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Effects of Water Treatment on Feeding Value of Grains for Coturnix Quail1
Effects of Water Treatment on Feeding Value of Grains for Coturnix Quail1 B. R. MOSS, R. HARI, and C. W. NEWMAN Animal and Range Sciences Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 (Received for publication January 5, 1981)
1982 Poultry Science 61:399-402 INTRODUCTION Cereal grains are a very i m p o r t a n t basis of m o d e r n p o u l t r y p r o d u c t i o n since t h e protein originating from cereals is o n e major source of essential a m i n o acids. T h e search for high lysine grains resulted in t h e discovery of Hiproly (HP) barley, which contains b o t h high lysine and high protein and a sister line, Hiproly Normal (HPN), which contains high protein and a lysine c o n t e n t similar t o normal barley (Munck et al, 1 9 6 9 ) . T h e nutritional superiority of HP barley has been d e m o n s t r a t e d (Munck et al, 1 9 6 9 ; Eggum, 1 9 7 3 a , b ; Newman et al., 1974) and this characteristic allowed reductions of u p t o 50% of t h e protein supplement in diets of growing pigs, chicks, and laying hens ( N e w m a n et al., 1 9 7 3 ; Moss etal, 1974). Inclusion of barley in poultry diets has produced variable results, with barley normally considered inferior t o corn and w h e a t for y o u n g birds (Petersen, 1 9 6 9 ; P o t t e r et al., 1 9 7 1 ) . However, barley has usually given satisfactory layer performance (Horani and Sell, 1 9 7 7 ; Britzman, 1980). Several studies ( F r y et al, 1 9 5 7 ; Willingham et al, I 9 6 0 ; Gohl, 1977) have established t h a t water t r e a t m e n t can enhance barley feeding value, at least for growing
chicks. T h e purpose of this s t u d y was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e feeding value of u n t r e a t e d and watertreated barley and w h e a t for C o t u r n i x quail.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE F o u r h u n d r e d C o t u r n i x quail chicks were r a n d o m l y assigned t o eight lots a t h a t c h , placed in brooding batteries and placed on one of eight grower diets. T h e diets had HP, HPN, C o m p a n a barley, or w h e a t as t h e cereal grain c o n s t i t u e n t (Table 1) with or w i t h o u t a water t r e a t m e n t . T h e respective grains had p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s of 18.7, 1 7 . 8 , 12.0, and 13.4% with t h e diets form u l a t e d with soybean meal t o provide 30% protein. Water-treatment consisted of soaking equal parts of t h e respective g r o u n d grains and h o t t a p water (50 C) for 8 hr. T h e soaked grain was spread in trays at a d e p t h of a b o u t 1.25 cm, dried at 37 C for 12 t o 16 h r until approximately 90% dry m a t t e r , reground, and mixed into t h e a p p r o p r i a t e diets. Feed and water were given free choice. Chicks were individually weighed at 0, 2, 4 , and 6 weeks of age. Analyses of variance were performed on 2 , 4 , and 6-week b o d y weight values with t r e a t m e n t m e a n s compared for statistical differences using t h e Duncan's multiple range test (Steele and Torrie, 1960).
