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Effects on haemostatic variables of diets enriched in saturated fatty acids or monounsaturated fatty acids
520
Abstracts
Effects on haemostafic variables of diets enriched in saturated fatty acids or monounsaturated fatty acids. E. H. M. Temme, R. P. Mensink, G. Homstra, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. In this study we have compared fire effects of specific saturated fatty acids (lauric acid and palmitic acid) with a monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) on coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in healthy women and men. Eighteen women and 14 men consumed, in random order, three experimental diets, each for 6 weeks. The diets consisted of solid foods and approximately 70% (28 percent of energy (En0/0)) of the fat calories was supplied. The calculated nutrient composition was the same in each diet except for 8.5 En0/0 which was provided by either laufic, palmitic or oleic acids. The lauric acid diet also contained some more (average 2.2 En%) myristic acid. Fibrinogen concentrations were measured with the method of Clauss. Factor VII, factor X, antithrombin III, plasminogen and c~2-antiplasmin activities were assessed by chromogenic assays (Chromogenix, Sweden); PAI-antigen (Kabi Diaguostica, Netherlands) and fragment 1.2 levels (Organon Teknika, USA) with EL1SAs. Fibrinogen concentrations similarly increased with the lauric acid (change 0.17 g/L; p _<0.05) and the palmitic acid diet (change 0.18 g/L; P_< 0.05) compared with the oleic acid diet. Factor Vll activity increased by 6% (P _<0.05) with the Iauric acid diet and by 5% (P <-0.05) with the palmific acid diet compared with the oleic acid diet. The response was significantly higher in women than in men. Antithrombin HI activity decreased with the lanfic acid diet compared with the oleic acid diet (-4%; P _<0.05) and this effect was more apparent in men than in women. Factor X activity, fragment 1.2 levels and fibfinolytic parameters (plasminogen levels, c~2-antiplasmin activity and PAI-1 antigen) were similar with the three diets. We conclude that saturated fatty acids increase certain coagulation parameters compared with monounsaturated fatty acids. Both laufic and palmitic acids increase fibtinogen levels and factor VII activity compared with oleic acid. Diet reponses of factor VII activity and antithrombin HI suggest genderdependent effects of dietary lipids on blood coagulation. Lanric and palimtic acids increase factor VII activity more in women, while Iauric acid decreases anfithrombin I]I activity more in men.
A c u t e e f f e c t o f h i g h f a t m e a l s r i c h i n e i t h e r s t e a r i c a c i d or myristic acid on hemostatic factors in healthy young men. T. T h o l s t r u p , 1 K. A n d r e a s e n , 2 B. S a n d s t r 6 m / Research Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , R o l i g h e d s v . 30, 1 9 5 8 Frb. C, Denmark, 1 Coagulation Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Dennlark. 2 Suggestions have been made that saturated fatty acids w i t h 1 2 - 1 8 c a r b o n a t o m s , a n d s t e a r i c a c i d (C18:0) i n p a r ticular, are prothrombogenic. These suggestions are mainly b a s e d o n i n v i t r o m e a s u r e m e n t s . I n t h i s s t u d y t h e e f f e c t o f d i e t a r y f a t s h i g h i n s t e a r i c a c i d o r m y r i s t i c a c i d (C14:0) on plasma triglycerides concentrations and key variables o f b l o o d a g g r e g a t i o n ( i n v i t r o a n d i n vivo), c o a g u l a t i o n a n d f i b r i n o l y s i s w a s s t u d i e d o v e r 2 4 h i n 10 y o u n g h e a l t h y men. Two identical high fat test meals were served in the m o r n i n g (0 h ) a n d 8 h l a t e r a n d b l o o d s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n a t 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 a n d 2 4 h . B o t h f a t s d e c r e a s e d p l a t e l e t a g g r e gation compared to fasting values. Stearic fat resulted in a t e n d e n c y t o w a r d s a l o w e r PAI-1 a c t i v i t y (P _<0.08) t h a n m y f i s t i c fat. PAI-1 w a s a l s o l o w e r 2 4 h a f t e r c o n s u m p t i o n o f e i t h e r f a t (P <_0.05) t h a n initially. S t e a r i c fat, b u t n o t m y r i s t i c f a t t e n d e d t o c a u s e s o m e i n c r e a s e i n f a c t o r VIIc a n d ~ - t h r o m b o g l o b u l i n a f t e r 4 h. I n c o n c l u s i o n , a n a c u t e prothrombotic effect of fats high in myristic and stearic acid was not confirmed.
Platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy subjects consuming diets rich in stearic acid or trans fatty acids. A.M. Turpeinen,~ A. Aro,2 M. Mutanen, ~ Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology (Nutrition),University of Helsinki,~Department of Nutrition, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finlarld.2 The effects of stearic acid (C18:0) and trans fatty acids (tmns I~A}on thrombotic and haemostatic variables in humans are poorly known. In this strictly controlled intervention study, the effects of diets rich in C18:0 and trans I~Aon platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied in healthy humans. For 5 weeks, 80 subjects (average age 29 _+9 years) consumed a baseline diet high in saturated fatty acids (mainly from dairy fat), and were then switched to a diet containing 9.3 En% stearic acid (40 subjects) or a diet containing 8.7 En% trans FA from hydrogenated vegetable otis (40 subjects). All diets contained 32.2-33.9 En% fat, 14.6-15.8 En% saturated plus trans FA, 12.2-12.5 En% Ms monounsaturated and 2.9-3.5 En0/0 polyunsaturated fatty acids and 216-250mg/10 MJ cholesterol. The fats were mixed into conventional foods and nearly all food was provided for the whole day. Turbidometrically measured platelet aggregation upon activation with ADP was not significarttlydifferent after the C18:0 and trans FA diets, but the C 18:0 diet significantly increased collagen induced aggregation (P=0.02).No changes were found in the in vitro production of TXB~by collagen stimulated platelets. However, both the C18:0 and tmnsFA diets similarly and significantly increased urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-TXB2when compared with the baseline diet, from 858 -+ 748 to 1272 + 837 pg/mg creatinine (mean + SD) during the trans FA diet and from 754 _+396 to 1065 _+630pg/mg creatinine during the C18:0 diet. The urinary excretion of I~ thromboglobulin, a platelet specific protein, did not change during the study. As compared with the baseline dairy fat diet, practically no changes were observed in the concentration of plasma fibrinogen and in fibrin degradation, as reflected by the concentration of D-dimers.Also the factor VII coagulant activity (1~ VIIc), tissue type plasminogen activity (tPA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (PAl-l) were not affected by the experimemal diets. Small increases in the plasma fibfinogen concentrations during both the stearic acid diet (from 3.49 -+ 0.63 to 3.62 ± 0.67 g/L P~_0.05) and trans fatty acid diet (3.47 _+0.73 to 3.61 + 0.95 g/L P=ns.) probably lack biological significance.According to these results it can be concluded that, as far as platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis are concerned, there is no need to differentiate saturated and tmns monoenoic fatty acids according to their chain length, and thus dietary fats that are low in saturated fatty acids as well as trans FA should be favored.
