Predicting heat flow is of gx'eat importance for modelling purposes in poorly explored offshore areas whenever there are no well data available. In addition, gas hydrates are a good direct hydrocarbon indicator: the presence of a strong BSR at the base of a gas HSZ and of free gas indicates that the petroleum system has been active since a recent period. As exploration moves more and more towards deeper offshore areas, an accurate assessment of drilling and production hazards is of prime importance as they directly impact the exploration cost.
02/01341 Heavy oil microfiltration using ceramic monolith membranes Lai, W.-C. and Smith, K.J. Fuel, 2001, 80, (8), 1121-1130.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 2002 173