1
Published with the approval of the Director, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 1116. 399
At 6 weeks, 12 females were selected from each t r e a t m e n t , placed in individual laying cages, and m a i n t a i n e d on a 2 5 % protein layer
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Ulster at Coleraine on May 22, 2015
ABSTRACT Four hundred Coturnix quail chicks were divided into 8 groups to receive diets based on Hiproly (HP), Hiproly Normal (HPN), or Compana barley or wheat widi or without water treatment. Water treatment consisted of soaking equal parts of ground grain and water for 8 hr and then drying prior to mixing the diets. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous by reducing the soybean meal in the HP and HPN diets. Water treatments did not improve growth through 6 weeks on HP and HPN diets, improved growth 6 to 7% on Compana barley through 4 weeks but depressed growth 5 to 9% on wheat diets. Twelve females were selected from each group at 6 weeks and maintained for 56 days on a layer diet corresponding to their growing diet. Water treatment improved egg production for all diets except HPN. (Key words: barley, wheat, water treated grains, Corturnix, growth, layers)
400
MOSS ET AL. TABLE 1. Composition of diets fed Cortumix quail during growing and laying periods Layer diets 0
Grower diets 3 Diet c
Grain
Soybean meal
Hiproly barley Hiproly normal barley Compana barley Wheat
56.25 54.75 45.85 47.75
36.0 37.5 46.4 44.5
Grain
Soybean meal
58.87 57.33 48.07 50.0
24.73 26.27 35.53 3 3.60
(%)
Other ingredients (%): fishmeal, 3.0; dicalcium phosphate, 4.10; limestone, 8.3; salt, .5; vitamin-mineral premix, .45; DL-methionine, .05. The vitamin-mineral premix provided the same levels received in the grower diets. Diets were prepared with water treated or untreated grains.
diet (Table 1) for a 56-day layer s t u d y . T h e birds received a layer ration with t h e same t y p e grain and water t r e a t m e n t as received during t h e growing period. Feed and water were given free-choice through b o t h t h e growing and laying period. Eggs were gathered and individual p r o d u c t i o n recorded daily. Statistical analyses on bird-day egg p r o d u c t i o n were d e t e r m i n e d with t h e same procedures used for t h e g r o w t h study.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Responses t o t h e different grains and water t r e a t m e n t are given in T a b l e 2 . G r o w t h was greater o n t h e u n t r e a t e d w h e a t diet at 2 and 4 weeks than for t h e C o m p a n a and HPN barley diets, b u t n o difference existed at 6 weeks between these diets. This response is similar t o studies (Moss, unpublished data) with growing Leghorn chicks which showed similar g r o w t h p a t t e r n s b e t w e e n u n t r e a t e d HP a n d w h e a t diets
TABLE 2. Results of feeding different barley or wheat based diets with or without water treatment on Cotumix quail performance
At hatch
Diet
Body weights, g 2 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
Bird-day egg production
(%) Dry grain Hiproly Hiproly normal Compana Wheat
6.1 6.3 6.3 6.3
42.4abc 40.8bc 40.3 C 44.8 a
83.2 a b 80.5bc 78.6 C 85.9 a
114.7 a b 113.0 a b 114.0 a b 108.5 b c
80.5cd 86.2abcd 78.9 d 83.5bcd
Water treated Hiproly Hiproly normal Compana Wheat
6.3 6.3 6.5 6.3
43.1ab 43.4ab 43.4ab 41.1bc
84.8 a b 84.2 a b 83.6 a b 77.8 d
120.9 a 108.1bc 117.6 a 103.2 C
89.0 a b 87.6abc 90.8 a b 91.8 a
Values within rows with unlike superscripts are different (P<.05).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Ulster at Coleraine on May 22, 2015
Other ingredients (%): fishmeal, 3.0; dicalcium phosphate, 2.6; limestone, 1.0; salt, .5; vitamin-mineral premix, .45; DL-methionine, .20. The vitamin-mineral premix provided per kg of feed: vitamin A, 11,880 ITJ; vitamin D 3 , 3960 ICU; vitamin E, 4.95 IU; vitamin B 1 2 , 9.9 Mg; riboflavin, 5.9 mg; niacin, 29.7 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 5.9 mg; choline, 594 mg; menadion sodium bisulfite complex, 2.0 mg; folic acid, 396 Mg; ethoxyquin, 112 mg; manganese, 90 mg; iodine, 2.7 mgjiron, 90 mg; copper, 9 mg; cobalt, 891 Mg; zinc, 90 mg.