Effect o f g r e e n t e a o n liver f a t t y acid s y n t h a s e a n d c h o l e s terol 7c~-hydroxylase. T. T . C . Yang, M . W . L . Koo, D e p a r t m e n t of P h a r m a c o l o g y , F a c u l t y of M e d i c i n e , T h e U n i v e r s i t y of H o n g K o n g , H o n g Kong. A n a n t i h y p e r l i p i d e m i c effect of G r e e n T e a h a s b e e n reported, w h i c h w a s a s c r i b e d to its bile acid b i n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s t h a t prev e n t s r e - a b s o r p t i o n of bile a c i d s a n d cholesterol. In t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t , we i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e effect of l o n g - t e r m c o n sumption of Chinese Green Tea on diet-induced hypercholest e r o l e m i a in rats. After 8 w e e k s ' t r e a t m e n t w i t h C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a t o g e t h e r w i t h a c h o l e s t e r o l - e n r i c h e d diet, s e r u m c h o l e s terol w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n in c o n t r o l a n i m a l s r e c e i v i n g t a p w a t e r t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l period. T h e a v e r a g e relative liver w e i g h t in t h e C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a t r e a t e d g r o u p was significantly lower than that in the control group, which m a y b e d u e to t h e p r e v e n t i v e effect of C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a o n c h o l e s t e r o l a c c u m u l a t i o n in t h e liver. Excess a c c u m u l a t i o n of c h o l e s t e r o l a n d t r i g l y c e r i d e s in t h e livers of t h e c o n t r o l anim a l s i n h i b i t e d t h e activity of F a t t y Acid S y n t h a s e . C h o l e s t e r o l 7 0 ~ - h y d r o x y l a s e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a c t i v a t e d in t h e e x p e r i m e n tal a n i m a l s t r e a t e d w i t h c h o l e s t e r o l - e n r i c h e d diet a n d C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a for 4 w e e k s , b u t t h i s effect w a s lost after 8 w e e k s of t r e a t m e n t . T h e p r e s e n c e of 0.5% cholic acid in t h e c h o l e s t e r o l e n r i c h e d diet m a y p r o d u c e a n i n h i b i t o r y effect o n c h o l e s t e r o l 7(z-hydroxylase activity. In c o n c l u s i o n , t h e h y p o c h o l e s t e r o l e m i c effect of C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d in t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t . F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s are r e q u i r e d to p u r i f y t h e active ingred i e n t s a n d to s t u d y t h e i r m e c h a n i s m s of action.
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (1997) 57(4 & 5), 515-525
© Harcourt Brace & Co Ltd 1997
Abstracts
Effects on haemostafic variables of diets enriched in saturated fatty acids or monounsaturated fatty acids. E. H. M. Temme, R. P. Mensink, G. Homstra, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. In this study we have compared fire effects of specific saturated fatty acids (lauric acid and palmitic acid) with a monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) on coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in healthy women and men. Eighteen women and 14 men consumed, in random order, three experimental diets, each for 6 weeks. The diets consisted of solid foods and approximately 70% (28 percent of energy (En0/0)) of the fat calories was supplied. The calculated nutrient composition was the same in each diet except for 8.5 En0/0 which was provided by either laufic, palmitic or oleic acids. The lauric acid diet also contained some more (average 2.2 En%) myristic acid. Fibrinogen concentrations were measured with the method of Clauss. Factor VII, factor X, antithrombin III, plasminogen and c~2-antiplasmin activities were assessed by chromogenic assays (Chromogenix, Sweden); PAI-antigen (Kabi Diaguostica, Netherlands) and fragment 1.2 levels (Organon Teknika, USA) with EL1SAs. Fibrinogen concentrations similarly increased with the lauric acid (change 0.17 g/L; p _<0.05) and the palmitic acid diet (change 0.18 g/L; P_< 0.05) compared with the oleic acid diet. Factor Vll activity increased by 6% (P _<0.05) with the Iauric acid diet and by 5% (P <-0.05) with the palmific acid diet compared with the oleic acid diet. The response was significantly higher in women than in men. Antithrombin HI activity decreased with the lanfic acid diet compared with the oleic acid diet (-4%; P _<0.05) and this effect was more apparent in men than in women. Factor X activity, fragment 1.2 levels and fibfinolytic parameters (plasminogen levels, c~2-antiplasmin activity and PAI-1 antigen) were similar with the three diets. We conclude that saturated fatty acids increase certain coagulation parameters compared with monounsaturated fatty acids. Both laufic and palmitic acids increase fibtinogen levels and factor VII activity compared with oleic acid. Diet reponses of factor VII activity and antithrombin HI suggest genderdependent effects of dietary lipids on blood coagulation. Lanric and palimtic acids increase factor VII activity more in women, while Iauric acid decreases anfithrombin I]I activity more in men.
A c u t e e f f e c t o f h i g h f a t m e a l s r i c h i n e i t h e r s t e a r i c a c i d or myristic acid on hemostatic factors in healthy young men. T. T h o l s t r u p , 1 K. A n d r e a s e n , 2 B. S a n d s t r 6 m / Research Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , R o l i g h e d s v . 30, 1 9 5 8 Frb. C, Denmark, 1 Coagulation Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Dennlark. 2 Suggestions have been made that saturated fatty acids w i t h 1 2 - 1 8 c a r b o n a t o m s , a n d s t e a r i c a c i d (C18:0) i n p a r ticular, are prothrombogenic. These suggestions are mainly b a s e d o n i n v i t r o m e a s u r e m e n t s . I n t h i s s t u d y t h e e f f e c t o f d i e t a r y f a t s h i g h i n s t e a r i c a c i d o r m y r i s t i c a c i d (C14:0) on plasma triglycerides concentrations and key variables o f b l o o d a g g r e g a t i o n ( i n v i t r o a n d i n vivo), c o a g u l a t i o n a n d f i b r i n o l y s i s w a s s t u d i e d o v e r 2 4 h i n 10 y o u n g h e a l t h y men. Two identical high fat test meals were served in the m o r n i n g (0 h ) a n d 8 h l a t e r a n d b l o o d s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n a t 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 a n d 2 4 h . B o t h f a t s d e c r e a s e d p l a t e l e t a g g r e gation compared to fasting values. Stearic fat resulted in a t e n d e n c y t o w a r d s a l o w e r PAI-1 a c t i v i t y (P _<0.08) t h a n m y f i s t i c fat. PAI-1 w a s a l s o l o w e r 2 4 h a f t e r c o n s u m p t i o n o f e i t h e r f a t (P <_0.05) t h a n initially. S t e a r i c fat, b u t n o t m y r i s t i c f a t t e n d e d t o c a u s e s o m e i n c r e a s e i n f a c t o r VIIc a n d ~ - t h r o m b o g l o b u l i n a f t e r 4 h. I n c o n c l u s i o n , a n a c u t e prothrombotic effect of fats high in myristic and stearic acid was not confirmed.
Platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy subjects consuming diets rich in stearic acid or trans fatty acids. A.M. Turpeinen,~ A. Aro,2 M. Mutanen, ~ Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology (Nutrition),University of Helsinki,~Department of Nutrition, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finlarld.2 The effects of stearic acid (C18:0) and trans fatty acids (tmns I~A}on thrombotic and haemostatic variables in humans are poorly known. In this strictly controlled intervention study, the effects of diets rich in C18:0 and trans I~Aon platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied in healthy humans. For 5 weeks, 80 subjects (average age 29 _+9 years) consumed a baseline diet high in saturated fatty acids (mainly from dairy fat), and were then switched to a diet containing 9.3 En% stearic acid (40 subjects) or a diet containing 8.7 En% trans FA from hydrogenated vegetable otis (40 subjects). All diets contained 32.2-33.9 En% fat, 14.6-15.8 En% saturated plus trans FA, 12.2-12.5 En% Ms monounsaturated and 2.9-3.5 En0/0 polyunsaturated fatty acids and 216-250mg/10 MJ cholesterol. The fats were mixed into conventional foods and nearly all food was provided for the whole day. Turbidometrically measured platelet aggregation upon activation with ADP was not significarttlydifferent after the C18:0 and trans FA diets, but the C 18:0 diet significantly increased collagen induced aggregation (P=0.02).No changes were found in the in vitro production of TXB~by collagen stimulated platelets. However, both the C18:0 and tmnsFA diets similarly and significantly increased urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-TXB2when compared with the baseline diet, from 858 -+ 748 to 1272 + 837 pg/mg creatinine (mean + SD) during the trans FA diet and from 754 _+396 to 1065 _+630pg/mg creatinine during the C18:0 diet. The urinary excretion of I~ thromboglobulin, a platelet specific