WATER TREATED GRAINS FOR COTURNIX
Egg production tended to be lower on the untreated Compana diets than untreated HP, HPN, or wheat diets but the differences were not significant (P>.05). Mortality did not appear to be related to treatment as there was a loss of only 1 bird per treatment in the HP groups, the untreated HPN group, and the water-treated Compana group. The similar production between HP, HPN, and wheat agrees with most of our observations with Leghorn layers (Moss, 1980). Water treatment of the
cereal grains improved quail egg production for all diets except HPN. This positive response to water treatment differed from studies with laying hens which have shown no effect or variable results from enzyme supplemented diets (Petersen and Sauter, 1968) or water treatment (Davis et al, 1959). Davis et al. (1959) reported improved egg production for water-treated wheat mill feed but no effect of water treatment on barley or barley-wheat diets. This study showed that HP or HPN-barley diets could give similar production with 15 to 30% less soybean meal than wheat diets. This further substantiates the nutritional advantage of these high protein barleys. REFERENCES Adams, O. L., and E. C. Naber, 1969. Effect of physical and chemical treatment of grains on growth of and feed utilization by the chick. I. The effect of water and acid treatment of corn, wheat, barley and expanded or germinated grains on chick performance. Poultry Sci. 48:853-858. Britzman, D. G., 1980. Alternative grains in laying hen diets. Proc. 31st Montana Nutr. Conf. Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. 155. Burnett, G. S., 1966. Studies of viscosity as the probable factor involved in the improvement of certain barleys for chickens by enzyme supplementation. Brit. Poultry Sci. 7:55-75. Davis, G. T., A. F. Beechler, and K. J. Goering, 1959. Use of Montana products in poultry feeds. Proc. Montana Nutr. Conf. Montana Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep. Eggum, B. O., 1973a. A study of certain factors influencing protein utilization in rats and pigs. I. •Commission Los Landhusholdningsselskabets forlag, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Kjibehavn V. Eggum, B. C , 1973b. Biological availability of amino acid constituents in grain protein. In Nuclear techniques for seed protein improvement. Int. At. Energy Agency. Fry, R. E., J. B. Allred, L. S. Jensen, and J. McGinnis, 1957. Influence of water treatment on nutritional value of barley. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 95:249-251. Gohl, B., 1977. Effects of hydrocolloids on productive value and feeding characteristics of barley. Ph.D. Diss., Dept. Anim. Husbandry, Agr. College of Sweden, Uppsala 7, Sweden. Gohl, B., S. Alden, K. Elwinger, and S. Thomke, 1978. Influence of /3-glucanase on feeding value of barley for poultry and moisture content of excreta. Brit. Poultry Sci. 19:41-47. Gohl, B., and I. Gohl, 1977. The effects of viscous substances on the transit time of barley digestion in rats. J. Sci. Food Agr. 28:911-915. Gohl, B., and S. Thomke, 1976. Digestibility coefficients and metabolizable energy of barley diets for layers as influenced by geographical area of production. Poultry Sci. 55:2369-2374.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Ulster at Coleraine on May 22, 2015
but slightly less weight gain with HPN diets prior to sexual maturity. Our observations with quail differed from growth responses with broilers which showed more growth on wheat diets than on HP diets and considerably more than on HPN diets (Moss et al, 1974). Water treatment did not improve chick growth on HP or HPN diets, but improved growth 6 to 8% on Compana barley through 4 weeks and yet caused 8 to 9% depressed body weight on wheat diets during the same period. Body weights at 6 weeks showed values 5% lower on water treated wheat diets than on the untreated wheat diet, but this difference was not statistically significant (P>.05). The lack of consistent growth response differs with previous observations reported with growing chicks (Davis et al, 1959; Fry et al, 1957; Adams and Naber, 1969). It is generally assumed that water-treatment of barley hydrolyzes the |3-glucans in barley by activiating glucanase present in the kernel (Gohl et al, 1978). The 0-glucans are thought to give rise to viscous conditions in the small intestine (Burnett, 1966) and to retard the rate of food passage (Gohl and Gohl, 1977). The differences in response to water treatment by the barley in our study could be due to differences in harvesting conditions since a "maturative effect" has been shown (Thomke, 1972) to increase feeding value without changes in proximate analysis. Climatic conditions at or prior to harvest also have been suspect in affecting the nutritional value and/or (3-glucan content of barley (Truscott, 1980). However, Gohl and Thomke (1976) observed no clear influence of weather conditions on composition of barley grown at different geographic regions. Since the source of the Compana barley in this study is unknown, comparisons of harvesting conditions cannot be made. Watertreatment effects on wheat have not been consistent, but a depressing effect on growth in chicks has not been reported.