protein, did not change during the study. As compared with the baseline dairy fat diet, practically no changes were observed in the concentration of plasma fibrinogen and in fibrin degradation, as reflected by the concentration of D-dimers.Also the factor VII coagulant activity (1~ VIIc), tissue type plasminogen activity (tPA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (PAl-l) were not affected by the experimemal diets. Small increases in the plasma fibfinogen concentrations during both the stearic acid diet (from 3.49 -+ 0.63 to 3.62 ± 0.67 g/L P~_0.05) and trans fatty acid diet (3.47 _+0.73 to 3.61 + 0.95 g/L P=ns.) probably lack biological significance.According to these results it can be concluded that, as far as platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis are concerned, there is no need to differentiate saturated and tmns monoenoic fatty acids according to their chain length, and thus dietary fats that are low in saturated fatty acids as well as trans FA should be favored.
Effect o f g r e e n t e a o n liver f a t t y acid s y n t h a s e a n d c h o l e s terol 7c~-hydroxylase. T. T . C . Yang, M . W . L . Koo, D e p a r t m e n t of P h a r m a c o l o g y , F a c u l t y of M e d i c i n e , T h e U n i v e r s i t y of H o n g K o n g , H o n g Kong. A n a n t i h y p e r l i p i d e m i c effect of G r e e n T e a h a s b e e n reported, w h i c h w a s a s c r i b e d to its bile acid b i n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s t h a t prev e n t s r e - a b s o r p t i o n of bile a c i d s a n d cholesterol. In t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t , we i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e effect of l o n g - t e r m c o n sumption of Chinese Green Tea on diet-induced hypercholest e r o l e m i a in rats. After 8 w e e k s ' t r e a t m e n t w i t h C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a t o g e t h e r w i t h a c h o l e s t e r o l - e n r i c h e d diet, s e r u m c h o l e s terol w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n in c o n t r o l a n i m a l s r e c e i v i n g t a p w a t e r t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l period. T h e a v e r a g e relative liver w e i g h t in t h e C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a t r e a t e d g r o u p was significantly lower than that in the control group, which m a y b e d u e to t h e p r e v e n t i v e effect of C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a o n c h o l e s t e r o l a c c u m u l a t i o n in t h e liver. Excess a c c u m u l a t i o n of c h o l e s t e r o l a n d t r i g l y c e r i d e s in t h e livers of t h e c o n t r o l anim a l s i n h i b i t e d t h e activity of F a t t y Acid S y n t h a s e . C h o l e s t e r o l 7 0 ~ - h y d r o x y l a s e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a c t i v a t e d in t h e e x p e r i m e n tal a n i m a l s t r e a t e d w i t h c h o l e s t e r o l - e n r i c h e d diet a n d C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a for 4 w e e k s , b u t t h i s effect w a s lost after 8 w e e k s of t r e a t m e n t . T h e p r e s e n c e of 0.5% cholic acid in t h e c h o l e s t e r o l e n r i c h e d diet m a y p r o d u c e a n i n h i b i t o r y effect o n c h o l e s t e r o l 7(z-hydroxylase activity. In c o n c l u s i o n , t h e h y p o c h o l e s t e r o l e m i c effect of C h i n e s e G r e e n T e a h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d in t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t . F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s are r e q u i r e d to p u r i f y t h e active ingred i e n t s a n d to s t u d y t h e i r m e c h a n i s m s of action.
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (1997) 57(4 & 5), 515-525
© Harcourt Brace & Co Ltd 1997