401
402
MOSS ET AL. 1219-1224. Petersen, V. E., 1969. A comparison of the feeding value for broilers of corn, grain sorghum, barley, wheat and oats and the influence of various grains on the composition and taste of broiler meat. Poultry Sci. 48:2006-2013. Potter, L. M., A. T. Leighton, Jr., and C. E. Howes, 1971. The effects of fish meal, methionine and different cereal grains in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 50:1100-1108. Steele, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Thomke, S., 1972. Uber den Futterwert von Gerste fur Mastschweine 2. Mitt. Der Einfluss standortbedinter Proteingehaltsunterschiede. Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernaehr. Futtermittelkd 29:132— 147. Truscott, D. R., 1980. A nutritional evaluation of four Betzes barley isogenes influenced by length of awn and presence or absence of hulls. M.S. thesis, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT. Willingham, H. E., K. C. Leong, L. S. Jensen, and J. McGinnis, 1960. Influence of geographical area of production on the response of different barley samples to enzyme supplements or water treatments. Poultry Sci. 39:103-108.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Ulster at Coleraine on May 22, 2015
Horani, F., and J. L. Sell, 1977. Effect of feed grade animal fat on laying performance and on metabolizable energy of rations. Poultry Sci. 56:1972-1980. Moss, B. R., 1980. Barley versus wheat in layer diets with or without fat or enzyme additions. Proc. 31st Montana Nutr. Conf., Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. 155. Moss, B. R., A. Beeckler, R. Hari, and C. W. Newman, 1974. Nutritional value of barley for poultry. Proc. Western Sec, Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. 25: 162-165. Munck, L., K. E. Karlsson, and A. Hagberg, 1969. Genetics of quality-feeding value: Selection and characterization of a high-protein, high-lysine variety from the world barley collection. Pages 5 4 4 - 5 8 8 in Barley Genetics II. Pullman, WA. Newman, C. W., R. F. Eslick, and R. C. Rasmuson, 1973. Nutritional value of Hiproly barley. J. Anim. Sci. 37:289. (Abstr.) Newman, C. W., R. F. Eslick, and R. C. Rasmuson, 1974. Effects of barley variety on protein quality and nutritional value for rats. J. Anim. Sci. 38: 71-75. Petersen, C. F., and E. A. Sauter, 1968. Enzyme sources and their value in barley rations for chick growth and egg production. Poultry Sci. 47:
1982 Poultry Science 61:399-402 INTRODUCTION Cereal grains are a very i m p o r t a n t basis of m o d e r n p o u l t r y p r o d u c t i o n since t h e protein originating from cereals is o n e major source of essential a m i n o acids. T h e search for high lysine grains resulted in t h e discovery of Hiproly (HP) barley, which contains b o t h high lysine and high protein and a sister line, Hiproly Normal (HPN), which contains high protein and a lysine c o n t e n t similar t o normal barley (Munck et al, 1 9 6 9 ) . T h e nutritional superiority of HP barley has been d e m o n s t r a t e d (Munck et al, 1 9 6 9 ; Eggum, 1 9 7 3 a , b ; Newman et al., 1974) and this characteristic allowed reductions of u p t o 50% of t h e protein supplement in diets of growing pigs, chicks, and laying hens ( N e w m a n et al., 1 9 7 3 ; Moss etal, 1974). Inclusion of barley in poultry diets has produced variable results, with barley normally considered inferior t o corn and w h e a t for y o u n g birds (Petersen, 1 9 6 9 ; P o t t e r et al., 1 9 7 1 ) . However, barley has usually given satisfactory layer performance (Horani and Sell, 1 9 7 7 ; Britzman, 1980). Several studies ( F r y et al, 1 9 5 7 ; Willingham et al, I 9 6 0 ; Gohl, 1977) have established t h a t water t r e a t m e n t can enhance barley feeding value, at least for growing
chicks. T h e purpose of this s t u d y was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e feeding value of u n t r e a t e d and watertreated barley and w h e a t for C o t u r n i x quail.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE F o u r h u n d r e d C o t u r n i x quail chicks were r a n d o m l y assigned t o eight lots a t h a t c h , placed in brooding batteries and placed on one of eight grower diets. T h e diets had HP, HPN, C o m p a n a barley, or w h e a t as t h e cereal grain c o n s t i t u e n t (Table 1) with or w i t h o u t a water t r e a t m e n t . T h e respective grains had p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s of 18.7, 1 7 . 8 , 12.0, and 13.4% with t h e diets form u l a t e d with soybean meal t o provide 30% protein. Water-treatment consisted of soaking equal parts of t h e respective g r o u n d grains and h o t t a p water (50 C) for 8 hr. T h e soaked grain was spread in trays at a d e p t h of a b o u t 1.25 cm, dried at 37 C for 12 t o 16 h r until approximately 90% dry m a t t e r , reground, and mixed into t h e a p p r o p r i a t e diets. Feed and water were given free choice. Chicks were individually weighed at 0, 2, 4 , and 6 weeks of age. Analyses of variance were performed on 2 , 4 , and 6-week b o d y weight values with t r e a t m e n t m e a n s compared for statistical differences using t h e Duncan's multiple range test (Steele and Torrie, 1960).
1
Published with the approval of the Director, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 1116. 399
At 6 weeks, 12 females were selected from each t r e a t m e n t , placed in individual laying cages, and m a i n t a i n e d on a 2 5 % protein layer
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Ulster at Coleraine on May 22, 2015
ABSTRACT Four hundred Coturnix quail chicks were divided into 8 groups to receive diets based on Hiproly (HP), Hiproly Normal (HPN), or Compana barley or wheat widi or without water treatment. Water treatment consisted of soaking equal parts of ground grain and water for 8 hr and then drying prior to mixing the diets. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous by reducing the soybean meal in the HP and HPN diets. Water treatments did not improve growth through 6 weeks on HP and HPN diets, improved growth 6 to 7% on Compana barley through 4 weeks but depressed growth 5 to 9% on wheat diets. Twelve females were selected from each group at 6 weeks and maintained for 56 days on a layer diet corresponding to their growing diet. Water treatment improved egg production for all diets except HPN. (Key words: barley, wheat, water treated grains, Corturnix, growth, layers)
400
MOSS ET AL. TABLE 1. Composition of diets fed Cortumix quail during growing and laying periods Layer diets 0
Grower diets 3 Diet c
Grain
Soybean meal
Hiproly barley Hiproly normal barley Compana barley Wheat
56.25 54.75 45.85 47.75
36.0 37.5 46.4 44.5
Grain
Soybean meal
58.87 57.33 48.07 50.0
24.73 26.27 35.53 3 3.60
(%)
Other ingredients (%): fishmeal, 3.0; dicalcium phosphate, 4.10; limestone, 8.3; salt, .5; vitamin-mineral premix, .45; DL-methionine, .05. The vitamin-mineral premix provided the same levels received in the grower diets. Diets were prepared with water treated or untreated grains.
diet (Table 1) for a 56-day layer s t u d y . T h e birds received a layer ration with t h e same t y p e grain and water t r e a t m e n t as received during t h e growing period. Feed and water were given free-choice through b o t h t h e growing and laying period. Eggs were gathered and individual p r o d u c t i o n recorded daily. Statistical analyses on bird-day egg p r o d u c t i o n were d e t e r m i n e d with t h e same procedures used for t h e g r o w t h study.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Responses t o t h e different grains and water t r e a t m e n t are given in T a b l e 2 . G r o w t h was greater o n t h e u n t r e a t e d w h e a t diet at 2 and 4 weeks than for t h e C o m p a n a and HPN barley diets, b u t n o difference existed at 6 weeks between these diets. This response is similar t o studies (Moss, unpublished data) with growing Leghorn chicks which showed similar g r o w t h p a t t e r n s b e t w e e n u n t r e a t e d HP a n d w h e a t diets
TABLE 2. Results of feeding different barley or wheat based diets with or without water treatment on Cotumix quail performance
At hatch
Diet
Body weights, g 2 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
Bird-day egg production
(%) Dry grain Hiproly Hiproly normal Compana Wheat
6.1 6.3 6.3 6.3
42.4abc 40.8bc 40.3 C 44.8 a
83.2 a b 80.5bc 78.6 C 85.9 a
114.7 a b 113.0 a b 114.0 a b 108.5 b c
80.5cd 86.2abcd 78.9 d 83.5bcd
Water treated Hiproly Hiproly normal Compana Wheat
6.3 6.3 6.5 6.3
43.1ab 43.4ab 43.4ab 41.1bc
84.8 a b 84.2 a b 83.6 a b 77.8 d
120.9 a 108.1bc 117.6 a 103.2 C
89.0 a b 87.6abc 90.8 a b 91.8 a
Values within rows with unlike superscripts are different (P<.05).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Ulster at Coleraine on May 22, 2015
Other ingredients (%): fishmeal, 3.0; dicalcium phosphate, 2.6; limestone, 1.0; salt, .5; vitamin-mineral premix, .45; DL-methionine, .20. The vitamin-mineral premix provided per kg of feed: vitamin A, 11,880 ITJ; vitamin D 3 , 3960 ICU; vitamin E, 4.95 IU; vitamin B 1 2 , 9.9 Mg; riboflavin, 5.9 mg; niacin, 29.7 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 5.9 mg; choline, 594 mg; menadion sodium bisulfite complex, 2.0 mg; folic acid, 396 Mg; ethoxyquin, 112 mg; manganese, 90 mg; iodine, 2.7 mgjiron, 90 mg; copper, 9 mg; cobalt, 891 Mg; zinc, 90 mg.
WATER TREATED GRAINS FOR COTURNIX
Egg production tended to be lower on the untreated Compana diets than untreated HP, HPN, or wheat diets but the differences were not significant (P>.05). Mortality did not appear to be related to treatment as there was a loss of only 1 bird per treatment in the HP groups, the untreated HPN group, and the water-treated Compana group. The similar production between HP, HPN, and wheat agrees with most of our observations with Leghorn layers (Moss, 1980). Water treatment of the
cereal grains improved quail egg production for all diets except HPN. This positive response to water treatment differed from studies with laying hens which have shown no effect or variable results from enzyme supplemented diets (Petersen and Sauter, 1968) or water treatment (Davis et al, 1959). Davis et al. (1959) reported improved egg production for water-treated wheat mill feed but no effect of water treatment on barley or barley-wheat diets. This study showed that HP or HPN-barley diets could give similar production with 15 to 30% less soybean meal than wheat diets. This further substantiates the nutritional advantage of these high protein barleys. REFERENCES Adams, O. L., and E. C. Naber, 1969. Effect of physical and chemical treatment of grains on growth of and feed utilization by the chick. I. The effect of water and acid treatment of corn, wheat, barley and expanded or germinated grains on chick performance. Poultry Sci. 48:853-858. Britzman, D. G., 1980. Alternative grains in laying hen diets. Proc. 31st Montana Nutr. Conf. Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. 155. Burnett, G. S., 1966. Studies of viscosity as the probable factor involved in the improvement of certain barleys for chickens by enzyme supplementation. Brit. Poultry Sci. 7:55-75. Davis, G. T., A. F. Beechler, and K. J. Goering, 1959. Use of Montana products in poultry feeds. Proc. Montana Nutr. Conf. Montana Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep. Eggum, B. O., 1973a. A study of certain factors influencing protein utilization in rats and pigs. I. •Commission Los Landhusholdningsselskabets forlag, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Kjibehavn V. Eggum, B. C , 1973b. Biological availability of amino acid constituents in grain protein. In Nuclear techniques for seed protein improvement. Int. At. Energy Agency. Fry, R. E., J. B. Allred, L. S. Jensen, and J. McGinnis, 1957. Influence of water treatment on nutritional value of barley. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 95:249-251. Gohl, B., 1977. Effects of hydrocolloids on productive value and feeding characteristics of barley. Ph.D. Diss., Dept. Anim. Husbandry, Agr. College of Sweden, Uppsala 7, Sweden. Gohl, B., S. Alden, K. Elwinger, and S. Thomke, 1978. Influence of /3-glucanase on feeding value of barley for poultry and moisture content of excreta. Brit. Poultry Sci. 19:41-47. Gohl, B., and I. Gohl, 1977. The effects of viscous substances on the transit time of barley digestion in rats. J. Sci. Food Agr. 28:911-915. Gohl, B., and S. Thomke, 1976. Digestibility coefficients and metabolizable energy of barley diets for layers as influenced by geographical area of production. Poultry Sci. 55:2369-2374.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Ulster at Coleraine on May 22, 2015
but slightly less weight gain with HPN diets prior to sexual maturity. Our observations with quail differed from growth responses with broilers which showed more growth on wheat diets than on HP diets and considerably more than on HPN diets (Moss et al, 1974). Water treatment did not improve chick growth on HP or HPN diets, but improved growth 6 to 8% on Compana barley through 4 weeks and yet caused 8 to 9% depressed body weight on wheat diets during the same period. Body weights at 6 weeks showed values 5% lower on water treated wheat diets than on the untreated wheat diet, but this difference was not statistically significant (P>.05). The lack of consistent growth response differs with previous observations reported with growing chicks (Davis et al, 1959; Fry et al, 1957; Adams and Naber, 1969). It is generally assumed that water-treatment of barley hydrolyzes the |3-glucans in barley by activiating glucanase present in the kernel (Gohl et al, 1978). The 0-glucans are thought to give rise to viscous conditions in the small intestine (Burnett, 1966) and to retard the rate of food passage (Gohl and Gohl, 1977). The differences in response to water treatment by the barley in our study could be due to differences in harvesting conditions since a "maturative effect" has been shown (Thomke, 1972) to increase feeding value without changes in proximate analysis. Climatic conditions at or prior to harvest also have been suspect in affecting the nutritional value and/or (3-glucan content of barley (Truscott, 1980). However, Gohl and Thomke (1976) observed no clear influence of weather conditions on composition of barley grown at different geographic regions. Since the source of the Compana barley in this study is unknown, comparisons of harvesting conditions cannot be made. Watertreatment effects on wheat have not been consistent, but a depressing effect on growth in chicks has not been reported.
401
402
MOSS ET AL. 1219-1224. Petersen, V. E., 1969. A comparison of the feeding value for broilers of corn, grain sorghum, barley, wheat and oats and the influence of various grains on the composition and taste of broiler meat. Poultry Sci. 48:2006-2013. Potter, L. M., A. T. Leighton, Jr., and C. E. Howes, 1971. The effects of fish meal, methionine and different cereal grains in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 50:1100-1108. Steele, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Thomke, S., 1972. Uber den Futterwert von Gerste fur Mastschweine 2. Mitt. Der Einfluss standortbedinter Proteingehaltsunterschiede. Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernaehr. Futtermittelkd 29:132— 147. Truscott, D. R., 1980. A nutritional evaluation of four Betzes barley isogenes influenced by length of awn and presence or absence of hulls. M.S. thesis, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT. Willingham, H. E., K. C. Leong, L. S. Jensen, and J. McGinnis, 1960. Influence of geographical area of production on the response of different barley samples to enzyme supplements or water treatments. Poultry Sci. 39:103-108.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Ulster at Coleraine on May 22, 2015
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